第一章1.word:1簡(jiǎn)單意義：awordisaminimalunit/formin/ofasentence2.完整意義：awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.vocabulary定義四個(gè)要素：1.refertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.2.itcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.3.refertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.4個(gè)要素：language,time,space,person.3.soundandform1.關(guān)系：thesymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitraryandconventional.2.moreandmoredifferent原因：1,thenumberofalphabetcannotdescribetheEnglishsoundsonebyone.2,soundsdevelopfasterthanthewrittenform.3.thescribesdeliberatelychangethewrittenformforbeingeasilyrecognized.4.theprintingmachinefixedthewrittenform.5.borrowedwordsmakethegapwider.4.motivation分類(lèi)：1.onomatopecmotivation.(Referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationwhichmeansthewordsarecreatedbyimitationthenaturalsoundsornoise.2.morphologicalmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationwhichmeansthewordscreatedbyusingexistinglanguagematerials,asroots,affixes,etc).3.semanticmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationinwhichthenewmeaningsaregiventoexistingwordsbymentalassaiations.4.etymologicalmotivation(referstothemotivatedaspectofmotivationbywhichthenewmeaningscandirectlytelltheoriginoftheword.)4.wordmeaning分類(lèi)：4.“Allnationalcharacter”isthemostimportantofallthefeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordsofcommonusefromallothers.basicwordstock基礎(chǔ)詞匯：1.allnationalcharacter(全民性，必須有)2.stability3.productivity4.polysemy(一詞多義)5.collocability(可搭配性)–5．Nonbasicvocabulary.1。terminology，術(shù)語(yǔ)(thisreferstotheformalwordsthatusedbyscientistsintheirresearch.)2.jargon，行話(referstotheinformalwordsusedbypeopleofthesametradesasworkers,farmers,technicians,etc.intheirwork.)3.slang，俚語(yǔ)(referstotheinformalwordsthatusuallyusedbyyoungpeopleintheirdailyactivity.Thewordsofthiscategoryareusuallycoinedfromanormalordaily-lifewordsandareshort-lived,otherwisetheywillbecomeidioms.)4argot，黑話。(referstotheinformalwordsthatareusuallyusedbycriminalsintheir“work”(communicationinsidethegroup)5.dialectalwords方言詞。(referstotheinformalwordsthatareusedinEnglishbypeoplefromthesamecountry.)6.archaism，古語(yǔ)(referstoinformalorlearnedwordsusedbyscholarsintheirliteraryresearch)6.neologism，新詞6.contentwords和functionalwords的區(qū)別。Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.(Theyarenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.)Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown,theyareknownasformwords.區(qū)別：functionalwordsarethewordsthataremoreimportantinuseingrammaticalmeaningthaninlexicalmeaning;contentword,arethewordsthatarefullbothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning.Pronoun既不是實(shí)詞也不是虛詞。7.borrowedwords.定義：borrowedwordsarethewordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesafterthesettlementofAnglo-SaxonintoEngland.特征。(1.Neutralinstyle)2frequentinuse.1)denizens.（aretheborrowedwordsborrowedintheearlystageofEnglishhistoryandarewellassimilatedintoEnglish.）2)aliens(aretheborrowedwordsthatstillkeeptheiroriginalsoundandspelling)3)translationloans(aretheborrowedwordsthatborrowedin2steps:firsttranslatingthewordthenborrowingthewordintoEnglish.)4.Semanticloans(aretheborrowedwordsthatborrowedin2steps:firstborrowingthemeaningofforeignlanguageandthenpatthemeaningintoexistingEnglishwords.)Nativewords:Anglo-Saxonwords:nativewordsarenotnativeinfactbutwordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybyGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknownasAnglo-Saxonwords.(11)第二單元1.ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,ItalianandRoumanian.(finallycomestotheGermanicfamilylanguage).First,wehave4northernEuropeanlanguages(Scandinavianlanguage):Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,+thencomesto4(German,Dutch,,FlemishandEnglish.)languages.2.Development:1,OldEnglish(450-1150):1.settlementofAnglo-Saxon-----Anglo-Saxondialects-----5thcentury-----dailylifeword.2.IntroductionofRomanCatholicChurch-----Latin-----6thcentury----dailylifewordsandreligiouswords.3.invasionofVikings-----Scandinavians------9thcentury----dailylifeandmilitarywords.2.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):1.normanconquest:French---12thcentury----dailylifeandpoliticalwords.Latin----12thcentury-----academicandscientificwords.2.Foreigntrade----Dutch----15thcentury-----foreigntradewords.3.ModernEnglish(1500-1700-uptothepresent):1.Renaissance:----Latin,Greek.----16thcentury----academic,scientific,andliterarywords.2.industrayrevolution----allthelanguagesintheworld-----18thcentury.----grammer,analytic.3.英語(yǔ)影響的語(yǔ)種：Latin,Greek,French,Scandivian.第三章1.morpheme的簡(jiǎn)單概念和完整概念 簡(jiǎn)單定義：amorphemeisasmallest,meaningfulunitinasentence.完整定義:amorphemeisasmallest,meaningfulunitofalanguage.2.allomorph的概念：anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.3.Freeandboundmorphemes.Afreemorphemeisamorphemewhichisindependentofothermorphemesandhappenstobeasimpleword.Boundmorphemeisamorphemewhichisdependentofothermorphemesandtobeboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.4.Root,stemandbase.Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftwomorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.(Wordformtowhichinflectionalaffixescanbeattached).Abaseisawordformtowhichanykindofaffixes(bothderivationalandinflectionalcanbeattached)如果是stem就一定是base.Nation(root,stem.base)national(stem,base)internationalist(stem,base)Suffixation:inflectionalaffixesaderivationalaffixes第四章1.affixation分兩大類(lèi)：affixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivations.