2025高考語文步步高大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義65練板塊五文言文閱讀學(xué)案30《燭之武退秦師》《鴻門宴》復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)1.梳理積累兩文中的文言基礎(chǔ)知識，重點掌握古今異義詞和多義實詞“步”“然”“意”“備”。2.翻譯重點句子?；顒右换A(chǔ)梳理1．通假字請指出下列句中的通假字，并解釋意思。①行李之往來，共其乏困“________”同“________”，____________________________________________________②夫晉，何厭之有“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________③距關(guān)，毋內(nèi)諸侯a．“________”同“________”，__________________________________________________b．“________”同“________”，___________________________________________________④臣與將軍戮力而攻秦“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑤張良出，要項伯“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑥愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑦旦日不可不蚤自來謝項王“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑧令將軍與臣有郤“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑨因擊沛公于坐“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________2．古今異義請寫出下列加點詞語的古義。①若舍鄭以為東道主古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：請客的主人②行李之往來古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：出門所帶的包裹、箱子等③微夫人之力不及此古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：尊稱一般人的妻子④沛公居山東時古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：山東?、菁s為婚姻古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：結(jié)婚的事；因結(jié)婚而產(chǎn)生的夫妻關(guān)系⑥備他盜之出入與非常也古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：副詞，十分，極⑦將軍戰(zhàn)河北，臣戰(zhàn)河南古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：河北省/河南省⑧而聽細(xì)說古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：詳細(xì)地說3．多義實詞請解釋下列加點詞的意思。(1)步①沛公則置車騎，脫身獨騎，與樊噲、夏侯嬰、靳強、紀(jì)信等四人持劍盾步走：_____________②且李陵提步卒不滿五千，深踐戎馬之地(《報任安書》)：步兵③故不積跬步，無以至千里(《勸學(xué)》)：______________________________________________④纖纖作細(xì)步(《孔雀東南飛并序》)：_______________________________________________(2)然①然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉：__________________________________________________________②不然，籍何以至此：____________________________________________________________③沛公默然：____________________________________________________________________④王曰：“然，誠有百姓者?！?《齊桓晉文之事》)：________________________________________________________________________________⑤而半山居霧若帶然(《登泰山記》)：________________________________________________(3)意①然不自意能先入關(guān)破秦：_________________________________________________________②其意常在沛公也：_______________________________________________________________③目似瞑，意暇甚(《狼》)：_________________________________________________________④醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之間也(《醉翁亭記》)：________________________________________________________________________________⑤吾意久懷忿，汝豈得自由(《孔雀東南飛并序》)：________________________________________________________________________________(4)備①備他盜之出入與非常也：________________________________________________________②而神明自得，圣心備焉(《勸學(xué)》)：_________________________________________________③此則岳陽樓之大觀也，前人之述備矣(《岳陽樓記》)：_________________________________④蟹白栗黃，備極護(hù)愛(《促織》)：___________________________________________________4．詞類活用掌握下列加點詞的活用類型，并解釋意思。