1Chapter6

CostofSalesandInventory銷售和存貨本錢2TypesofCompanies公司的類型MerchandisingcompanySellsgoodsinsameformasacquired.ManufacturingcompanyConvertsrawmaterialintofinishedgoods.ServicecompanyProvidesintangibleservices.銷售公司以同樣的形式銷售貨物。制造公司將原材料轉(zhuǎn)換成成品。效勞公司提供無形的效勞。3InventoryIssues庫(kù)存問題Whatisinventory?Whatcostsareincludedininventory?HowdoweseparateCOGSfromEnd.Inv?庫(kù)存是什么?存貨中包括哪些本錢?我們?nèi)绾螌OGS與End分開。發(fā)票嗎?4InventoriesDefinition

庫(kù)存的定義Assetitemsheldforsaleintheordinarycourseofbusinessorgoodsthatwillbeusedorconsumedintheproductionofgoodstobesold.在普通的商業(yè)或者商品中出售的資產(chǎn)，用于銷售的商品或者消費(fèi)的商品。5Methodsofdeterminingamountsininventory

確定存貨量的方法PeriodicinventorymethodorPerpetualinventorymethod.定期盤存方法或永續(xù)盤存法。Measurementofinventoriesandcostofsalesarerelated.庫(kù)存和銷售本錢的測(cè)量是相關(guān)的。6Costflowassumptions

本錢流轉(zhuǎn)假設(shè)Specificidentification.Averagecost.First-in,first-out(FIFO).Last-in,first-out(LIFO).具體的識(shí)別。平均本錢。先入先出(FIFO)。后進(jìn)先出(后進(jìn)先出)。7TypesofCompanies/Inventories

類型的公司/庫(kù)存MerchandisingSellsgoodsinsameforminwhichtheyareacquired.Inventorycosts(andcostsofgoodssold)=acquisitioncosts.以同樣的形式銷售貨物。存貨本錢(及銷售本錢)=采購(gòu)本錢。8TypesofCompanies/Inventories

(Continued)

類型的公司/庫(kù)存(繼續(xù))Manufacturingcompanyconvertsrawmaterialsandpurchasedpartsintofinishedgoods.3typesofinventories;Materials.Work-in-process.Finishedgoods.制造公司將原材料和采購(gòu)部件轉(zhuǎn)換成成品。3類型的庫(kù)存;材料。在制品。成品。9TypesofCompanies/Inventories

(Continued)Serviceorganizations(hotels,beautyparlors,plumbers)Mayhavematerialsinventories.效勞機(jī)構(gòu)(酒店、美容院、水管工)可能有材料庫(kù)存。10TypesofCompanies/Inventories

(Continued)Professionalservicefirms(accountingfirms,legalfirms)Intangibleinventorycostsarecostsincurredforclientbutnotyetbilledcalledjobs-in-progressorunbilledcosts.效勞機(jī)構(gòu)(酒店、美容院、水管工)可能有材料庫(kù)存。11Supplies供給Tangibleitemsthatwillbeconsumedinthecourseofnormaloperations.e.g.,officeandjanitorialsupplies,lubricants,repairparts.Notsoldandnotaccountedforaspartofcostofgoodssold.在正常操作過程中會(huì)消耗的有形物品。如。辦公室和清潔用品，潤(rùn)滑劑，修理零件。不出售，也不計(jì)入銷售本錢的一局部。12Merchandisecompanies

商品的公司Inventoriesaccountedforatcost.CostincludescostofAcquiringmerchandise(invoicecostofgoods,freight-in)Makinggoodsreadyforsale.(unpackingandmarking)Adjustfor:ReturnsandallowancesCashdiscountsfromsupplier.存貨以本錢價(jià)計(jì)算。本錢包括本錢的購(gòu)置商品(貨物的發(fā)票本錢，貨物運(yùn)輸)為銷售做好準(zhǔn)備。(拆包和標(biāo)記)調(diào)整為:收益和津貼現(xiàn)金折扣從供給商。13Methodsofaccountingforpurchase(orcash)discounts