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.2.Compoundscanbewrittenopen,solid,hyphenated,accordingtopounding的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.phonologicalfeatures.Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstconstituentwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incaseswheretherearetwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondarystress,ifonly,onthesecond,whereastheoppositeistrueofthefreephrases.BUT,theseaccentualpatternsofcompoundsarenotabsolute.Sometimes,theprimarystressmayalsofallonthesecondconstituentasbottle-greenaswellasincombining–formcompounds,socio-linguistic,phycho-analysis.2.semanticfeatures.Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasesintheirsemantic”one-wordness”,i.e.asinglesemanticuniteventhoughtheymaybewrittenopen.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Forinstance,agreenhandisan“inexperiencedperson”,notahandthatisgreenincolor;nevertheless,alotofcompoundsaretransparent,thatis,themeaningcanbeobtainedfromtheseparateelementsofcompoundslikedisaster-related,washingmachine.3.Grammaticalfeatures.Theone-wordnessofcompoundscanbeseeninthewaytheexpressionsarehandledmorphologically.Theytendtofillasinglegrammaticalslotinasentence,forexample,thatofaverb,anoun,oranadjective.Forexample,bad-mouthcanbeusedasaverb,e.g‘hebad-mouthedme’.4.Orthographicalfeatures.Inmostcases,compoundsarewritteneither‘solid’or‘hyphenated’asmentionedearlier,thuseasytorecognize.Butspellingconversationsarenotoftendependablebecauseasillustratedabovesomecompoundscanbewritteninallthreeforms,e.g.flowerpot,flower-pot,flowerpot.Comparatively,BritainspeakerstendtohyphenatecompoundswhileAmericansliketocompoundslikefreephrases.3.conversion定義.Conversationistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.4.blending定義.blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedassucharecalledblendsorpormanteauwords.Forexample,flushisthecombinationofflashandblush.Similarly,smogistheresultofputtingsmokeandfogtogether.Breakfast+lunch=brunch5.clipping定義.Clippingistheformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Forexample,planeandexamaresometimesusedinplaceofaeroplane,andexaminationrespectively.6.Acronymy定義（isoneoftheminorwaysinformingnewwords,bywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyusinginitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledacronyms,whichcanbesubdividedintoinitialismsandacronymsdependingonthepronunciationofthewords.Catalogue:initialismsandacronyms7.Initialismsareacronymswhicharesoundedletterbyletter.8.word-formationisoneoftheminorinwordformationbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyremovingimaginedorsupposedsuffixesawayfromalreadyusedwords.9.Back-formationisoneoftheminorwaysinformingnewwords,bywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyremovingandimaginedorsupposedsuffixesawayformwords.第五章1.Wordmeaning.“Meaning”iswhattheformstandsfor.Relatedconcepts:reference(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeaning,referringtotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld)2.concept(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeaning,referringtotheresultofhumanrecognitionofworldwhichisbeyondlanguage)3.sense(isatermusedinstudyingwordmeandenotingtherelationships,insidethelanguage,andbeingdefinedasmeaningofword.)Sense:簡(jiǎn)單定義:sensemeansthemeaningof“meaning”.完整定義：senseisatermusedinstudyingwordmeaningbyusingsemantictriangle,whichdenotesrelationshipsinsidelanguage.)2.motivation定義：isatermusedinstudyingtheestablishmentoftherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsymbolsanditsmeaning.3.Typesofmeaning:1.grammaticalmeaning(isoneofthetwopartsofawordmeaning,whichindicatesagrammaticalrelationshipsorconceptswhichshowswhatistherelationshipsofwordwithotherwordsinthesamesentence)andlexicalmeaning(isoneofthetwopartsofwordmeaning,whichisusedtodescribeeverythingintheword.2.Lexicalmeaningclassification---------Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.(Conceptualmeaningisoneofthetwolexicalmeaninggivenindictionaryandformsthecoreofthewordmeaningwhichisacknowledgedbyallthepeopleusingthelanguage;associativemeaningisoneofthetwolexicalmeaningwhichissupplementedtheconceptualmeaningandcomesintobeingdependonwords.)4.associativemeaningitscategories:1.connotativemeaning(isoneofcategoryofassociativemeaningwhichindicatesovertonesorassociationsthewordhas,whichis,resultedfromconceptualmeaning),2.stylisticmeaning(isoneofcategoryofassociativemeaning,whichindicatesinwhatkindofassociationorconditionthewordscanbeusedformal,neutralorinformal)3.affectivemeaning(isacategoryofassociativemeaning,whichexpressesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthethinginadiscussion,appreciativeorpejorative.4.Collativemeaning(isacategoryofassociativemeaning,whichindicatesaroundwhatkindofwordsthewordcanbeused).第六章1.Polysemy(isatermusedinstudyingsenserelations,referringtoqualityorconditionofawordwithmanyinterrelatedmeanings.)2.Concatenation(isatermusedinthedevelopmentofwordmeaning,whichisaprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatitsheadandtheothermeaningmoveawayfromitlikeachainuntilthesenseofthefirstmeaninglost.3.Homonymy(isatermusedinstudyingsenserelations,referringtoaqualityorconditiontwoormorewordsthesameinsound/orspellingbutquitedifferentinmeanings