PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(15minutes,15pointsSectionA(1point1.A.AtaxidriverandaB.ApolicemanandaC.AjudgeandaD.AcoachandanA.Hedoesn'twanttobeB.HelikesstayingupC.HeisnotinterestedinhisD.Hedoesn'thaveenoughtimetoA.TheyareawasteofB.Theydon'tdealwithsocialC.Theycanreflectpeople'srealD.TheyattracthonestA.IthasbeenB.IthasbeenC.IthasjustD.ItiswellunderA.GoingtoaB.GoingtoaC.ListeningtoradioD.WatchingTVA. B. C. D.A.DaveistalkativetoB.DavelikeshavingpizzaC.DaveissociableandD.DaveistooabsorbedinhisA.Becauseshedoesn'tlikethetasteofB.Becauseshecan'tsleepwellafterdrinkingC.Becauseshehassomeheart

D.Becauseshedoesn'tbelievewhatthearticleA.ItisfunwithexcitingB.ItismiserablewithC.ItisinterestingbutD.ItisfullofSectionB(1pointA.TheyknowwheresnowwillB.TheycanestimatehowmuchsnowwillC.TheysometimescannotforecastsnowD.TheythinksnowisadifficultsubjecttoA.ThewaterparticlesincoldB.ThetinyiceparticlesintheC.ThedustinthecenteroftheD.ThetemperatureandwaterlevelsintheA.Ithasasmuchwateras2.5centimetersofB.Ithasasmuchwateras1.5centimetersofC.Ithasasmuchwateras2centimetersofD.Ithasasmuchwateras5centimetersofA.AnewstudyonB.ThephysicalsignalswhenpeopleC.HowtodetectapersonwhoisD.AnewdevicetodetectaA.PeoplechangetheirbehaviorswhentheyB.PeoplehavesomespecialgestureswhentheyC.People'spupilshavesomechangeswhentheyD.Peoplehavemorebloodaroundtheireyeswhentheylie.A.12outof B.11outofC.7outof D.6outofPARTIIVOCABULARY(10minutes,10pointsSectionA(0.5pointeachManywomenprefertousecosmeticstoenhancetheirbeautyandmakethemlookA. B. C. D.WhatplayersandcoachesfearmostisthepartialityonthepartofrefereesinaA. B. C. D.ThesalehasbeenonforalongtimebecausethepriceisreckonedtobetooA. B. C. D.SmugglerstryeverymeanstolayhandsonunearthedrelicsfortheirpersonalA.setfoot B.losetheirheart C.settheirmind D.getholdTheremusthavebeenroundaboutathousandpeopleparticipatingintheA.approximatelyB. C.less D.moreTheseoldandshabbyhouseswillbedemolishedfortheconstructionofresidentialA.pulled B.pulled C.pulled D.pulledReadersarerequiredtocomplywiththerulesofthelibraryandmindtheirA. B. C. D.ArtificialintelligencedealspartlywiththeanalogybetweenthecomputerandthehumanA. B. C. D.ItisoftenthecasethatsomesuperficiallyunrelatedeventsturnouttobelinkedinsomeA. B. C. D.Theallegedall-powerfulmasterofchikongwasarrestedonachargeofA.so- B.well- C. D.SectionB(0.5pointItishopedthatporkcanbemadeleanerbyintroducingacowgeneintothepig's A. B. C. D.Thechairmansaidthathewaspreparedto theyoungerpeopleinthedecisionmaking.A.putup B.makeway C.shedlight D.takechargeTomisangryatLindabecause alltheA. B. C. D.Theabilitytofocusattentiononimportantthingsis characteristicofA. B. C. D.Ourpicnichaving bythethunderstorm,wehadtowaitinthepavilionuntilitclearedA. B. C. D.IwasdisappointedtoseethatthosepeopleIhadsort wereprettyA. B. C. D.Oneofthemainpurposesofusingslangistoconsolidate withaA.specificationB. C. D. fromunderdevelopedcountriesmaywellincreaseinresponsetothesoaringdemandforhigh-techprofessionalsindevelopednations.A.brain B.brain C.brain D.brainThismattersettled,wedecidedto tothenextitemontheagenda.A. B. C. D.Listeningisasimportantastalking.Ifyouareagoodlistener,peopleoften