Unit1LanguagepointsASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING西方繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)簡(jiǎn)史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方藝術(shù)?很難給出一個(gè)精確的定義。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣，在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。也許了解西方藝術(shù)的最好方法就是看看幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)西方繪畫(huà)的發(fā)展。找出本段的不定式，并分析其用法ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING西方繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)簡(jiǎn)史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookat

thedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方藝術(shù)?很難給出一個(gè)精確的定義。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣，在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。也許了解西方藝術(shù)的最好方法就是看看幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)西方繪畫(huà)的發(fā)展。It+be+adj.+不定式（短語(yǔ)）ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING西方繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)簡(jiǎn)史WhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itisimpossibletodescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.什么是西方藝術(shù)?很難給出一個(gè)精確的定義。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣，在短短的一篇課文里不可能進(jìn)行全面的描述。也許了解西方藝術(shù)的最好方法就是看看幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)西方繪畫(huà)的發(fā)展。as引導(dǎo)________________，相當(dāng)于because，但通常位于句首原因狀語(yǔ)從句precisepreciselyarenotpreciseaboutatthatprecisemomentTheMiddleAges(fromthe5thtothe15thcentury)中世紀(jì)(5世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì))DuringtheMiddleAges,thepurposeofWesternartwastoteachpeopleaboutChristianity.Thus,artistswerenotinterestedinpaintingrealisticscenes.Theirworkswereoftenprimitiveandtwo-dimensional,andthemaincharacterswereoftenmademuchlargerthaneveryoneelsetoshowtheirimportance.Thisbegantochangeinthe13thcenturywithGiottodiBondone(1267-1337).Whilehispaintingsstillhadreligiousthemes,theyshowedrealpeopleinarealenvironment.Inparticular,hispaintingsaresetapartfromotherpaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.在中世紀(jì)，西方藝術(shù)的目的是向人們傳授基督教。因此，藝術(shù)家對(duì)寫實(shí)場(chǎng)景不感興趣。他們的作品通常較為粗糙目二維化，主體人物通常比其他人物大得多，以顯示他們的重要性。這種情況在13世紀(jì)時(shí)因喬托·迪·邦多納(1267-1337)而開(kāi)始改變。盡管他的畫(huà)仍然帶有宗教主題，但它們展示的是真實(shí)的環(huán)境中的真實(shí)人物。尤其是他的畫(huà)作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感沖擊而從其他畫(huà)作中脫穎而出。2．realistic

adj.

現(xiàn)實(shí)的；逼真的berealisticaboutsth.對(duì)某事實(shí)事求是/對(duì)某事現(xiàn)實(shí)Itisnotrealistictodosth.做某事是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。

realadj.真的

reallyadv.真正地,確實(shí)地;int.是的,是啊;

realityn.真實(shí)，現(xiàn)實(shí)

realize

v.

理解;領(lǐng)會(huì);認(rèn)識(shí)到;意識(shí)到;realistn.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者；現(xiàn)實(shí)主義畫(huà)家realismn.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；逼真；務(wù)實(shí)作風(fēng)realistaboutrealisticrealismtopersuade【即學(xué)活用】即學(xué)活用(1)語(yǔ)法填空。①I’m___________(particular)interestedinthisjobbecauseIwanttofurtherimprovemyoralEnglish.②Ialwaysshowedmyrespectandlovetotheold,mygrandparents______particular.

(2)Nowwe_______________________________whenhavingdinnerbuteatingvarioushealthydiets.

現(xiàn)在吃晚餐的時(shí)候我們不再對(duì)食物挑剔,而是吃各種各樣健康的食物。particularlyinarenolongerparticularaboutfood3.

inparticular＝particularlyadv.尤其;特別

beparticularabout

/over...對(duì)……講究；挑剔

beparticularto

為……所特有4.setAapartfromB使A不同于B/使A比B突出/使A優(yōu)于B

AbesetapartfromB

A被和B區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)/A不同于B

tellAfromB/distinguishAfromB區(qū)分A和Bset有關(guān)短語(yǔ)開(kāi)始做某事setabout(doingsth.)開(kāi)始(做某事)setout(todosth.)出發(fā)(去)

setout(for)動(dòng)身/出發(fā)

setoff(for);引爆;引發(fā)setoff留出setaside記下setdown建立setup

用set的短語(yǔ)填空1)We

topreparesupperthemomentwereturnedhome.2)WearehappytoinformyouthattheStudents’Unionhasdecidedto________acyclingclub.