(1)名詞作動詞①與鄭人盟：____________________________________________________________________②沛公欲王關(guān)中：_________________________________________________________________③籍吏民：______________________________________________________________________④范增數(shù)目項王：________________________________________________________________⑤刑人如恐不勝：________________________________________________________________⑥道芷陽間行：___________________________________________________________________(2)名詞作狀語①夜縋而出：_____________________________________________________________________②朝濟(jì)而夕設(shè)版焉：______________________________________________________________③吾得兄事之：__________________________________________________________________④常以身翼蔽沛公：_______________________________________________________________⑤頭發(fā)上指：_____________________________________________________________________(3)形容詞作名詞①越國以鄙遠(yuǎn)：___________________________________________________________________②共其乏困：_____________________________________________________________________(4)形容詞作動詞①鄰之厚，君之薄也：______________________________________________________________②素善留侯張良：________________________________________________________________③秋毫不敢有所近：_______________________________________________________________(5)意動用法越國以鄙遠(yuǎn)：_____________________________________________________________________(6)使動用法①若不闕秦：_____________________________________________________________________②若亡鄭而有益于君：_____________________________________________________________③既東封鄭：_____________________________________________________________________④項伯殺人，臣活之：_____________________________________________________________⑤交戟之衛(wèi)士欲止不內(nèi)：__________________________________________________________⑥先破秦入咸陽者王之：__________________________________________________________5．特殊句式掌握下列句子的句式類型，并指出標(biāo)志詞。(如是倒裝句請調(diào)整語序)(1)賓語前置句①何厭之有：_____________________________________________________________________②籍何以至此/客何為者/大王來何操/沛公安在：________________________________________________________________________________(2)被動句若屬皆且為所虜/吾屬今為之虜矣：__________________________________________________(3)判斷句如今人方為刀俎，我為魚肉：________________________________________________________(4)固定句式孰與君少長：____________________________________________________________________6．文化常識(1)侯、伯：春秋時期有公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位，與世襲的宗法、分封等制度互為表里，爵位往往就是政治權(quán)力的標(biāo)志。秦以后的爵制(分為賜爵與封爵)，與先秦爵制的性質(zhì)有所不同。爵位不具備行政職能，主要用來確定皇親、功臣世襲的政治名位和經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利。(2)執(zhí)事：辦事的官員，文中代指對方(秦穆公)，表示恭敬。(3)季父：古代兄弟姊妹間習(xí)慣以“伯(孟)”“仲”“叔”“季”排序。“伯仲”兩字連用，表示相差不多，難分高下，成語有“不分伯仲”“伯仲之間”。(4)關(guān)中：函谷關(guān)(在今河南靈寶東北)以西，泛指戰(zhàn)國末期秦之故地，今陜西一帶?；顒佣攸c鞏固1．語句翻譯把下列句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。(1)若亡鄭而有益于君，敢以煩執(zhí)事。越國以鄙遠(yuǎn)，君知其難也。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所與，不知；以亂易整，不武。吾其還也。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(3)項伯乃夜馳之沛公軍，私見張良，具告以事。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(4)所以遣將守關(guān)者，備他盜之出入與非常也。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．基礎(chǔ)雙練閱讀下面的文言文，完成文后題目。楚數(shù)侵奪漢甬道，漢軍乏食。漢王與酈食其謀橈楚權(quán)。食其曰：“昔湯伐桀，封其后于杞；武王伐紂，封其后于宋。今秦失德棄義，侵伐諸侯，滅其社稷。陛下誠能復(fù)立六國之后此其君臣百姓必皆戴陛下之德莫不鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)慕義愿為臣妾。德義已行，陛下南鄉(xiāng)稱霸，楚必斂衽而朝?！睗h王曰：“善。趣刻印，先生因行佩之矣?！笔称湮葱?，張良從外來謁，聞言阻之，曰：“楚唯無強，六國立者復(fù)橈而從之，陛下焉得而臣之？誠用客之謀，陛下事去矣！”漢王輟食吐哺，罵曰：“豎儒，幾敗而公事！”令趣銷印。(節(jié)選自《通鑒紀(jì)事本末·豪杰滅秦》，有刪改)(1)文中畫波浪線的部分有三處需要斷句，請將下面相應(yīng)位置的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。陛下誠能復(fù)立eq\x(A)六國eq\x(B)之后eq\x(C)此其君臣百姓eq\x(D)必皆戴eq\x(E)陛下之德eq\x(F)莫不鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)慕eq\x(G)義eq\x(H)愿為臣妾。(2)下列對文中加點的詞語及相關(guān)內(nèi)容的解說，不正確的一項是()A．