ITS系統(tǒng)發(fā)展趨勢1IntroductionTheplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning,andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors.Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering,particularlyconcerningdriver-vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns,signals,andmarkings.Technicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel,requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration

(howmanytripsforwhatpurpose),tripdistribution(destinationchoice,whereisthetravelergoing),modechoice(whatmodeisbeingtaken),androuteassignment(whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused).Moresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions,includingautoownership,tripchaining(thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour)andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation(knownaslanduseforecasting).Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesplanning,design,construction,maintenance,andoperationoftransportationfacilities.Operationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering,sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack.Oldertechniquesincludesigns,signals,markings,andtolling.Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS),includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems

(suchasvariablemessagesigns),advancedtrafficcontrolsystems

(suchasrampmeters),andvehicleinfrastructureintegration.ITS(Intelligenttransportationsystem)ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructure

andvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds(不一致)witheachother,suchasvehicles,loads,androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear,transportationtimes,andfuelconsumption.ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion(擁塞)andasynergy(協(xié)同增效作用)ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation,real-timecontrol,andcommunicationsnetworks.What

is

ITS?智慧型運輸系統(tǒng)

(ITS,IntelligentTransportationSystem)乃是應(yīng)用先進的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術(shù)，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)資訊以增進運輸系統(tǒng)的安全、效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環(huán)境的衝擊。78ITS概念模式9Congestion

reducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime,airpollution,andfuelconsumption."Roadoperators,infrastructure,vehicles,theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient,safe,secureandcomfortablejourney.Thevehicle-vehicleandvehicle-infrastructureco-operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand-alonesystems."為什麼要發(fā)展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染11運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設(shè)緩不濟急，交通擁擠造成運輸機動性與經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)力的降低。車禍死傷嚴(yán)重，造成龐大的社會成本與負(fù)擔(dān)。公路運輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環(huán)境的永續(xù)發(fā)展。ITS目標(biāo)增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環(huán)境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運輸機動性)提昇經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)力(促進相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，增加就業(yè)機會)12

Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization:industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy.Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters.motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand.

Suburbs(近郊住宅區(qū))providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment,goods,andservices.suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly,supportingarapidtransitionfromarural/agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial/urbaneconomy.Further,ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuation

ofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat.MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems.Inthedevelopingworld,themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking,bicycletransportation,motorcycles,

buses,andtrains.15ITS的技術(shù)骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術(shù)資訊處理：電腦技術(shù)資訊傳輸：通信技術(shù)16九大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域17執(zhí)行架構(gòu)18ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions.Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata,especiallyreal-timetrafficdata,fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive(前瞻性)AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems(ATMS)andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems(ATIS)strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol,management,andoperationobjectives.先進交通管理系統(tǒng)

(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems,

ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運輸系統(tǒng)(ITS)的核心與基礎(chǔ)。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術(shù)，將交通監(jiān)控所得之交通狀況，經(jīng)由通訊網(wǎng)路傳輸?shù)娇刂浦行?，制定及評估交通控制策略，執(zhí)行整體性的交通管理。相關(guān)資訊傳送給用路人與相關(guān)道路管理單位，以達(dá)到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的。20Activetrafficmanagement(ATM),alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes,isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways.Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries,includingGermany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers.交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關(guān)係

22ATMS之涵蓋範(fàn)圍23有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務(wù)水準(zhǔn)交通資訊需求管理高速公路匝道控制幹道號誌控制ATMS之相關(guān)技術(shù)電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態(tài)交通預(yù)測自動車輛定位可變訊息標(biāo)誌地理資訊系統(tǒng)行進間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費自動車輛辨識最佳路線導(dǎo)引2425IntelligenttransportationapplicationsElectronictollcollection(ETC)makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed,reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection.MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary(專利的)protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway.ManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstoppingNorwaynowhas25tollroadsoperatingwithelectronicfeecollection(EFC),astheNorwegiantechnologyiscalled(seeAutoPASS).In1995,Portugalbecamethefirstcountrytoapplyasingle,universalsystemtoalltollsinthecountry,電子式自動收費

28AutomatedvehicleidentificationSomeearlyAVI(Automatedvehicleidentification)systemsusedbarcodesaffixedtoeachvehicle,tobereadopticallyatthetollbooth.Opticalsystemsprovedtohavepoorreadingreliability,especiallywhenfacedwithinclementweatheranddirtyvehicles.MostcurrentAVIsystemsrelyonradio-frequencyidentification,whereanantennaatthetollgatecommunicateswithatransponderonthevehicleviaDedicatedShortRangeCommunications(DSRC).HighoccupancytolllanesHighoccupancytolllanes(HOTlanes)isaroadpricingschemethatgivesmotoristsinsingle-occupantvehiclesaccesstohigh-occupancyvehiclelanes(or"HOVlanes").Typically,thesetollsincreaseastrafficdensityandcongestionwithinthetolledlanesincreases,apolicyknownascongestionpricing.Thegoalofthispricingschemeistominimizetrafficcongestionwithinthelanes.CordonzoneswithcongestionpricingThemainobjectiveofthischargeistoreducetrafficcongestionwithinthecordonarea.Thisfeeortollischargedautomaticallyusingelectronictollcollectionorautomaticnumberplaterecognition,sincestoppingtheusersatconventionaltollboothswouldcauselongqueues,longdelays,andevengridlock(市區(qū)交通大堵塞).CongestionpricinggantryatNorthBridgeRoad,Singapore.Cordonzones(管制區(qū))havebeenimplementedinSingapore,Stockholm,andLondon,whereacongestionchargeorfeeiscollectedfromvehiclesenteringacongestedcitycenter.VariablespeedlimitsVariablespeedlimitswhichchangewithroadcongestionandotherfactors.Typicallysuchspeedlimitsonlychangetodeclineduringpoorconditions,ratherthanbeingimprovedingoodones.ExamplevariablespeedlimitsignintheUnitedStates.EmergencyvehiclenotificationsystemsThein-vehicleeCallisanemergencycallgeneratedeithermanuallybythevehicleoccupantsorautomaticallyviaactivationofin-vehiclesensorsafteranaccident.Whenactivated,thein-vehicleeCalldevicewillestablishanemergencycallcarryingbothvoiceanddatadirectlytothenearestemergencypoint.Theminimumsetofdatacontainsinformationabouttheincident,includingtime,preciselocation,thedirectionthevehiclewastraveling,andvehicleidentification.CooperativesystemsontheroadCommunicationcooperationontheroadincludescar-to-car,car-to-infrastructure,andviceversa.Dataavailablefromvehiclesisacquiredandtransmit