3)Thiskindofmusicis______________otherstylesbytheirviolentrhyme.

4)Doctorsadvised____________acertainhouradayforoutdooractivities.

5)Ifyouwanttocatchthattrainwe'dbetter_________forthestationimmediately.6)Ihavethedetails________inmynotes.setoutsetupsetapartfromsettingasidesetoff/outsetdownTheRenaissance(fromthe14thtothe17thcentury)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期(14世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì))NewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedoldonesfromtheMiddleAges.Asaresult,paintersconcentratedlessonreligiousthemes.Theybegantoadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AnimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwastheuseofperspectivebyMasaccio(1401-1428).InfluentialpainterssuchasLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)，Michelangelo(1475-1564)andRaphael(1483-1520)builtuponGiottoandMasaccio'sinnovationstoproducesomeofthegreatestartthatEuropehadeverseen.新的思想和價(jià)值觀逐漸取代了中世紀(jì)的思想和價(jià)值觀。因此，畫(huà)家較少關(guān)注宗教主題。他們開(kāi)始采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度。這一時(shí)期的一個(gè)重要突破是馬薩喬(1401-1428)對(duì)透視法的運(yùn)用。一些頗具影響力的畫(huà)家，例如萊昂納多·達(dá)芬·奇、米開(kāi)朗琪羅和拉斐爾，在喬托和馬薩喬的創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造出歐洲前所未見(jiàn)的一些最偉大的藝術(shù)作品。5．influential

adj.

有影響力的；有支配力的

influentiallyadv.有影響地；有力地

influence

n.影響；勢(shì)力；有影響的人或事

vt.影響；改變

beinfluentialin(doing)sth對(duì)(做)某事有影響

haveaninfluence/effect/impact

on/oversb./sth.

對(duì)某人/某物產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的影響

undertheinfluenceof…

受……的影響【即學(xué)活用】(1)語(yǔ)法填空。①Itisoneofthemost_________(influence)clubsinourschool.②Overseasstudytourscanhaveapositiveinfluence___thefuturedevelopmentofstudents.

③__________(influence)bythesefilmsandTVplays,someteenagersbelievethatsmokinghelpsmakethemmoreattractive.

(2)Itisobviousthatparents_____________________theirchildren.

很顯然,父母對(duì)孩子們有很深的影響。influentialonInfluencedhaveadeepinfluenceonAnotherinnovationwastheuseofoilpaints.Withtheirdeepcoloursandrealism,someofthebestoilpaintingslooklikephotographs.WhilepaintersasearlyasDaVincihadusedoil,thistechniquereacheditsheightwithRembrandt(1606-1669),whogainedareputationasamasterofshadowandlight.另一個(gè)創(chuàng)新是油畫(huà)顏料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義風(fēng)格，一些最好的油畫(huà)看上去就像是照片。盡管早在達(dá)芬·奇時(shí)代一些畫(huà)家就使用油彩繪畫(huà)，但倫勃朗使得這種技藝達(dá)到頂峰，他擁有“光影大師”的雅稱。6.reputationn.名譽(yù);名聲=famehaveareputationfor...因…而享有聲譽(yù)/出名damage/ruinone’sreputation損害/毀壞某人的名聲liveuptoone’sreputation名副其實(shí),名不虛傳haveagood/badreputation有好/壞名聲earn/win/gainareputation(as...)(作為......)贏得聲譽(yù)establish/buildup/makeareputation樹(shù)立/博得名譽(yù)goodreputationearnedareputationashasareputationforatoInsubjectmattertheemphasisincreasinglyshiftedfromreligiousthemestopeopleandtheworldaroundus.Kings,nobles,andpeopleofhighrankwantedtopurchaseaccuratepicturesofthemselvesandthepeopletheyloved.Otherswantedpaintingsshowingimportanthistoricaleventsorstoriesfrommythology.Finally,mostclientswantedpaintingsthatwerebeautifulandinterestingtolookat.在題材上，重點(diǎn)逐漸從宗教主題轉(zhuǎn)移到人和我們周圍的世界。國(guó)王、貴族和上流社會(huì)人士都想購(gòu)買自己和所愛(ài)之人的準(zhǔn)確照片。其他人則想要。展示重要?dú)v史事件或神話故事的畫(huà)作。最后，大多數(shù)客戶都想要看起來(lái)美麗有趣的畫(huà)作。7.rankn.（尤指較高的）地位，級(jí)別；（人或事物的）行列vt.&vi.把……分等級(jí)；使排成行rankfirst/second...位列第一/二......rank...as...把……評(píng)為……