youforbeingagoodA. B. C. D.PartIllCLOZETEST(10minutes,15points,1pointMostAmericanmagazinesandnewspapersreserve60percentoftheirpagesforads.TheNewYorkTimesSundayedition36maycontain350pagesofadvertisements.Someradiostationsdevote40minutesofeveryhourto37.Thenthereistelevision.Accordingtooneestimate,Americanyoungsterssit38threehoursoftelevisioncommercialseachweek.Bythetimetheygraduatefromhighschool,theywillhavebeen39360,000TVads.Televisionsadvertiseinairports,hospitalwaitingrooms,andschools.Majorsporting40arenowmajoradvertisingevents.Racingcarsserveashighspeed41.Someathletesreceivemostoftheirmoneyfromadvertisers.One42basketballplayerearned$3.9millionbyplayingball.Advertiserspaidhimninetimesthatmuchto43theirproducts.Thereisnoescape.Commercialadsaredisplayedonwalls,buses,andtrucks.Theydecoratetheinsideoftaxisandsubwayseventhedoorsofpublictoilets.44messagescalltousinsupermarkets,stores,elevators--and45weareonholdonthetelephone.Insomecountriessomuchadvertisingcomesthroughthemailthatmanyrecipientsproceeddirectlyfromthemailboxtothenearestwastebasketto46thejunkmail.47Insider'sReport,publishedbyMcCann-Erickson,aglobaladvertisingagency,theestimated48ofmoneyspentonadvertisingworldwidein1990was$275.5billion.Sincethen,thefigureshave49to$411.6billionfor1.997andaprojected$434.4billionfor1998.Bigmoney!Whatistheeffectofallofthis?Oneanalyst50itthisway:"Advertisingisoneofthemostpowerfulsocializingforcesintheculture.Adssellmorethanproducts.Theysellimages,values,goals,conceptsofwhoweareandwhoweshouldbe.Theyshapeourattitudesandourattitudesshapeourbehavior." taken spent expected exposed toss lay blow break Itissaid Apart According Including PARTIVREADINGCOMPREHENSION(45minutes,30points,1pointPassageFordecades,arms-controltalkscenteredonnuclearweapons.Thisishardlysurprising,sinceasinglenuclearbombcandestroyanentirecity.Yet,unlikesmallerarms,theseimmenselypowerfulweaponshavenotbeenusedinwarinover50years.HistorianJohnKeeganwrites:"Nuclearweaponshave,sinceAugust9,1945,killednoone.The50,000,000whohavediedinwarsincethatdatehaveforthemostpart,beenkilledbycheap,mass-producedweaponsandsmallammunition,costinglittlemorethanthetransistorradioswhichhavefloodedtheworldinthesameperiod.Becausesmallweaponshavedisruptedlifeverylittleintheadvancedworld,outsidetherestrictedlocalitieswheredrug-dealingandpoliticalterrorismflourish,thepopulationsoftherichstateshavebeenslowtorecognizethehorrorthatthispollutionhasbroughtinitstrain."Whyhavesmallarmsbecometheweaponsofchoiceinrecentwars?Partofthereasonliesintherelationshipbetweenconflictandpoverty.Mostofthewarsfoughtduringthe1990stookplaceincountriesthatarepoor--toopoortobuysophisticatedweaponsystems.Smallarmsandlightweaponsareabargain.Forexample,50milliondollars,whichisapproximatelythecostofasinglemodemjetfighter,canequipanarmywith200,000assaultAnotherreasonwhysmallweaponsaresopopularisthattheyarelethal.Asinglerapid-fireassaultriflecanfirehundredsofroundsaminute.Theyarealsoeasytouseandmaintain.Achildoftencanbetaughttostripandreassembleatypicalassaultrifle.Achildcanalsoquicklylearntoaimandfirethatrifleintoacrowdofpeople.Theglobaltrafficingunsiscomplex.Theillegaltradeofsmallarmsisbig.InsomeAfricanwars,paramilitarygroupshaveboughtbillionsofdollars'worthofsmallarmsandlightweapons,notwithmoney,withdiamondsseizedfromdiamond-miningWeaponsarealsolinkedtotheillegaltradeindrugs.!tisnotunusualforcriminalorganizationstousethesameroutestosmuggledrugsinonedirectionandtosmugglegunsintheother.Itisimpliedinthepassage