文體分類練(五)說明文之新概念類Passage1(2024山東淄博一模)主題:曝光效應(yīng)詞數(shù):348難度:★★★☆☆Wouldyouratherwatchanewmovie,oranoldfavorite?Wouldyourathertryadishyou’veneverhadatarestaurant,orstickwithsomethingyouknowyou’lllike?Researchersstudyingthe“mereexposureeffect”havefoundthatweoftenpreferthefamiliartothenovel.Peopledidn’tneedtoexperiencearewardorpositiveoutcomewhilearoundtheobject—simplybeingexposedtotheobjectwouldbeenoughtomakepeoplelikeit.Totestthis,socialpsychologistRobertZajonchadparticipantsreadwordsinaforeignlanguageoutloudandvariedhowoftenparticipantsreadeachword(upto25repetitions).Next,afterreadingthewords,participantswereaskedtoguessatthemeaningofeachwordbyfillingoutaratingscale(indicatinghowpositiveornegativetheythoughtthemeaningofthewordwas).Hefoundthatparticipantslikedwordsthattheyhadsaidmoreoften,whilewordsthatparticipantshadn’treadatallwereratedmorenegatively,andwordsthathadbeenread25timeswereratedhighest.Justthemereexposuretothewordwasenoughtomakeparticipantslikeitmore.Oneplacewherethemereexposureeffectoccursisinadvertising.Itexplainswhyseeingthesameadvertisementmultipletimescouldbemoreconvincingthanjustseeingitonce.Ofcourse,there’sacautionhere:themereexposureeffectdoesn’thappenforthingsweinitiallydislike.Researchershavefoundthatourlikingforavarietyofthings(includingpictures,sounds,foods,andsmells)canbeincreasedwithrepeatedexposure,suggestingthatthemereexposureeffectisn’tlimitedtojustoneofoursenses.Additionally,researchershavefoundthatthemereexposureeffectoccursinstudieswithhumanresearchparticipantsaswellasinstudieswithnon-humananimals.Anotherkeyfindingfromthisanalysiswasthatparticipantseventuallystartedtolikeobjectslessaftermanyrepeatedexposures.Inotherwords,asmallernumberofrepeatedexposureswillmakeyoulikesomethingmore——but,iftherepeatedexposurescontinue,youcouldeventuallygettiredofit.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。1.WhatisthekeyfactorinRobertZajonc’stest?A.Frequency. B.Preference.C.Originality. D.Achievement.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Totestthis,socialpsychologistRobertZajonchadparticipantsreadwordsinaforeignlanguageoutloudandvariedhowoftenparticipantsreadeachword(upto25repetitions).”可知,RobertZajonc測試的關(guān)鍵因素是頻率。2.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofthe“mere-exposureeffect”?A.Wefavoranadvertisementatthefirstsight.B.Astudentjoinedintheclubbecauseoflove.C.Wearemoreconvincedofwhatwemetbefore.D.AstudentreadasmanyEnglishwordsaspossible.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Researchersstudyingthe‘mereexposureeffect’havefoundthatweoftenpreferthefamiliartothenovel.”可知,C選項“我們更相信以前遇見的”是曝光效應(yīng)的例子。3.Whatcanwelearnaboutthe“mereexposureeffect”accordingtoparagraph4?A.Itistheresultofadvertising.B.Ithasnothingtodowithanimals.C.Itistrueofwhatwedislikeatfirst.D.Itcanbeappliedtomultiplesenses.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Researchershavefoundthatourlikingforavarietyofthings(includingpictures,sounds,foods,andsmells)canbeincreasedwithrepeatedexposure,suggestingthatthemereexposureeffectisn’tlimitedtojustoneofoursenses.”可知,“曝光效應(yīng)”可以應(yīng)用于多種感官。4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Morelovebecauseofmoreexposures.B.Thestudyonthe“mereexposureeffect”.C.Betterresultsfromtheearlierexposures.D.Theapplicationofthe“mereexposureeffect”.答案B解析主旨大意題。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。Passage2(2024山東菏澤一模)主題:多力多滋理論詞數(shù):336難度:★★★★☆TheapparentcomplexitiesoftheTikTokalgorithm(算法)mayactuallybeassimpleasabagofchips.Inavideowithmorethan700,000views,creatorCelesteArialaidouther“Doritotheory”,whichsheusestoexplaintheaddictivenatureofendlessly-scrollingsocialmediafeeds.Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan’tstopthinkingabout,andAria’sRomanEmpireisDoritos.Inherpopularvideo,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictivebecauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.

