參賽選手：****BatteryStarterChargingsystemIgnitionLightingAuxiliaryElectronicDevice6.2BatteryThepurposeofthebatteryistostoreelectricalenergy.Itdoesthisbyconvertingtheelectricalenergysuppliedtoitintochemicalenergysothatwhenanelectricalcurrentisrequiredtheenergychangeisreversed.蓄電池用于儲(chǔ)存電能，它將電能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榛瘜W(xué)能儲(chǔ)存，在用電時(shí)再將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔堋nmakingthebattery,severalsimilarplatesareproperlyspacedandweldedtoformaplategroup.Platesoftwotypesareused,oneforthepositiveplategroup,theotherforthenegativeplategroup.Apositiveplateisnestedwithanegativeplategroup,withseparatorsplacedbetweentheplatestoformanelement.Separatorsaredesignedtoholdtheplatesapartsothattheydonottouch,andatthesametimetheymustbeporousenoughtopermitelectrolytetocirculatebetweentheplates.在制造蓄電池時(shí)，幾塊相似的極板以適當(dāng)?shù)拈g隔焊在一起組成極板組．極板組分為兩種，陽極板組和陰極板組．一塊陽極板被一組陰極板所包圍，隔板放在兩組極板之間形成一個(gè)單元．隔板又必須具有多孔性，使電解液能夠在各極板間流動(dòng)．6.3ChargingSystemThechargingsystemprovidestheelectricalenergyacarneedsonceitsenginestarts.Thechargingsystemdoestwojobs.First,itprovideselectricalpowerfortheignitionsystemandthecar'selectricalaccessories.Second,itreplacesthepowerusedbythebatteryinstartingthecarInotherwords,thechargingsystemmaintainsthebattery’sstateofcharge.一旦開始發(fā)動(dòng)，充電系統(tǒng)就給汽車提供電能。充電系統(tǒng)有兩個(gè)任務(wù)：首先，給點(diǎn)火系和電力附件提供電能；其次，給電池補(bǔ)充在起步時(shí)消耗的電能，換句話說，就是維持電池的電荷狀態(tài)。6.3.1AlternatorElectricitycanbeproducedbymovingaconductorthroughamagneticfield,Theoppositealsoholdstrue.Bymovingthemagneticfieldandholdingtheconductor,electricitycanbegeneratedintheconductor.Thiscurrentiscalledaninducedcurrent.Thisisthebasicprincipleofthealternator,anelectromechanicaldevicethatchangesmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.導(dǎo)體在磁場中移動(dòng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生電流，反之也成立。保持導(dǎo)體固定不動(dòng)，移動(dòng)磁場，導(dǎo)體中就會(huì)產(chǎn)生電流，該電流稱為感應(yīng)電流。發(fā)電機(jī)的基本原理就是這樣的，通過機(jī)電裝置把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔堋etusimaginethatthewireloopisrotatedbetweenthenorthandsouthpolesofthemagneticfield.Iftheendsofthelooparenowconnectedviacollectorringsandcarbonbrushestoavoltmeter,itwillbepossibletoreadoffanalternatingvoltageowingtotheconstantlychangingpositionoftheloopwithrespecttothepoles.假設(shè)線圈在磁場中的南極和北極間轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)．如果線圈的一端通過集電環(huán)和電刷與伏特計(jì)相連，將能夠讀取由于線圈相對(duì)于磁極不停的改變位置而產(chǎn)生的交流電壓．6.4StartingSystemThestartermustcranktheengineataspecifiedminimumspeed(startingspeed)inordertogeneratetheair-fuelmixturenecessaryforself-sustainedoperationofspark-ignitionengines,evenunderadverseconditions,andmustsupporttheengineasitrunsuptominimumself-sustainedspeedafterinitialignition.為了保證點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)持續(xù)工作所需的可燃混合氣，起動(dòng)機(jī)必須在某一確定的最低轉(zhuǎn)速（起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)速）起動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，甚至在不利工況下也是這樣。點(diǎn)火后，起動(dòng)機(jī)還要使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)到最低的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速。Electricmotors(DC,ACandthree-phase),aswellashydraulicandpneumaticmotorsareusedasstartingmotorsforinternal-combustionengines.直流電機(jī)、交流電機(jī)和三相交流電機(jī)，以及液壓和氣壓電機(jī)都可用作內(nèi)燃機(jī)的起動(dòng)機(jī)。