Rhetoricaloptions*1、Whatisrhetoric?(Definitionsofrhetoric)theartorscienceofcommunicationinwords;thisartorsciencepracticedortaughtasaformaldiscipline,esp.thedoctrineformulatedbyAristotleandtaughtthroughouttheMiddleages;overornateorostentatiouslanguage.(LongmanModernEnglishDictionary)What’sthepurposeofrhetoric?（兩種說法）=1\*GB3①Theprevailingviewaboutthepurposeofrhetoricistoexpressoneselfwellandtocommunicateeffectivelyinordertosecureadesiredresultbyemployingrhetoricalmeansefficiently.=2\*GB3②“toenlightentheunderstanding,topleasetheimagination,tomovethepassion,ortoinfluencethewill.”“促進理解、引起想象、調動感情、或者說影響人們的意志”(18世紀蘇格蘭修辭學家GeorgeCampbell）*3、Whatisdiscussedinrhetoric?（contentsofrhetorical）Rhetoriciscomposedoftheoreticalrhetoricandpracticalrhetoric.Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththetheoreticalproblemofrhetoric,whilepracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.rhetoriccoversalltheelementsoforalandwrittenthings,includingstructure,diction.Rhythm,tone,style,andanythingrelatedtotheeffectiveuseoflanguage.4、TheHighestPrinciplesofRhetoricthehighestprincipleofrhetoricistoadapttospecificsituation,thatis,“adaptability”or“appropriateness”.Sentence（syntacticdevice）Whatissentence？Asentenceisagroupofwordswhichexpressesacompletethought.Generally,aneffectivesentencemustpossessfiveessentialqualities:correctness,clearness,unity,coherenceandemphasis.(正確、清楚、統(tǒng)一、連貫、強調）句子的組成Asentencemustcontainasubjectandaverb(althoughonemaybeimplied).=1\*GB3①words=2\*GB3②correctgrammar=3\*GB3③meaning句子的分類SentencesmaybeclassifiedaccordingtoGrammarorRhetoricastomeaningandastoform:GrammaticalClassificationofSentencesI.Astomeaning:II.AstoForm:1.DeclarativeSentence1.SimpleSentence2.InterrogativeSentence2.CompoundSentence（并列）3.ImperativeSentence3.ComplexSentence（復合）4.ExclamatorySentence4.Compound–ComplexSentenceRhetoricalClassificationofSentencesIII.AstoArrangement1.PeriodicSentence（圓周句）left-branchingsentence2.LooseSentence（松散句）right-branchingsentence3.BalancedSentence4、Theshortandlongsentence=1\*GB3①Shortsentences,onthewhole,arecharacterizedbytheirbrevity,quicktempoandforce.Theshortsentenceisrelativelysimpleinform,clearingrammaticalrelation,andterseandforcefulinstyle.=2\*GB3②Longsentenceisrelativelycomplexinform,fullyexpressiveincapacity,andoftenusedinformalstyletoshowone’scomplicatedmentalityorvariouskindsofrelationshipofdifferentthings.5、thesimple，compoundandcomplexsentence=1\*GB3①ASimplesentencehasonlyoneclausetomakeastatement,andsoitisgoodfordirectnessandclearness.=2\*GB3②TheCompoundSentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauseswhichareofequalstatus,thatis,theclausesareparatactic(parallel;coordinate)inrelationship.=3\*GB3③Thecomplexsentencemakesclearthelogicalrelationshipbetweeneventsorideasthroughsubordination.Subordinateclausesarenamedaccordingtotheirfunctions.Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：*6、thebranchingsentencesRight-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：Left-branchingsentence(periodicsentence)：theperiodicsentencehasitsmainideaattheendofthesentence.supportiveorqualifyinginformationareplacedbeforethemainclauseorassertion.Right-branchingsentence（loosesentence）：inaloosesentence,themainideaisputatthebeginningofthesentence,andsupportiveorqualifyinginformationcomesfromit.*7、Balancedsentence：Whenasentencecontainstowparallelclausessimilarinstructurebut衡布局或是突出重點創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。這類辭格主要包括repetition,rhetoricalquestion,antithesis,apostrophe等。它們與漢語中的反復、設問、對偶、倒裝基本相同。另外一種分類，分為相似修辭格（4種）simile，metaphor，analogy，personification。相反修辭格opposition和相關修辭格（association）。*Therearemanykindsoffigureofspeechandtheycanbedividedintomanygroups,suchas:figuresofsimilarity,figuresofrelationship,figuresofopposition,figuresofemphasis,figuresofsoundandsoon.*Simile明喻：Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon。Wordslikeas，so，like。組成要素：comparingwords，subject，reference，ground。功能：similehavethreemainuses：descriptive，illustrativeandilluminative。例子：herlockswereyellowasgold。Metaphor暗喻：ametaphormakesanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements。功能：threemainuses：descriptive，illustrativeandilluminative。例子：jimwasafox。*Analogy類比：acomparisonoftwothingsbasedontheirbeingalikeinsomeway。Analogyischieflyusedforthepurposeofpersuasionorfortheexplanationorexpositionofanidea。只有三種形式：=1\*GB3①AistoBasCistoD=2\*GB3②AistoBwhatCistoD=3\*GB3③justasAandBsoCandDPersonification擬人：isafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimal，orlifeandpersonalattributesMetonymy借代Synecdoche提喻Antonomasia換稱Syllepsis一語雙敘Zeugma軛式搭配Paradox反論Oxymoron矛盾修飾法Hyperbole夸張Understatement低調陳述Euphemism委婉*Irony反諷：ironyisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant，theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense。*Innuendo暗諷：amildformofirony，hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned。*Sarcasm反語：sarcasmisanintensityformofirony，itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner，anditsaimistodisparage，ridiculeandwoundthefeelingofthesubjectattacked。Transferredepithet轉移修飾法Punning雙關*Allusion典故：Anallusionisafigureofspeechthatmakesarefer