Essentially,theDoritotheorysuggeststhatactivitieslikeeatingDoritos,whichprovideaquickburstofpleasurebutlacklastingsatisfaction,canbehighlyaddictive.Ariacomparedittoconsumingfoodsthatofferdeepersatisfaction,likeaheartysteak,wherethefeelingoffullnessandcontentmentlastslonger.Thetheorycanapplytoalotofdifferentexperiences,butit’sparticularlywell-suitedasametaphorforthedopamine(多巴胺)booststhatoccurwhilescrollingthroughsocialmediafeeds.Dr.JamieSorenson,aboard-certifiedpsychiatrist,saidthattheDoritotheoryisconsistentwithexistingideasregardingaddiction.“Themoreimmediatetherewardis,themorelikelywearetorepeatthatbehavior,whetherit’seatingDoritosorscrollingonsocialmedia.”Ariamaynotbealicensedmedicalprofessional,butshetreatsjunkfoodthewayanynutritionistwould.“I’drecommendjusttryingtoremoveanythingthatyouthinkfallsintotheDoritocategory,”shesaysinhervideo.TheDoritotheorytrendhasledtoreflectionsonthenatureofaddictionandthepursuitofinstantsatisfactionintoday’ssociety,resonating(共鳴)withmanyTikTokuserswhorecognizesimilarpatternsintheirownlives.So,itfeelslikeit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforeDoritosrespondstoAria’stheory.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理論解釋了社交媒體無盡滾動信息流為何具有高度成癮性,這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個熱點話題。5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“RomanEmpire”inparagraph2probablyreferto?A.Avideo.B.Asubject.C.Acountry.D.Asnack.答案B解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前“Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan’tstopthinkingabout”可推知,Aria的話題是多力多滋薯片,故B項“話題”與畫線詞含義一致。6.WhatmakesAriaaddictedtochipsaccordingtothetext?A.Socialmedia.B.Differentflavors.C.Lastingsatisfaction.D.First-bitefeeling.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.”可知,Aria對薯片上癮正是由于這種“第一口”的感覺。7.HowdoesAriaexplaintheDoritotheory?A.Byintroducingaconcept.B.Byconductinganexperiment.C.Bymakingacomparison.D.Byquotinganexpert’swords.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Inherpopularvideo,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictivebecauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.”可知,Aria通過類比的方式闡述了多力多滋理論。8.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TikTok:anappealingplatformB.CelesteAria:aninsightfuldiscovererC.Chipsorsteaks:achallengingchoiceD.TheDoritotheory:anongoinghitonline答案D解析主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了Aria的多力多滋理論,且這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個熱點話題,故D項“多力多滋理論:一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上持續(xù)走紅的熱點”適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。Passage3(2024浙江溫州二模)主題:宜家效應(yīng)詞數(shù):321難度:★★★★★Wheninstantcakemixesfirstappearedinthe1950s,Americanhousewivesweredoubtful.Thesemixes,promisingeasycake-baking,felttooeasy.Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.ThisreflectstheIKEAeffect(宜家效應(yīng)),whichisidentifiedbypsychologistMichaelI.Nortonandhiscolleagues,suggestingweplacegreatervalueonthingswehaveworkedtocreate.Theyconductedfourstudiesinwhichtheyaskedparticipantstofoldpapercranesandfrogs,assembleIKEAboxes,andbuildsetsofLegos.Theythenaskedthebuilderstobid(出價)fortheircreations,andcomparedthepriceswithbidsfrompeoplewhohadn’tbuiltthem.Thebuildersconsistentlyoutbidthenon-builders.Interestingly,theIKEAeffectworksevenwhenpeoplehavenoopportunitytofullypersonalizetheircreations.Whilemostparticipants’foldingskillsleftmuchtobedesired,theylovedtheirimperfectlypersonalizedproductsallthemore.Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.Beauty,itseems,isintheeyeofthebuilder.

Today,ascitiesaresufferingfromseverehousingcrises,theIKEAeffectcangiveusinsightintothewell-beingbenefitsofaself-buildingapproachtohousingdevelopment.ProjectslikeWikiHouseandthe“half-a-house”approachpioneeredbyAlejandroAravena’sarchitecturecompanyElementalareworkingtomakehousingmoreaffordableandsustainablebymakingiteasierforpeopletobuildandpersonalizetheirownhomes.“Themomentpeopleareinvolvedwiththeirbuiltenvironment,theyhaveatotallydifferentrelationshiptoit,”WikiHouseco-founderAlastairParvinexplained.“Whentheroofstartsleakingoradoorstartscreaking,theyhavethepowertofixitthemselves.”【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文通過討論宜家效應(yīng)以及幾個實驗研究的結(jié)果,論述了人們更加珍視自己親手創(chuàng)造的東西,并由此引發(fā)了對自我建造住房的好處的思考。9.Whatbroughtcustomersthejoyofcake-bakingaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Abettertaste. B.Aneasyapproach.C.Adetailedrecipe. D.Ana