Whencurrentfromthebatteryispassedthroughthewire,thesteelcorebecomesastrongmagnet.Themagneticforceofthecorepullsintheplunger.Theshiftleverisattachedtooneendoftheplunger.Thenthemovementoftheplungercausestheshiftlevertomoveoutward.Thislever,inturn,movesthepiniongearintomeshwiththeringgear.Thesolenoidusesmagneticforcetodothemechanicalworkofmovingtheshiftleverthatengagesthetwogears.蓄電池電流流過線圈時(shí)，鐵芯成為強(qiáng)磁鐵。鐵芯的磁力推動(dòng)柱塞，推桿同柱塞一端接觸，柱塞的運(yùn)動(dòng)使推桿向外移動(dòng)，從而推桿移動(dòng)小齒輪與飛輪齒圈嚙合。電磁線圈利用磁力移動(dòng)推桿使兩齒輪接合。Thesolenoidalsodoesanotherimportantjob.Thereisacontactdiscontheotherendoftheplunger.Whencurrentflowsthroughthecoilofwire,thecontactdiscattachedtotheplungermovesandmakescontactwithtwoterminals.電磁線圈也完成另一個(gè)重要任務(wù)。在柱塞的另一端有一個(gè)觸盤。電流流過線圈時(shí)，與柱塞接觸的觸盤移動(dòng)，同兩個(gè)接線端相連接。currentflowsfromthebatterytothestartermotor,andthecrankshaftbeginstorotate.Whencurrentstopsflowingtothesolenoid,thebottomoftheshiftlevermovesback.Thisdisengagesthepiniongearfromtheringgear.電流從蓄電池流向起動(dòng)機(jī)，曲軸開始旋轉(zhuǎn)。線圈中的電流停止時(shí)，推桿底端向后移動(dòng)，小齒輪與齒圈分離.6.5BatteryIgnitionThedesignoftheignitionsysteminthespark-ignitionenginedependsuponhowignitionistriggered,ignitiontimingadjustmentandhowthehightensionisdistributedandconveyed.Thefollowingtableshowsaclassificationofvariousignitionsystems.點(diǎn)火式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)必須完成點(diǎn)火觸發(fā)，點(diǎn)火正時(shí)調(diào)整以及高壓電的分配和輸送．下表說明各種類型的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)．4.OperationWhentheignitionisswitched“on”,theprimarycircuitdeliverslow-voltagecurrentfromthebatterythroughignitionswitchtotheprimarycoil,thentoground.Currentflowsinthecircuitlongenoughtobuildupastrongmagneticfieldintheprimarycoilwindings.Atthemomentwhenacylinderisreadytobeginthepowerstroke,thecircuitisopenedbythecontact-breaker.點(diǎn)火開關(guān)為“ON”時(shí)，蓄電池的低壓電流通過點(diǎn)火開關(guān)由初級(jí)回路輸送給初級(jí)線圈，再接地。電流流經(jīng)初級(jí)回路的時(shí)間足夠長以使在初級(jí)線圈的繞組中建立強(qiáng)磁場。當(dāng)某一氣缸作功沖程開始時(shí)，觸點(diǎn)式斷電器斷開初級(jí)回路。Whentheprimarycircuitisopened,thebreakdowninthecoil'smagneticfieldcreateshighvoltageinthesecondarywiring.Thishighvoltageisdeliveredtothecenterterminalofthedistributorcap.Thisterminalthenfeedstheelectricitythrougharotorinsidethedistributor.Therotorturnscontinuously,aligningitselfwithterminalsthatdeliverelectricitytothesparkplugs.Astherotorturns,thehigh-voltageelectricityflowstoeachsparkpluginturnandcausesasparktoarcatthetipofeachplug.Thissparkignitestheair/fuelmixtureandkeepstheenginerunning.當(dāng)初級(jí)回路斷開時(shí)，點(diǎn)火線圈磁場衰減，在副線圈中產(chǎn)生高壓電．高壓電輸送給分電器的中心電極，中心電極通過分火頭分配高壓電。分火頭連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，同火花塞接線端對(duì)準(zhǔn)，依次向每個(gè)火花塞分配高壓電，在火花塞末端產(chǎn)生火花，形成電弧?；鸹c(diǎn)燃可燃混合氣，維持發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。6.5.3.1Breaker-triggeredtransistorizedignitionsystem(TI-B)Theignitiondistributorofthebreaker-triggeredtransistorizedignitionsystem(TI-B)isidenticaltotheignitiondistributorofthebreaker-triggeredcoilignitionsystem(SI).斷電器觸發(fā)晶體管點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)（TIB）的分電器同斷電器觸發(fā)線圈點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)是一樣的However,sincethecontactoperatesinconjunctionwithatransistorizedignitionsystem,thecontactbreakernolongerneedstoswitchtheprimarycurrentbutonlythecontrolcurrentforthetransistorizedignitionsystem.Thetransistorizedignitionsystemitselfplaystheroleofacurrentamplifierandswitchestheprimarycurrentviaanignitiontransistor.只是由于觸點(diǎn)配合晶體管工作，斷電器不再控制初級(jí)電流，而是控制晶體管點(diǎn)火系的控制電流。晶體管點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)起電流放大器的作用，通過晶體管控制初級(jí)電流。6.5.3.2TransistorizedIgnitionwithInduction-typePulseGenerationTI-ITheoperatingprincipl