?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:501牧場經(jīng)濟分析

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:502動物管理程序與制度

飼料與質(zhì)量

技術(shù)，人員及其工作表現(xiàn)

牛奶質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量

奶牛舒適牛群的性能?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:503?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:504?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:505?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:506?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:507?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:508?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:509?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5010牛奶生產(chǎn)牛奶生產(chǎn)取決于幾個方面：牛的基因牛舍，管理系統(tǒng)，奶牛舒適擠奶班次奶牛健康吸收大量干物質(zhì)的能力營養(yǎng)需求，針對不同的泌乳階段——泌乳期必須增加攝取量?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5011土建成本?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5012牛奶生產(chǎn)的運營費用?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5013牛奶生產(chǎn)

大部分牧場的最終經(jīng)營目標(biāo)是最大化從每頭牛獲得的回報一般來說，主要通過提高產(chǎn)量，但控制飼喂成本也十分關(guān)鍵運營成本一般是持續(xù)性經(jīng)營所需的支出，主要因素如下：1–

飼喂成本2–

勞動力成本3–

后備牛4–

繁殖

管理好這些方面，對牧場的盈利至關(guān)重要?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5014飼喂管理的經(jīng)濟分析

飼料不能只被視作成本，它還是一項投資投入少，產(chǎn)出高是不符合邏輯的不光每公斤飼料的費用需要考慮，每公斤飼料中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量同樣需要計算把奶料比作為一個指標(biāo)來衡量飼喂管理的水平?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5015飼喂

奶牛的營養(yǎng)需求在不同的生產(chǎn)階段，對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的要求是不一樣的:干奶早期階段干奶后期階段泌乳早期階段泌乳高峰期階段泌乳高峰期過后的階段泌乳后期至干奶期之間有效滿足奶牛在不同階段的營養(yǎng)需求是很大的挑戰(zhàn)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5016飼喂管理產(chǎn)犢至產(chǎn)乳高峰期間的飼喂是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn)，因為這時能量需求位于最高值，但飼料的攝入量并不能跟上奶牛依靠攝取的能量，加上自身的代謝來滿足營養(yǎng)需要，這不能有出錯的空間。奶牛在這個時候通常都會出現(xiàn)問題，因為飼料的攝取量和產(chǎn)奶量都達(dá)到高峰。

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5017飼喂效率的幾個指標(biāo)