購(gòu)置(或現(xiàn)金)折扣的方法NetofdiscountChargediscountsnottakenwhenpaid.RecordatinvoicepriceRecorddiscountwhentaken.凈的折扣在付款時(shí)不收取費(fèi)用。記錄在發(fā)票價(jià)格記錄折扣當(dāng)。14Terminology術(shù)語Purchase=receiptofmerchandisenottoplacingofaPO.Usuallytitletransferswhengoodsareshipped(FOBshippingpoint).購(gòu)物=收到貨物而不放在一件商品上。貨物裝運(yùn)時(shí)通常是所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移(FOB裝運(yùn)點(diǎn))。15RelationshipofInventoryandCostofGoodsSold

存貨和銷售本錢的關(guān)系Beginninginventory+netpurchases=goodsavailableforsaleGoodsavailableforsale=costofgoodssold+endinginventory.Equivalently:Beg.inventory+netpurchases-endinginventory=costofgoodssold.Netpurchases=grosspurchases-purchasereturnsandallowances+freight-in開始庫(kù)存+凈購(gòu)置=可出售的商品可供出售的貨物=貨物的本錢加期末庫(kù)存。同樣:乞討。庫(kù)存+凈購(gòu)置-結(jié)束庫(kù)存=銷售商品的本錢。凈購(gòu)置=總購(gòu)置-購(gòu)置退貨和津貼+貨物16MeasurementIssue

測(cè)量問題DividinggoodsavailableforsalebetweenCOGSandEnd.Inventory.2approaches:Periodicinventorymethod.Perpetualinventorymethod.分裝在齒輪和尾之間可出售的貨物。庫(kù)存。2方法:定期盤存方法。永續(xù)盤存法。17Periodicinventorymethod

定期盤存方法Determineamountofendinginventoryanddeducecostsofgoodssold.Countinventory(i.e.,aphysicalinventoryistaken)attheendoftheperiod.Multiplycounttimescostforeachitemtodeterminetotalamountofinventory.Beginninginventoryofcurrentperiod=endinginventoryofprecedingperiod.COGS=COGA-End.Inventory確定期末庫(kù)存的數(shù)量，并推算出銷售的貨物的本錢。統(tǒng)計(jì)庫(kù)存(即。在這段時(shí)間結(jié)束時(shí)，將會(huì)有一個(gè)實(shí)體的庫(kù)存)。每件商品的數(shù)量乘以本錢，以確定庫(kù)存的總數(shù)量。開始存貨盤點(diǎn)=期末庫(kù)存。COGA-End。庫(kù)存18PerpetualInventoryMethod

永續(xù)盤存法Measureamountactuallydeliveredtocustomers;deduceendinginventory.Perpetualinventoryrecordiskeptforeachitemintheinventory.Advantagesofperpetualinventorymethod:Detailedrecordisuseful.Builtincheck.Identifiesshrinkagebyitem.Incomestatementcanbepreparedwithouttakingaphysicalinventory.實(shí)際交付給客戶的金額;推斷出期末存貨。庫(kù)存記錄中的每一項(xiàng)都保存著永久的庫(kù)存記錄。永續(xù)盤存法的優(yōu)點(diǎn):詳細(xì)記錄是有用的。建在檢查。確定了收縮。損益表可以在不進(jìn)行實(shí)物盤點(diǎn)的情況下進(jìn)行。19RetailMethod零售方法Variationofperpetualmethod.Recordpurchasesatcostandatretail.Adjustretailpricesformarkdowns.Calculategrossmarginpercentanditscomplement(thecostofgoodssoldasapercentofretail).Costofgoodssold=Retailsalesfortheperiod*costofgoodssoldpercent.Endinginventory=Beginninginventory+purchases-costofgoodssold.變化的方法。在本錢和零售上記錄購(gòu)置。為降價(jià)調(diào)整零售價(jià)格。計(jì)算毛利潤(rùn)率和它的補(bǔ)充(以零售價(jià)格銷售的商品的本錢)。銷售商品的本錢=零售銷售期間的商品銷售本錢。期末庫(kù)存=開始庫(kù)存+采購(gòu)-銷售商品的本錢。20GrossProfitMethod

總利潤(rùn)的方法Similartoretailmethodexceptusesanaverageornormalgrossprofitpercentageinthecalculation.與零售方法類似，但在計(jì)算中使用了平均或一般的毛利潤(rùn)百分比。21ManufacturingCompanies

