中國文化英語學(xué)習(xí)：宋詞CiintheSongDynastyLily詞，詩歌的一種。因是合樂的歌詞，故又稱曲子詞、樂府、樂章、長短句、詩余、琴趣等。始于隋，定型于中晚唐，盛于宋。隋唐之際，從西域傳入的各民族的音樂與中原舊樂漸次融合，并以胡樂為主產(chǎn)生了燕樂。原來整齊的五、七言詩已不適應(yīng)，于是產(chǎn)生了字句不等、形式更為活潑的詞。Ciisoneoftheformsofancientpoetryandcanbesungtomusic,soit'salsoknownasmusicalCipoetry.AsthelengthofthelinesinaCipoemcandiffer,itisalsocalled"longandshort-lineverses".TherearevarioustunesusedforCipoems,sotheycanbesungindifferentways.vCipoetryreacheditszenithduringtheSongDynasty(960-1279AD).LikeTangpoetry,theSongCipoetryholdsaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryofChineseliterature.vTilltoday,SongCipoemsarestillfavoredbythemasses.ThebookThreeHundredSongCiPoemscanberegardedasamustformanyfamilies,andagreatnumberofrenownedCipoemshavebeensettonewtunesforextensivesinging.

詞最早起源于民間，后來，文人依照樂譜聲律節(jié)拍而寫新詞，叫做“填詞”或“依聲”。從此，詞與音樂分離，形成一種句子長短不齊的格律詩。五、七言詩句勻稱對偶，表現(xiàn)出整齊美；而詞以長短句為主，呈現(xiàn)出參差美。詞根據(jù)字?jǐn)?shù)多少，可以分為小令（少于59字）、中調(diào)（59-90字）和長調(diào)（90字以上）

Ci,dependinguponitslength,canbedividedintoxiaoling(小令:short,lessthan59characters),zhongdiao(中調(diào):medium,59-90characters),andchangdiao(長調(diào):long,morethan90characters).

詞是一種音樂文學(xué)，它的產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展，以及創(chuàng)作、流傳都與音樂有直接關(guān)系。詞所配合的音樂是所謂燕樂，又叫宴樂，其主要成分是北周和隋以來由西域胡樂與民間里巷之曲相融而成的一種新型音樂，主要用於娛樂和宴會(huì)的演奏，隋代已開始流行。

而配合燕樂的詞的起源，也就可以上溯到隋代。詞最初主要流行于民間，《敦煌曲子詞集》收錄的一百六十多首作品，大多是從盛唐到唐末五代的民間歌曲。

大約到中唐時(shí)期，詩人張志和、韋應(yīng)物、白居易、劉禹錫等人開始寫詞，把這一文體引入了文壇。到晚唐五代時(shí)期，文人詞有了很大的發(fā)展，晚唐詞人溫庭筠以及以他為代表的“花間派”詞人以李煜、馮延巳為代表的南唐詞人的創(chuàng)作，都為詞體的成熟和基本抒情風(fēng)格的建立作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。進(jìn)入宋代，詞的創(chuàng)作逐步蔚為大觀，產(chǎn)生了大批成就突出的詞人，名篇佳作層出不窮，并出現(xiàn)了各種風(fēng)格、流派。《全宋詞》共收錄流傳到今天的詞作一千三百三十多家將近兩萬首，從這一數(shù)字可以推想當(dāng)時(shí)創(chuàng)作的盛況。

TunePatterns（詞牌）:

詞有詞牌，即曲調(diào)。有的詞調(diào)又因字?jǐn)?shù)或句式的不同有不同的“體”。比較常用的詞牌約100個(gè)。一定的詞牌反映著一定的聲情。詞牌名稱的由來，多數(shù)已不可考。只有《菩薩蠻》、《憶秦娥》等少數(shù)有本事詞。詞的韻腳，是音樂上停頓的地方。一般不換韻。有的句句押，有的隔句押，還有的幾句押。象五、七言詩一樣，詞講究平仄。而仄聲又要分上、去、入?？梢辕B字。詞牌的來歷

漁歌子：又名《漁父》。唐教坊曲名，詞調(diào)由張志和創(chuàng)制。瀟湘神：又名《瀟湘曲》。唐代瀟湘地帶祭祀湘妃的神曲。長相思：調(diào)名取自南朝樂府“上言長相思，下言久離別”，原唐教坊曲名。望江南：本名《謝秋娘》，李德裕為亡妓謝秋娘作，因白居易詞中有“能不憶江南”，而改名《憶江南》，又名《夢江南》《望江南》《江南好》等。謁金門：原唐教坊曲名，敦煌曲辭有“得謁金門朝帝廷”句，疑為此詞調(diào)本意。蒼梧謠：通稱《十六字令》。如夢令：后唐莊宗李存勖創(chuàng)制，因詞中有“如夢，如夢”而定名。青玉案：調(diào)名出自漢張衡《四愁詩》：“美人贈(zèng)我錦繡段，何以報(bào)之青玉案”。八聲甘州：依唐邊塞曲《甘州》改制而成，因上下片八韻，故名八聲。念奴嬌：念奴，唐天寶年間著名歌妓，曲名本此。天仙子：原唐教坊曲名，本名《萬斯年》，因皇甫松詞有《懊惱天仙應(yīng)有以》句而改名。水調(diào)歌頭：唐大曲有《水調(diào)歌》，是隋煬帝開鑿汴河時(shí)所作，此調(diào)是截取其開頭一段另制的新曲Cipai:（tune）TheBeautifulLadyYu(虞美人)MoonontheWesternRiver(西江月)ButterflyLoversFlowers(蝶戀花)ImmortalsMeetingontheMagpieBridge(鵲橋仙)