奶料比–牛奶收入/綜合飼喂成本典型數(shù)值為2.5至3.0干物質(zhì)效率

–產(chǎn)奶量/干物質(zhì)攝取量.每Kg干物質(zhì)能轉(zhuǎn)化為多少Kg的奶全群-1.3至1.5泌乳初期–1.5至1.6泌乳中期–1.4至1.6泌乳晚期–1.1至1.4?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5018NewYork,monthlydairycostsofproductionpercwtofmilksold,========================================================================================================JanRFebRMarRAprRMayRJunRJulRAugRSep========================================================================================================$/cwtOperatingcosts:Feed--Feedgrains1.161.261.311.331.301.291.181.121.03Hayandstraw1.031.031.031.071.161.161.111.111.10Completefeedmixes1.791.781.821.771.741.731.811.661.53Liquidwheyandmilkreplacer0.040.040.040.040.040.040.040.040.04Silage1.221.221.221.281.381.381.331.321.30Grazedpastureandcropland0.060.060.060.070.070.070.070.070.07Otherfeeditems1/0.950.950.920.890.880.850.840.820.80Total,feedcosts6.276.346.406.466.586.526.386.145.87Veterinaryandmedicine0.730.720.720.690.690.710.720.730.75Beddingandlitter0.250.250.250.250.240.250.250.260.26Marketing0.650.640.650.640.650.660.660.660.66Customservices0.560.560.550.540.530.540.550.550.57Fuel,lube,andelectricity0.490.490.510.490.510.500.540.580.61Repairs0.570.570.570.560.550.560.570.580.59Otheroperatingcosts2/0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Interestonoperatingcapital0.080.080.080.080.080.080.080.080.08Totaloperatingcosts9.599.659.739.719.829.829.759.589.39美國牛奶生產(chǎn)的成本-紐約州(P1)奶價$16.50/cwt(100kg)Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5019Allocatedoverhead:Hiredlabor1.191.241.231.171.141.171.171.191.22Opportunitycostofunpaidlabor5.085.295.244.984.895.025.025.085.20Capitalrecoveryofmachineryandequipment3.543.533.753.663.563.663.683.733.81Opportunitycostofland(rentalrate)0.060.060.060.060.060.060.060.060.06Taxesandinsurance0.220.220.210.210.200.210.210.220.22Generalfarmoverhead0.770.770.780.760.750.770.780.790.80Total,allocatedoverhead10.8711.1011.2710.8310.6110.8910.9311.0711.31Totalcostslisted20.4620.7421.0020.5420.4320.7120.6820.6520.70===============================================================================================================Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers.R=revisedusingnewlyavailableupdateddata.1/Cottonseedmeal,proteinsupplements,proteinby-products,alfalfacubesorpellets,greenchop,cornstalks,andantibioticsandothermedicatedadditives.2/Manuredisposalfees,permits,andlicenses,andodorcontrolcosts.紐約州的成本(P2)奶價$16.50/cwt(100kg)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5020California,monthlydairycostsofproductionpercwtofmilksold========================================================================================================JanRFebRMarRAprRMayRJunRJulRAugRSep========================================================================================================$/cwtOperatingcosts:Feed--Feedgrains1.281.371.421.451.451.421.311.231.11Hayandstraw1.721.691.681.771.971.931.871.841.79Completefeedmixes2.512.472.522.462.492.432.562.332.10Liquidwheyandmilkreplacer0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Silage0.800.780.780.820.920.900.870.860.83Grazedpastureandcropland0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Otherfeeditems1/0.770.750.730.710.720.690.680.650.63Total,feedcosts7.187.177.227.317.657.477.397.016.56Veterinaryandmedicine0.460.450.450.430.440.450.460.460.47Beddingandlitter0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Marketing0.190.190.190.190.190.190.190.190.19Customservices0.460.450.440.430.440.440.450.450.45Fuel,lube,andelectricity0.420.410.430.420.450.420.460.490.51Repairs0.400.390.390.380.390.390.400.400.40Otheroperatingcosts2/0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01Interestonoperatingcapital0.070.070.070.070.070.070.070.070.07Totaloperatingcosts9.249.199.259.299.699.509.499.148.72美國牛奶生產(chǎn)的成本-加州（P1)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5021Allocatedoverhead:Hiredlabor1.191.221.211.151.161.171.181.191.19Opportunitycostofunpaidlabor0.950.970.960.920.930.940.940.940.95Capitalrecoveryofmachineryandequipment2.132.102.222.172.182.202.232.242.25Opportunitycostofland(rentalrate)0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01Taxesandinsurance0.140.140.140.140.140.140.140.140.14Generalfarmoverhead0.300.300.300.300.300.300.310.310.31Total,allocatedoverhead4.734.744.844.684.724.774.814.834.85Totalcostslisted13.9713.9314.0913.9814.4114.2714.3013.9713.56===============================================================================================================Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers.R=revisedusingnewlyavailableupdateddata.1/Cottonseedmeal,proteinsupplements,proteinby-products,alfalfacubesorpellets,greenchop,cornstalks,andantibioticsandothermedicatedadditives.2/Manuredisposalfees,permits,andlicenses,andodorcontrolcosts.加州的成本(P2)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5022?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5023牛數(shù)No.ofcows銷量：鎊（英）Poundsmilksold銷量：鎊/牛Lbsmilksold/cow牛數(shù)/擠奶員Cowsperworker銷量：磅/擠奶員LbsMilksoldperworker95722,198,44625,404591,256,95347110,590,57823,680491,032,9133076,481,81422,82044907,8712153,100,32021,77040815,5101552,222,88219,59137747,6051191,682,01418,31434673,029不同牛群規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)效率

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5024不同牛群規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)效率

牛數(shù)No.ofcows銷售量kg銷量kg/牛Lbsmilksold/cow牛數(shù)/擠奶員Cowsperworker銷量Kg/擠奶員LbsMilksoldperworker95710,069,2154,567,39659570,1544714,803,8862,179,04349468,5293072,940,1511,333,65244411,8102151,406,305637,90040369,9151551,008,299457,36537339,114119762,962346,07934305,286?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5025工作程序，舉例：一個東德栓式牧場

工作時間：小時/年300cows600cowsmilking11.40321.338feeding3.9615.124manurehandling1.8253.140cleaning+desinfection474617cowcare/animalhealth/breeding5.4428.951Total23.10539.770workingtimepercow+year77,0166,28workingtimepercow+day0,210,18numberofworkers(2100manhours/year)1119cowsperman2732?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5026?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5027Source:Hoard'sDairyman?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5028生產(chǎn)成本

(每公斤原奶歐分,奶價:大約.38歐分)

東德,800頭牛,單產(chǎn)9200kg/牛飼料10,3(精料6,0)后備牛5,8獸醫(yī)、獸藥等1,0人工受精0,4能源，水1,0機械成本可變1,3土建0,4其他1,3人工5,2折舊5,0