制造企業(yè)Productcostsorcostofgoodssold=materialsandpartsused+conversioncostsConversioncosts=productionlabor+overhead(othercostsincurredinmanufacturing).產(chǎn)品本錢或銷售本錢=材料和部件使用+轉(zhuǎn)換本錢轉(zhuǎn)換本錢=生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)+開銷(制造過程中產(chǎn)生的其他本錢)。223TypesofManufacturingInventoryAccounts

3種制造存貨清單Materialsinventoryorrawmaterials.Notyetusedinproduction.Adjustedforreturnsandfreight-in.Work-in-process.Goodsstartedbutnotyetfinished.Costedattotalcostsincurred.FinishedgoodsManufacturedbutnotyetshipped.Costedattotalcostsincurred.原材料庫(kù)存或原材料。還未在生產(chǎn)中使用。適應(yīng)退貨和貨物運(yùn)輸。在制品。貨物開始了，但還沒有完成。在總本錢上受到了損失。成品制造但尚未裝運(yùn)。在總本錢上受到了損失。23FlowThroughAccounts

流經(jīng)賬戶Pattern:TfrdOut=beginv+tfrdin-endinv模式:在最后的結(jié)果中24RawMaterialsInventory

原材料庫(kù)存TfrdOut=beginv+tfrdin-endinvMaterialsused=beginv+purchases-endinv在最后的結(jié)果中使用的材料=求購(gòu)+購(gòu)置-結(jié)束25Workinprocess工作過程中TfrdOut=beginv+tfrdin-endinvCostofgoodsmanufactured=beginv+(materialsused+labor+overhead)-endinv在最后的結(jié)果中制造的貨物本錢=求貨+(材料使用+勞動(dòng)+頭頂)-結(jié)束26FinishedGoods成品TfrdOut=beginv+tfrdin-endinvCostofgoodssold=beginv+Costofgoodsmanufactured-endinv在最后的結(jié)果中賣的貨物的本錢=求貨價(jià)+制成品的本錢27Productcostingsystems

產(chǎn)品本錢計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Perpetualinventorysystemformanufacturingcompanies.制造公司的永續(xù)盤存制。(Chapters17-19)28ProductCosts產(chǎn)品本錢=inventorycosts=inventoriablecosts.Expensed(COGS)inperiodwhenFGsold.GAAPrequiresfullproductioncosting.Materialscost.Laborcostsincurreddirectlyinproducingtheproduct.Otherproductionorindirectorindirectproductionorproductionoverheadcosts.庫(kù)存本錢=庫(kù)存本錢。在FG出售的時(shí)期內(nèi)，費(fèi)用(COGS)。公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)那么要求全面生產(chǎn)本錢。材料本錢。生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品直接產(chǎn)生的勞動(dòng)本錢。其他生產(chǎn)或間接或間接生產(chǎn)或生產(chǎn)間接本錢。29PeriodCosts期本錢Coststhatareexpensedintheperiodincurred.MuchofSG&A(Selling,General&Administrative)ExpensesonIS.在此期間發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。大局部的SG&A(銷售，一般和管理)費(fèi)用。30Professionalservicefirms

專業(yè)效勞公司E.g.,lawandaccountingfirms.Labor,overhead,andincidentalproductcostsbutnomaterialscost.Expensedinperiodbilled(i.e.,whenrevenuesarerecognized).如。法律和會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所。勞動(dòng)力、本錢和附帶的產(chǎn)品本錢，但沒有材料本錢。期間費(fèi)用支出(即:當(dāng)收入被確認(rèn)時(shí))。31InventoryCostingMethods

存貨本錢計(jì)算方法

(CostFlowAssumptions)

本錢流轉(zhuǎn)假設(shè)Specificidentification.Averagecost.FIFOLIFO具體的識(shí)別。平均本錢。先進(jìn)先出后進(jìn)先出32Specificidentification具體的識(shí)別Bigticketitems.Uniquelyidentifieditems.Mayofferopportunitytomanipulatecosts.高價(jià)物品。惟一確定的工程?？梢蕴峁┎倏v本錢的時(shí)機(jī)。33AverageCost平均本錢(Beginninginventoryamount+purchases)/unitsavailableforsale=perunitinventorycosts=perunitcostofgoodssoldPeriodicmethod.Computedfortheentireperiod.Perpetualmethod.Anewunitcostcanbecalculatedaftereachpurchase.(開始庫(kù)存數(shù)量+采購(gòu))/單位庫(kù)存=單位存貨本錢=單位本錢/單位本錢周期的方法。計(jì)算整個(gè)周期。永久的方法。每次購(gòu)置后，都可以計(jì)算出一個(gè)新的單位本錢。34First-in,first-out(FIFO).