甬道，指樓房之間有棚頂?shù)耐ǖ溃闹兄腹湃藶樽鲬?zhàn)專門修筑的運送糧草物資的通道。B．封，指封地，與《燭之武退秦師》中“又欲肆其西封”的“封”意思相同。C．趣，同“促”，趕緊，與《蘭亭集序》中“雖趣舍萬殊”的“趣”意思不同。D．吐哺，指吐出嘴里的食物，與《短歌行》中“周公吐哺，天下歸心”的“吐哺”意思相同。學(xué)案32《諫太宗十思疏》《答司馬諫議書》復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)1.梳理積累兩文中的文言基礎(chǔ)知識，重點掌握古今異義詞和多義實詞“取”“蔽”“征”“操”。2.背誦課文，翻譯重點句子?；顒右换A(chǔ)梳理1．通假字請指出下列句中的通假字，并解釋意思。①振之以威怒“________”同“________”，____________________________________________________②不復(fù)一一自辨“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________2．古今異義請寫出下列加點詞語的古義。①必固其根本古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：事物的根源或最重要的部分；主要的，重要的；本來，從來；從頭到尾，始終，全然(多用于否定式)；徹底②凡百元首古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：國家的最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人③既得志，則縱情以傲物古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：盡情④傲物則骨肉為行路古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：走路⑤役聰明之耳目古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：智力發(fā)達(dá)，記憶和理解能力強⑥故略上報古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：刊登在報紙上；向上級報告⑦無由會晤，不任區(qū)區(qū)向往之至古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：(數(shù)量)少；(人或事物)不重要3．多義實詞請解釋下列加點詞的意思。(1)取①豈取之易而守之難乎：___________________________________________________________②茍非吾之所有，雖一毫而莫取(《赤壁賦》)：________________________________________________________________________________③青，取之于藍(lán)，而青于藍(lán)(《勸學(xué)》)：________________________________________________④北收上郡，南取漢中(《諫逐客書》)：_______________________________________________⑤二者不可得兼，舍生而取義者也(《魚我所欲也》)：________________________________________________________________________________⑥今若遣此婦，終老不復(fù)取(《孔雀東南飛并序》)：________________________________________________________________________________(2)蔽①慮壅蔽則思虛心以納下：________________________________________________________②由此觀之，王之蔽甚矣(《鄒忌諷齊王納諫》)：________________________________________________________________________________③常以身翼蔽沛公(《鴻門宴》)：____________________________________________________④舳艫千里，旌旗蔽空(《赤壁賦》)：_________________________________________________⑤蔽林間窺之(《黔之驢》)：隱藏，躲藏⑥《詩》三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思無邪(《論語·為政》)：總括，概括(3)征①為天下理財，不為征利：__________________________________________________________②宮中尚促織之戲，歲征民間(《促織》)：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________③萬里長征人未還(王昌齡《出塞》)：________________________________________________④公車特征拜郎中(《張衡傳》)：征召⑤兵未戰(zhàn)先見敗征(《史記·項羽本紀(jì)》)：跡象，預(yù)兆(4)操①所操之術(shù)多異故也：_____________________________________________________________②大王來何操(《鴻門宴》)：_______________________________________________________③小者坐列販賣，操其奇贏(《論貴粟疏》)：掌握④邑有成名者，操童子業(yè)(《促織》)：_________________________________________________⑤操千曲而后曉聲，觀千劍而后識器(《文心雕龍·知音》)：操練⑥雖賈人，有賢操(《張湯傳》)：操守、品德4．詞類活用掌握下列加點詞的活用類型，并解釋意思。(1)使動用法必固其根本/則思知止以安人/想讒邪則思正身以黜惡：_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)形容詞作名詞①人君當(dāng)神器之重：______________________________________________________________②居域中之大：___________________________________________________________________③不念居安思危：________________________________________________________________④簡能而任之：__________________________________________________________________⑤擇善而從之：___________________________________________________________________(3)名詞作動詞①君人者，誠能見可欲：___________________________________________________________②懼滿溢則思江海下百川：________________________________________________________③如曰今日當(dāng)一切不事事：________________________________________________________④以膏澤斯民：___________________________________________________________________(4)名詞作狀語貌恭而不心服：__________________________________________________________________(5)意動用法樂盤游/憂懈怠：_________________________________________________________________5．