smallarms-controlismoreimportantthannucleararms-thenucleararms-controltalkscanneverreachanthepowerofnuclearweaponstokillpeoplehasbeennuclearweaponswerethetopicofarms-controltalks50yearsTheadvancedworldneglecttheproblemsofsmallarms Theyhavetodealwithdrug-dealingandpoliticalTheyhavenosuchproblemsasarecausedbysmallTheyhavenotrecognizedtheseriousnessoftheproblemsinTheyfaceothermoreimportantproblemssuchasWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthereasonfortheprevalenceofsmallSmallarmsareSmallarmsareSmallarmsareeasiertoSmallarmsareeasiertoWecanconcludefromthepassage smallarmsarenotexpensiveintheblack-itisunfairtoexchangesmallarmsforcriminalsusethesamepassagetosmuggledrugsandsmallwheretherearedrugs,therearesmallThebesttitleforthispassage SmallArmsTalks,NotNuclearArmsNeglectofSmallArmsGlobalTrafficinSmallSmallArms,BigPassageInordertocombatsickness,manydoctorsrelyheavilyonprescribingmedicinesthataredevelopedandaggressivelyadvertisedbypharmaceuticalcompanies.Significantly,theworldmarketforsuchdrugshasskyrocketedinrecentdecades,fromjustafewbilliondollarsayeartohundredsofbillionsofdollarsannually.Whathasbeenaconsequence?Medicallyprescribeddrugshavehelpedmanypeople.Yet,thehealthofsomewhotakedrugshaseitherremainedunchangedorbecomeworse.So,recentlysomehaveturnedtousingothermethodsofmedicaltreatment.Inplaceswheremodem,conventionalmedicinehasbeenthestandardofcare,manyarenowturningtowhathavebeencalledalternative,orcomplementary,therapies."TheBerlinWallthathaslongdividedtherapiesfrommainstreammedicineappearstobecrumbling,"saidConsumerReportsofMayTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA)observed,"Alternativemedicaltherapiessuchastheuseofherbs,functionallydefinedasinterventionsneithertaughtwidelyinmedicalschoolsnorgenerallyavailableinUShospitals,haveattractedincreasednationalattentionfromthemedia,themedicalcommunity,governmentalagencies,andthepublic."Inthepast,conventionalmedicalpractitionershavebeenskepticalaboutalternativemedicalpractices,but75medicalschoolsintheUnitedStatescurrentlyofferelectivecourseworkonalternativemedicine,includingHarvard,Stanford,UniversityofArizona,andYale.JAMAnoted,"Nowanestimated3in5individualsseeingamedicaldoctorforaprincipalconditionalsousedanalternativetherapy.AndoutsidetheUnitedStates,alternativemedicineispopularthroughouttheindustrializedThetrendtowardintegratingalternativetherapieswithconventionaloneshaslongbeenageneralpracticeinmanycountries.AsJAMAconcluded,"Therearenolongertwotypesofmedicine,conventionalandcomplementary.Thereisonlygoodmedicineandbadmedicine."Thispassagesuggeststhatpharmaceutical paydoctorsforprescribingtheirhaveraisedthepricesoftheirproductssharplyinrecentspendmoremoneyontheiradvertisementsthanontheirhaveproducedsomeineffectiveThesentence"TheBerlinWall...appearstobecrumbling"inthethirdparagraphimplies therestrictionsonthepracticeofalternativetherapieswillbetherearestillstrictrestrictionsonthepracticeofalternativeconventionalmedicineandalternativetherapiesareconventionalmedicineandalternativetherapiesarecompletelydifferentAccordingtothepassage,alternative arewidelytaughtintheUSmedicalschoolshavebeenapprovedbyUShavebeenusedbymanyAmericanareaspopularasconventionalJAMAseemstosuggest USgovernmentshouldmeettheincreasingdemandsforalternativeamedicineisgoodafteritprovestobebeneficialtothepharmaceuticalcompaniesshouldcoverthecostofalternativeconventionalmedicineandalternativemedicineshouldjoinItisimpliedinthepassage