PartridgeSky

鷓鴣天TreadingOnGrass

踏莎行JoyAtMeeting

相見歡

RougedLips

點(diǎn)絳唇TheRiverAllRed

滿江紅

TheMoonOverTheWestRiver西江月SongOfDivination

卜算子PreludeToWaterMelody

水調(diào)歌頭WaterDragonChant

水龍吟SlowTuneOfYangzhou

揚(yáng)州慢Slow，SlowSong

聲聲慢

styles:

DuringSongDynasty,twodifferentstylesofCi

poetry

developed(兩大流派）：豪放派與婉約派：thehaofang

"heroic

abandon"

and

thewanyue"delicaterestraint

Inthecourseofitsdevelopmentemergdmanyoutstandingci

composers,

suchasSuShi,LiQingzhao,XinQijiandLiuYong.

蘇軾（1037－1101），北宋文學(xué)家、書畫家。字子瞻，又字和仲，號東坡居士。漢族。與父蘇洵，弟蘇轍合稱三蘇。

蘇軾的詞具有熱情豪放，清新流暢的特點(diǎn)。他的詞作內(nèi)容十分廣泛，有的抒發(fā)了報(bào)國的壯志；有的描寫了農(nóng)村的景象；有的寫出了離愁別恨……他的創(chuàng)作，為宋詞開辟了新天地

SuShi'scipoemsareunrestrained,refreshingandsmooth.

The

contentsofhiscipoemsarerichinsubjectmatter,some

expressinghispatriotism,somedescribingcountryscenes,some

depictinggrievancewhenlovedoneshadtopart....Hisworks

blazedanewtrailfortheevolvementofcipoetry.

辛棄疾是宋代詞人中詞作最多的作家。他的詞大都洋溢著豪邁的英雄氣概，如“醉里挑燈看劍，夢回吹角連營”、“青山遮不住，畢竟東流去”等千古流傳的詞句，不僅描寫了豪壯的軍旅生活，也抒發(fā)了他堅(jiān)持抗金的決心和激昂的愛國之情。辛棄疾的詞大大地拓展了宋詞的思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。

XinQijiwasthemostprolificamongthecipoetsoftheSongDynasty.Hisworksarefilledwithheroism.Hislinessuchas"HalfdrunkIlitthelamptolookatmysword/Afterdreamsofthebuglesinourarmycamps?,"Greenmountainsarenobar/Totheriverflowingontothesea"havebeencirculatinggenerationaftergeneration.TheynotonlyreflectedarmylifeincampsbutalsoindicatedhisdeterminationtoresisttheJintroopsandhisdeeploveforhisowncountry.Xin'scipoemsgreatlybroadenedthethemesandenrichedtheartisticstyleoftheSongcipoetry.水調(diào)歌頭蘇軾明月幾時(shí)有英譯（一）TotheTuneofPreludetoWaterMelody(ShuiDiaoGeTou)OntheMid-AutumnFestivaloftheyearBingchenIdrankhappilytilldawnandwrotethisinmycupswhilethinkingofZiyou.Brightmoon,whenwasyourbirth?Winecupinhand,Iaskthedeepbluesky;NotknowingwhatyearitistonightInthosecelestialpalacesonhigh.Ilongtoflybackonthewind,Yetdreadthosecrystaltowers,thosecourtsofjade,Freezingtodeathamongthoseicyheights!InsteadIrisetodancewithmypaleshadow;Betteroff,afterall,intheworldofmen.Roundingtheredpavilion,Stoopingtolookthroughgauzewindows,Sheshinesonthesleepless.Themoonshouldknownosadness;Why,then,isshealwaysfullwhendearonesareparted?Formen,thegriefofparting,joyofreunion,Justasthemoonwanesandwaxes,isbrightordim;Alwayssomeflaw?andsoithasbeensinceofold.Myonewishforyou,then,islonglifeAndashareinthislovelinessfar,faraway!（二）How

long

will

the

full

moon

appear?Winecup

in

hand,I

ask

the

sky.I

do

not

know

what

time

of

year’Twould

be

tonight

in

the

palace

on

high.Riding

the

wind,there

I

would

fly,Yet

I’m

afraid

the

crystalline

palace

would

beToo

high

and

cold

for

me.I

rise

and

dance,with

my

shadow

I

play.On

high

as

on

earth,would

it

be

as

gay?The

moon

goes

round

the

mansions

redThrough

gauze-draped

windows

soft

to

shedHer

light

upon

the

sleepless

bed.Against

man

she

should

have

no

spite.Why

then

when

people

part,is

she

oft

full

and

bright?Men

have

sorrow

and

joy;they

part

or

meet

again;The

moon

is

bright

or

dim

and

she

may

wax

or

wane.There

has

been

nothing

perfect

since

the

olden

days.So

let

us

wish

that

manWill

live

long

as

he

can!

Though

miles

apart,

We’ll

share

the

beauty

she

displays.辛棄疾少年不識(shí)愁滋味英譯林語堂版本：Inmyyoungdays,Ihadtastedonlygladness.

Butlovedtomountthetopfloor.

Butlovedtomountthetopfloor.

Towriteasongpretendingsadness.

AndnowI`vetastedsorrow`sflavors,bitterandsour.Andca