特殊句式掌握下列句子的句式類型，并指出標(biāo)志詞。(如是倒裝句請調(diào)整語序)(1)狀語后置句雖董之以嚴(yán)刑，振之以威怒：_______________________________________________________(2)被動句①慮壅蔽則思虛心以納下：_________________________________________________________②終必不蒙見察：_________________________________________________________________(3)定語后置句至于怨誹之多：__________________________________________________________________(4)賓語前置句則眾何為而不洶洶然：_____________________________________________________________(5)固定句式①豈取之易而守之難乎：___________________________________________________________②而況于明哲乎：_________________________________________________________________6．文化常識(1)垂拱：垂衣拱手，指不親自處理政務(wù)。古時多指統(tǒng)治者以無所作為、順其自然的方式統(tǒng)治天下。(2)有司：因古代設(shè)官分職，各有專司，故稱“有司”?！坝兴尽辈⒎翘刂改硞€部門，而是泛指官吏。(3)盤庚之遷：商朝君主盤庚即位后，為了鞏固統(tǒng)治、躲避自然災(zāi)害，將國都遷到殷(今河南安陽)。活動二重點鞏固1．名句默寫補寫出下列句子中的空缺部分。(1)在習(xí)近平總書記慶祝中國共產(chǎn)黨成立100周年大會上的七千余字的講話中，“人民”一詞出現(xiàn)了86次，以人民為中心的理念貫穿全篇，足以凸顯“人民”二字在總書記心中的分量?！吨G太宗十思疏》中，魏征肯定人民的力量的句子是“________________，_______________；______________________，______________________”。(2)《詩經(jīng)》有言：“靡不有初，鮮克有終?！痹谖赫鳌吨G太宗十思疏》中，“__________________，__________________”兩句表達(dá)了相似的觀點。(3)《諫太宗十思疏》中，魏征認(rèn)為君王身居高位，就要時時培養(yǎng)自己的品德的句子是“_____________________________”，強調(diào)不要因君王個人的情緒變化而謬加獎賞的句子是“________________________________________________________________________”。(4)(2021·新高考Ⅰ·江蘇)《答司馬諫議書》中表述不為生事的句子是“___________________，______________________”。(5)《論語》有云“君子和而不同”，這一觀念在王安石《答司馬諫議書》中的“________________，____________________”兩句中得到了體現(xiàn)。(6)歷史啟示我們，要想使國家安定，江山永固，就必須對百姓積聚道德和仁義，古人說的“__________________，________________”對此概括得就很好。2．語句翻譯把下列句子翻譯成現(xiàn)代漢語。(1)有善始者實繁，能克終者蓋寡。豈取之易而守之難乎？譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)竊以為與君實游處相好之日久，而議事每不合，所操之術(shù)多異故也。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(3)人習(xí)于茍且非一日，士大夫多以不恤國事、同俗自媚于眾為善。譯文：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．基礎(chǔ)雙練閱讀下面的文言文，完成文后題目。戊申熙寧元年二月乙卯，上謂文彥博等曰：“天下弊事至多，不可不革?！睆┎υ唬骸捌┤缜偕徽{(diào)，必改而更張之?！毕乃脑氯梢?，詔新除翰林學(xué)士王安石越次入對，上曰：“方今治當(dāng)何先？”對曰：“以擇術(shù)為始，陛下每事當(dāng)以堯舜為法?！鄙显唬骸扒淇上ひ廨o朕，庶幾同濟(jì)此道?！卑彩硕鲜瑁瑯O言累世因循末俗之弊，且謂理財無法。丙寅，命司馬光看詳裁減國用制度。光登對言：“國家所以用不足者在于用度太奢賞賜不節(jié)宗室繁多，官職冗濫，軍旅不精?！卑彩唬骸皣貌蛔悖晌吹蒙评碡斨斯室??！惫庠唬骸吧评碡斨?，不過箕斂以盡民財?！卑彩唬骸按朔巧评碡斦咭病Ｉ评碡斦?，民不加賦而國用饒?！?節(jié)選自《宋史全文·卷十一》，有刪改)(1)文中畫波浪線的部分有三處需要斷句，請將下面相應(yīng)位置的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。國家所以用eq\x(A)不足者eq\x(B)在于eq\x(C)用度eq\x(D)太奢eq\x(E)賞賜eq\x(F)不節(jié)eq\x(G)宗室eq\x(H)繁多(2)下列對文中加點的詞語及相關(guān)內(nèi)容的解說，不正確的一項是()A．更張，改換琴弦，重新張設(shè)，比喻變革；與成語“改弦更張”的“更張”意思相同。B．除，指拜官授職，通常用來表示“免除之前的官職，再授予新的官職”。C．箕斂，指苛斂民財，其中“斂”與《促織》中“科斂丁口”的“斂”意思相同。D．加，指施加，與《諫太宗十思疏》中“恩所加則思無因喜以謬賞”的“加”意思不同。學(xué)案31《諫逐客書》《與妻書》《促織》復(fù)習(xí)任務(wù)1.梳理積累三文中的文言基礎(chǔ)知識，重點掌握多義實詞“拔”“資”“責(zé)”“居”和詞類活用。2.翻譯重點句子。3.背誦《諫逐客書》。活動一基礎(chǔ)梳理1．通假字請指出下列句中的通假字，并解釋意思。①遂散六國之從“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________②河海不擇細(xì)流“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________③此所謂“藉寇兵而赍盜糧”者也“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________④幾家能彀“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑤辛未三月念六夜四鼓“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑥手裁舉，則又超忽而躍“________”同“________”，_____________________________________________________⑦翼日進(jìn)宰“________”同“________”，____________________________________________________2．