weshouldtakeaslittlewesternmedicineasthepricesoftheprescribedmedicineshouldbeherbalmedicinewillbeacceptedbymorewithoutthehelpofalternativemedicine,goodhealthcannotbePassageOurMilkyWaygalaxycouldcontainupto1billionEarth-likeplanetscapableofsupportinglife,scientistsannouncedlastweek.Thetheoreticalabundanceofhabitableworldsamongtheestimated200billionstarsofourhomegalaxysuggeststhatmorepowerfultelescopesmightglimpsethefaintsignatureoffar-offplanet,provingthat,insizeandtemperatureatleast,wearenotaloneintheuniverse.SolarsystemssuchasEarth's,inwhichplanetsorbitastar,havebeendiscovered.Astronomershaveidentifiedalmost100planetsinorbitaroundothersuns.Allareenormous,andofthesamegaseousmake-upasJupiter.BarrieJonesoftheOpenUniversityinUKandhiscolleagueNickSleephaveworkedouthowtopredictwhichofthenewlydiscoveredsolarsystemsislikelytoharborEarth-likeplanets.Usingacomputer,theyhavecreatedmathematicalmodelsofplanetarysystemsandseededthemwithhypotheticalEarthsin"Goldilockszone"orbits,whereitisneithertoohotnortoocoldtosupportlife.ThecomputersimulateswhichofthesemodelEarthsislikelytobekickedoutofitstemperateorbitbygravitationaleffectsofthemonsterplanets,andwhichislikelytosurvive.Thesolarsystemmostlikeoursdiscoveredsofaris51lightyearsaway,atthestar47UrsaeMajoris,nearthegroupofstarsknownastheGreatBear.Astronomershavediscoveredtwoplanetsorbiting47UrsaeMajoris--oneistwoandhalftimesthesizeofJupiter,theotherslightlysmaller.BothplanetsarerelativelyclosetotheGoldilockszone,whichisfurtheroutthanoursbecause47UrsaeMajorisisolder,hotterandbrighterthanthesun."It'scertainlyasystemworthexploringforanEarth-likeplanetandforlife,"saidJones.Therequirementforalife-supportingzoneinanysolarsystemisthatwatershouldbeabletoexistinaliquidstate.NASAanditsEuropeancounterpart,ESA,plantolaunchinstrumentsinthenext10yearswhichcouldproducepicturesofEarth-sizedplanets.Itissuggestedinthispassage scientistshavefoundevidencetoprovetherearemanyEarth-likeplanetsinourtheoreticallythereareagreatnumberofEarth-likeplanetscapableofsupportingourEarthistheonlyplanetinourgalaxythatcansupportwithmorepowerfultelescopes,scientistswillbeabletofindmoregalaxiesintheThe"Goldilockszone"mentionedinthe5thparagraphmostprobably A.acertainfixeddistancebetweenaplanetandB.arangeintheuniverseinwhichtheplanets'temperatureissuitableforC.arangeintheuniverseinwhichtheplanetscanreceiveenoughD.amathematicalmodeltomeasurethesizeoftheplanetaryBarrieJonesandNickSleephave 100planetsorbitingaroundotherstarslikeourmanyplanets'atmospherehasthesamecompositionasJupiterC.thewaystotellwhichsolarsystemmayhaveEarth-likeplanetsD.amathematicalmodeltomeasurethedistanceofnewlyfoundsolar-Sofar,thesolarsystemmostlikeoursthathasbeendiscovered inthegroupofstarsknownasGreat2.5timesasbigassmallerthanourimpossibleforustoreachatpresentThemostimportantrequirementtohavealife-supportingzoneinanysolarsystemisthatitmust