高考真題典例(三)主旨大意題eq\x(Passage1)[2024·新課標Ⅰ，D]OnMarch7，1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.2．Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________．A．thecrowdswererelativelysmallB．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent3．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups.B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess.D．Theindividualestimates.4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.eq\x(Passage2)[2024·新課標Ⅱ，B]Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks，”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey'reeatingdifferently，”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside，”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”5．WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A．Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B．Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C．Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D．SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.6．WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?A．Thekids'parentsdistrustedher.B．Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.C．Somekidsdislikedgardenwork.D．Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.7．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?A．Far-reaching.B．Predictable.C．Short-lived.D．Unidentifiable.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．RescuingSchoolGardensB．ExperiencingCountryLifeC．GrowingVegetableLoversD．ChangingLocalLandscape[答題區(qū)]題號12345678答案高考真題典例（三）主旨大意題Passage1【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體才智”效應(yīng)。試驗表明，在某些狀況下大量獨立評估的平均值可能是相當精確的。1．答案與解析：B主旨大意題。依據(jù)其次段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人經(jīng)常會高估，有些會低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生一個更精確的評估。假如相像的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。用更專業(yè)的術(shù)語來說，群體才智要求人們的評估是獨立的。假如由于任何緣由，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依靠，評估的精確性就會下降）”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產(chǎn)生更精確的評估，探討了獨立評估的平均如何由于誤差的消退而產(chǎn)生更精確的預(yù)料。因此本段主要說明了“群體才智”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。2．答案與解析：D細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.（用更專業(yè)的術(shù)語來說，群體才智要求人們的評估是獨立的）”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（這項探討的關(guān)鍵發(fā)覺是，當人群被進一步劃分為允許進行探討的小組時，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨立個體的平均值更精確。例如，從四個五人探討組的評估中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨立個體獲得的平均值更精確）”可知，人們在沒有獨立的狀況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更精確的，說明即使在評估數(shù)字并非完全獨立的狀況下，精確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。3．答案與解析：C推理推斷題。依據(jù)第四段的“Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在一項針對100名高校生的后續(xù)探討中，探討人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在探討中的實際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對自己的評估最有信念的人？他們是否追隨那些最不情愿變更辦法的人呢）”可知，在后續(xù)探討中，探討人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在探討中實際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個問題，因此可知后續(xù)探討的重點是小組內(nèi)的探討過程。故選C。4．答案與解析：D推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段內(nèi)容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.（盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的探討有局限性，仍存在很多問題，但對小組探討和決策性的潛在影響是巨大的）”可知，作者認為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的探討有局限性也存在很多問題，但對小組探討和決策性的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的探討表示肯定的贊許和支持。故選D。Passage2【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講解并描述了AbbyJaramillo等老師在低收入學(xué)校發(fā)起的培育學(xué)生科學(xué)實力，環(huán)保意識以及健康生活方式的UrbanSprouts花園項目，讓學(xué)生通過體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活，對學(xué)生影響深遠。5．答案與解析：D細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段的“Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowincomeschools.（起初是這樣的，艾比·哈拉米洛說，她和另一位老師在四所低收入學(xué)校啟動了‘UrbanSprouts’學(xué)?；▓@項目。）”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是UrbanSprouts的發(fā)起者。故選D。6．答案與解析：C推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段的“shesays.‘Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.