古今異義請寫出下列加點詞語的古義。①使之西面事秦古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：方位詞，西邊②所重者在乎色、樂、珠玉古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：在意；介意(多用于否定式)③卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：客人(總稱)④吾家后日當(dāng)甚貧古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：后天，明天的明天⑤當(dāng)亦樂犧牲吾身與汝身之福利古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：生活上的利益，特指對職工生活(食、宿、醫(yī)療等)的照顧；使生活上得到利益⑥汝可以模擬得之古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：模仿⑦鐘情如我輩者古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：感情專注(多指愛情)⑧成不敢斂戶口古義：________________________________________________________________________今義：戶籍3．多義實詞請解釋下列加點詞的意思。(1)拔①拔三川之地：___________________________________________________________________②今者項莊拔劍舞(《鴻門宴》)：____________________________________________________③過蒙拔擢，寵命優(yōu)渥(《陳情表》)：__________________________________________________④勢拔五岳掩赤城(《夢游天姥吟留別》)：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)資①今逐客以資敵國：______________________________________________________________②成妻具資詣問：_________________________________________________________________③生生所資，未見其術(shù)(《歸去來兮辭并序》)：________________________________________________________________________________④不善人者，善人之資(《老子》)：借鑒⑤今陛下貴為天子……又有能致之資(《漢書·董仲舒?zhèn)鳌?：天賦(3)責(zé)①因責(zé)常供：_____________________________________________________________________②每責(zé)一頭，輒傾數(shù)家之產(chǎn)：________________________________________________________③受撲責(zé)時，豈意其至此哉：________________________________________________________④詔書切峻，責(zé)臣逋慢(《陳情表》)：_________________________________________________(4)居①昂其直，居為奇貨：______________________________________________________________②而半山居霧若帶然(《登泰山記》)：________________________________________________③人君當(dāng)神器之重，居域中之大(《諫太宗十思疏》)：________________________________________________________________________________④居則曰：“不吾知也！”(《子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華侍坐》)：____________________________⑤君子食無求飽，居無求安(《〈論語〉十二章》)：________________________________________________________________________________4．詞類活用掌握下列加點詞的活用類型，并解釋意思。(1)名詞作狀語①蠶食諸侯/瓜分之日可以死：______________________________________________________②得佳者籠養(yǎng)之：_________________________________________________________________(2)名詞作動詞①旬余，杖至百/試使斗而才：______________________________________________________②汝幸而偶我：__________________________________________________________________(3)形容詞作名詞成述其異：______________________________________________________________________(4)意動用法①當(dāng)亦樂犧牲吾身與汝身之福利：__________________________________________________②成然之/益奇之/成以其小，劣之：_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(5)使動用法①強公室/娛心意、說耳目者/卻賓客以業(yè)諸侯/來丕豹、公孫支于晉/遂散六國之從：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________②輒傾數(shù)家之產(chǎn)/昂其直/而高其直：_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5．特殊句式掌握下列句子的句式類型，并指出標(biāo)志詞。(如是倒裝句請調(diào)整語序)(1)定語后置句①并國二十/舉地千里：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________②村中少年好事者馴養(yǎng)一蟲：_______________________________________________________(2)狀語后置句焚拜如前人：_____________________________________________________________________(3)主謂倒裝句稱心快意，幾家能彀：_____________________________________________________________(4)被動句江南金錫不為用/遂為猾胥報充里正役：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6．文化常識(1)六國之從：六國結(jié)成的合縱同盟。六國，指韓、魏、燕、趙、齊、楚六國。