enoughwaterandproperenoughoxygenandenoughairandenoughwaterinanystatePassageFourHavingabandonedhiscallforhighergasolineprices,VicePresidentAIGorehasanotherideatogetpeopleoutoftheircars:Spendbillionsonmasstransitm$25billiontobeexact.Lastweek,Goreunveiledhis"KeepAmericaMoving"initiative,whichwillspend$25billiononupgradingandimprovingmass-transitsystemsnationwide.AccordingtoGore'sself-proclaimed"newwayofthinking"allthat'snecessarytoreducetrafficcongestionisto"givepeopleachoice."Thefederalgovernmenthasbeentryingto"givepeopleachoice"fordecadestolittleeffect.Portionsofthefederalgasolinetaxhavealreadybeenusedtosupporturbanbusandrailsystems.Despiteyearsofsubsidies,fewurban-transitsystemsrunintheblack.Theydon'tdomuchtoreducecongestioneither.Nomatterhowmuchthetaxpayerspaidfortheplannedtransitsystems,Americansprefertheautonomyofferedbytheirautomobiles.ThevicepresidentpraisedthePortlandlight-railsystemasanexampleofhowgoodmasstransitcanbe.YetPortland'sexperienceismore~thanexemplary,model.ResearchbytheCascadePolicyInstitutedemonstratesthatPortland'sMetrohasbeenamulti-million-dollarmistake.AccordingtoMetro'sownfigures,thelight-railsystemisdoinglittletoreducecongestion,asmostofitsridersusedtoridethebus.Thoseridersthatdocomeofftheroads,comeatanincredibleprice:$62perroundtrip.Roadimprovementsandexpansionwoulddomoretoreducecongestionatafractionofthecost,buttheywouldn'tattractthesamevolumeoffederalAccordingtotheauthor,themass-transit arecharacterizedbylowconsumptionofhavecontributedlittletotheimprovementoftheaimatmonitoringthepublicarefinanciallyWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthefederalIthasrecentlybeguntoaddresstheproblemoftrafficItfailstoprovideenoughfundstohelpreducetrafficItsattempttoreducetrafficcongestionissuccessfulbutIthasnotdonemuchtoreducecongestionbyimprovingWhatissaidaboutAmericans'attitudetowardthetransitTheyarereluctanttopaytaxestosupportthetransitTheythinkdrivingtheirowncarsismoreTheypreferthepoliciesofimprovingandexpandingTheythinkthereshouldbemorechoicesinInthethirdparagraph,theunderlinedexpression"cautionarytale"mostprobably anincredibleanuntrueC.astorygivingaD.astoryteachingamoralWhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorprobablyagreeInspiteoffederalfunds,mosturban-transitsystemshavefinancialTheAmericanpublicshouldbecomemoreawareoftheneedtoreducetrafficTheattempttoexpandroadswouldbeascostlyastheonetobuildalight-railThefederalgasolinetaxshouldberaisedtosupporturban-transitPassageInalloftheindustrialcountriesandmanylessdevelopedcountries,adebatealongthelinesofgovernmentvs.businessprevails.Thisstrugglehasgoneonforsolong,andissopervasive,thatmanywhoparticipateinithavecometothinkofthesetwosocialinstitutionsasnaturalandpermanentenemies,eachstrivingtoopposetheother.Viewingthestruggleinthatformatdiminishesthechanceofattainingmoreharmoniousrelationsbetweengovernmentandbusiness.Moreover,ifthesetwoareseenasnaturalanddeadlyenemies,thenbusinesshasnolong-rangefuture.Itisself-evidentthatgovernment,astheonlysocialinstrumentthatcanlegallyenforceitsbyphysicalcontrol,mustwinanystrugglethatisreducedtonakedAmorerealistic,andmostconstructive,approachtotheconflictbetweenbusinessandgovernmentstartsbynoticingthemanywaysinwhichtheyaredependentoneachother.Businesscannotexistwithoutsocialorder.Businesscananddoesgenerateitsownorder,itsownregularitiesofprocedureandbehavior;butatbottomtheserestuponmorefundamentalpatternsoforderwhichcanbemaintainedandevolvedbythepoliticalstate.Thedependenceofgovernmentonbusinessislessabsolute.Governmentscanabsorbdirectresponsibilityfororganizingeconomicfunctions.Inmanycases,ancientandmodern,government-runeconomicactivitiesseemtohaveoperatedatalevelofefficiencynotmarkedlyinferiortocomparableworkorganizedbybusiness.Ifsociety'ssolepurposeistoachieveabaresurvivalforitsmembers,therecanbenosubstantialobjectiontogovernmentalabsorptionofeconomicarrangements.Manypeoplethinkgovernmentandbusinessarc"enemies" thestrugglebetweenthetwopanicshasalwaystheybasedtheirbeliefontheexperienceoftheindustrialtheybelievethatgovernmentcandobetterthanbusinessineconomicthestrugglebetweenthetwopartiesissofiercethatneitherwillsurviveintheThethirdparagraphmainly