先入先出(FIFO)Expensescostsofoldestpurchasesfirst.Mostrecentlypurchasedgoodsareininventory.Likelybutnotnecessarytofollowactualflowofgoods.Endinginventoryapproximatescurrentcostofgoods.最古老的消費(fèi)支出的費(fèi)用。最近購(gòu)置的商品都在庫(kù)存中?？赡艿珱]有必要跟隨實(shí)際的貨物流動(dòng)。期末庫(kù)存近似于當(dāng)前的商品本錢。35Last-in,last-out(LIFO).

以后,持續(xù)(后進(jìn)先出)。AssumesmostrecentlypurchasedgoodsaresoldfirstInventorybasedoncostsofoldestpurchases.Costofgoodssoldusuallydoesnotreflectphysicalflow.Endinginventorymaybecostedatamountsofyearsago.Inventorymaybewellbelowcurrentcosts.假設(shè)最近購(gòu)置的商品是先賣的基于最老的采購(gòu)本錢的存貨。出售商品的本錢通常不會(huì)反映實(shí)際的流動(dòng)。期末庫(kù)存可能在數(shù)年前就已被取消。庫(kù)存可能遠(yuǎn)低于目前的本錢。36LIFOReserve后進(jìn)先出儲(chǔ)藏FIFOformanagement.LIFOfinancialreporting.LIFOreserve=FIFOinventoryamount-LIFOinventoryamount.先進(jìn)先出管理。后進(jìn)先出財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。LIFO儲(chǔ)藏=FIFO的庫(kù)存數(shù)量。37ArgumentsforFIFO

參數(shù)forFIFOUsuallyfollowsphysicalflowofgoods.Ifpricesarebasedonoldestcost,resultsinbestmatching.Moreaccuratebalancesheetvaluation.Non-theoretical/practicalargument:Resultsinhighestincomeduringperiodsofrisingprices.通常是隨物質(zhì)的流動(dòng)而來的。如果價(jià)格是以最老的本錢為根底的，結(jié)果是最好的匹配。更準(zhǔn)確的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表估值。非理論/實(shí)用的參數(shù):在物價(jià)上漲期間，收入最高。38ArgumentsforLIFO

理由后進(jìn)先出Ifpricesarebasedoncurrentcosts,resultsinbestmatchingofrevenuesandcostsandthereforemostusefulincomestatement.Closesttoreflectingcurrentorreplacementcostsofgoodssold.However,itisstillhistoricalcostsanddoesdifferfromcurrentcosts.如果價(jià)格是基于當(dāng)前的本錢，那么就會(huì)產(chǎn)生收入和本錢的最正確匹配，因此最有用的損益表。最接近反映當(dāng)前或重置商品的本錢。然而，這仍然是歷史本錢，而且與當(dāng)前本錢有所不同。39ArgumentsforLIFO

(continued)理由后進(jìn)先出(繼續(xù))Duringperiodsofpriceincreases:Highercostsofgoodssold.Lowertaxableincome.Lowerincometaxes.Highercashflows.IfLIFOfortaxpurposesthanalsofinancialreporting.在價(jià)格上漲期間:商品的價(jià)格上漲。降低應(yīng)納稅所得額。降低所得稅。更高的現(xiàn)金流。如果是為了稅收而不是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告。40WhynotmoreLIFO?

為什么不更后進(jìn)先出嗎?Mostcountriesdonotpermit.Wouldrequireadoublesetofbooks.Pricesofsomeitemsarenotincreasing.BecauseofIRSconformityrequirement,lowerearningsreportedtoshareholders.大多數(shù)國(guó)家不允許這樣做。需要一套兩套書。有些商品的價(jià)格并沒有上漲。由于美國(guó)國(guó)稅局的要求，較低的收益報(bào)告給了股東。41LowerofCostorMarket(LCM)

較低的本錢或市場(chǎng)(L