She_______________oneofthemostpotentialathletesatthattime.她被評(píng)為當(dāng)時(shí)最有潛力的運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一TheChinesedelegationhaswon6medalsintheWinterOlymipicsinBeijing,

_________theseventhplaceofthemedallist.wasrankedasranking8.purchasevt.購(gòu)買；采購(gòu)

n.買；購(gòu)買；購(gòu)買的東西

purchasesth.fromsb.向某人購(gòu)買某物makeapurchase(ofsth)采購(gòu)

makesapurchaseImpressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)印象派時(shí)期(19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期)ThedevelopmentofWesternartsloweduntiltheinventionofphotographyinthemid-19thcentury.Afterthat,paintingswerenolongerneededtopreservewhatpeopleandtheworldlookedlike.Hence,paintershadtofindanewwayoflookingattheirart.Fromthis,ImpressionismemergedinFrance.ThenameofthisnewmovementcamefromthepaintingbyClaudeMonet(1840-1926)calledImpression,Sunrise.Inthiswork,Monet'saimwastoconveythelightandmovementinthescene-thesubjectiveimpressionthescenegavehim-butnotadetailedrecordofthesceneitself.直到19世紀(jì)中葉攝影術(shù)發(fā)明之前，西方藝術(shù)的發(fā)展緩慢。在那之后，不再需要繪畫(huà)來(lái)保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，畫(huà)家們不得不尋找一種新的方式來(lái)看待他們的藝術(shù)。由此，印象派在法國(guó)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。這個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)的名字來(lái)源于克勞德·莫奈(1840-1926)的一幅名為《印象·日出》的畫(huà)作。在這幅作品中，莫奈想傳達(dá)場(chǎng)景中的光線和運(yùn)動(dòng)--場(chǎng)景給他的主觀印象--而不是場(chǎng)景本身的詳細(xì)記錄。9.emergevi.&vt.出現(xiàn);浮現(xiàn);暴露

emergence

n.出現(xiàn),浮現(xiàn);發(fā)生

emergefrom

自……出現(xiàn);從……顯露出來(lái)

emergeas...

作為...出現(xiàn)

Itemergedthat………已經(jīng)很清楚emergent

adj.緊急的;浮現(xiàn)的;意外的emergency

n.緊急情況;突發(fā)事件(1)用emerge的正確形式填空。①Thecoursewillhelpmetolearnabouthowtodealwithmedical___________.②Ourgovernmenthadtotakesome_________measurestofightagainstthevirus.

③Sincethe__________ofCOVID-19,scientistsbegantoseriouslystudytheviruses.(2)Awhitestreakoflight_____________asmallhillatthattime.

那時(shí)一束白光從小山中浮現(xiàn)。(3)Itemerged________shehadbeeninformedofthenews.2.Astheelderlymanemerged____afreshman,everyonewasveryastonished.emergenciesemergentemergenceemergedfromthatas10.conveyvt.表達(dá);傳遞(思想、感情等);傳送conveysth.tosb.(for...)

(因……)

向某人表達(dá)/傳遞某物

conveysb./sth.fromAtoB

把某人/某物從A地運(yùn)送到B地

conveyone'sfeelings/meanings

表達(dá)感情/意思①Inthisletter,Iwouldliketoconveymysincereappreciation___you____yourhelp.②Yourluggagewillbeconveyed_____theairport___yourhotel.WhilemanyImpressionistspaintedscenesofnatureordailylife,others,suchasRenoir(1841-1919),focusedonpeople.Unlikethecoldblack-and-whitephotographsofthattimeperiod,Renoir'spaintingsarefulloflight,shadow,colour,andlife.Hesoughttoshownotjusttheouterimageofhissubjects,buttheirinnerwarmthandhumanityaswell.雖然許多印象派畫(huà)家描繪了自然或日常生活場(chǎng)景，但其他畫(huà)家，如雷諾阿(1841-1919年)則以人物為關(guān)注對(duì)象。雷諾阿的畫(huà)作與那個(gè)時(shí)代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充滿了光、影、色彩和生命。他不僅試圖