howgovernmentandbusinessdependoneachwhysocialorderisimportanttobusinesswhyitisnecessaryforbusinesstorelyonhowbusinesscandevelopandmaintainWhatdoesthepassagesayabouteconomicactivitiesorganizedbyTheymostlyaimathelpingpeopletoTheycanbeconductedaswellasthosebyTheyaretheonesthatbusinesscannotdoTheyarecomparativelymodernWecanconcludefromthepassage itisdifficultforgovernmentandbusinesstohavegooditisdifficulttostudytherelationsbetweengovernmentandgovernmentshoulddominateeconomicgovernmentandbusinessshouldnotopposeeachPassageStandingupforwhatyoubelieveincanbetough.Sometimesit'sgottobedone,butthepricecanbehigh.BiochemistJeffreyWigandfoundthisoutthehardwaywhenhetookonhisformeremployer,tobaccogiantBrown&Williamson,overitsclaimthatcigaretteswerenotaddictive.SotoodidclimatemodelerBenSanterwhenheputhisnametoaUNreportwhicharguedthatitispeoplewhoarewarmingtheplanet.Bothmenfoundthemselvesundersustainedattacks,WigandfromBrown&Williamson,Santerfromthecombinedmightoftheoilandcarindustries.Thetwomengotintotheirdreadfulpredicamentsbytotallydifferentroutes.Buttheyhadonethingin-theyfoughtpowerfulvestedinterests(既得利益者)withscientificdatathatthoseinterestswishedwouldgoCommercialcompaniesarenot,ofcourse,theonlyvestedinterestsintown.Governmentshaveahabitofbackingtheideasofwhoeverpaysthemosttax.Academiaalsohasitsversion:scientifictheoriesoftencomewithfragileegosandreputationsstillattached,andsupportersofthosetheoriescanbeoverlyresistanttonewideas.Forexample,AlfredWegener'sideathatthecontinentsdriftacrossthesurfaceoftheplanetwaslaughedatwhenheproposeditin1915.Thisideawasonlyacceptedfinallyinthe1960s,whenplatetectonicscameofage.Morerecentlyin1982StanleyPrusinerwaslabeledcrazyforhiscontroversialsuggestionthatinfectiousdiseasessuchasBSE瘋牛病)werecausedbyaproteinthatself-replicated.Adecadelater,thenotionhadgainedground.Finally,in1997,hereceivedaNobelPrizeforhisidea.Westernsciencehasalwaysthrivedonindividualism--oneperson'sambitiontotoppleatheory.Soindependenceofthoughtiscrucial.Butthisappliesnotonlyforscientists,butalsotheirinstitutions.Withgovernmentsandcommercialsponsorsincreasinglypullingthestringsofuniversityresearch--perhapsit'stimetospendsomelotterymoney,say,ontrulyindependentresearch.Overcomingscientists'inertiawillbemuchmoredifficult.Yetwecannotaffordtobeslowtohearnewideasandadapttothem.Backinthe1950s,ifgovernmentshadtakenseriouslythefindingsofepidemiologistRichardDollaboutthelinkbetweensmokingandlungcancer,millionsofpeoplewouldhavebeenspareddisabilityandprematuredeath.Oneoftheideasthatarehighlightedinthepassageis individualshavegreaterchanceofsuccessinscientificresearchthanpersonalityplaysacrucialroleintheadvancesoforiginalityofthinkingisthekeytotheadvancesoftheintelligenceofscientistsisofvitalimportancetoscientificJeffreyWigand'sideaaboutthenatureof wassimilartothatofthetobaccosoundedridiculoustothegeneralwasreachedpurelyoutofpersonalshouldberegardedasscientificallyJeffreyWigandwasattackedbythetobaccogiant hisideacouldleadtoafinanciallossforthehehadbeeneagertodefeathishisideawasscientificallyhehadlongbeenanenemyofth