閱讀理解解題突破(一)閱讀理解命題特點(diǎn)閱讀理解在英語(yǔ)考試中所占分值很高，閱讀理解材料題材多樣，體裁各異，突出語(yǔ)篇，強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用，注重實(shí)際。此外，生詞出現(xiàn)率的提高增強(qiáng)了對(duì)語(yǔ)篇理解的挑戰(zhàn)性。因此，要重視語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)的領(lǐng)悟和運(yùn)用，要從篇章整體著眼，提高對(duì)語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)義的概括能力和對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的分析及邏輯用語(yǔ)的把握能力，提高對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的推斷、分析和理解能力。(二)閱讀理解的主要題型以及解題技巧1.主旨題：此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)是針對(duì)段落(或短文)的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1)Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?(2)Thepurposeofthispassageisto

．(3)Inthispassagethewritertriestotellusthat

．(4)Thepassagetellsusthat

．(5)Thispassagemainlytalksabout

．【解題技巧】主題句標(biāo)記議論文常常通過(guò)擺事實(shí)，講道理，直接表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)和主張，其語(yǔ)篇常見結(jié)構(gòu)為：(1)總論——分論——總論(2)總論——分論(3)分論——總論議論文主題句往往在文章的首段或尾段。記敘文往往敘述人物的經(jīng)歷和事物發(fā)展變化。記敘文主題句一般在文章的尾段。說(shuō)明文通常是介紹事物、解說(shuō)事理。說(shuō)明文主題句一般在文章首段或每段首句。主題句常見標(biāo)志詞(句)：(1)一些表轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞：but,yet,however,infact,indeed(的確、真正地)(2)一些表總結(jié)、結(jié)論的詞：inbrief簡(jiǎn)言之，inshort簡(jiǎn)言之，aboveall最重要的是，inall總共，afterall終究/竟然，allinall總的來(lái)說(shuō)，inconclusion總而言之，inaword總而言之，insummary總之，finally最后(3)復(fù)合句動(dòng)詞show,indicate,suggest(顯示，表明)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例：Thesedays,moreandmoreChinesepeopleenjoysendingandreceivingmessagesonthephone.Itcanhelpthemtogetthelatestnewsandcommunicatewithfriends.ButIthinkIshouldreadmorebooksbesidesthetextbooks,themore,thebetter.Itcanbroaden(拓寬)mymindandimprovemylanguageskills.Ofcourse,itcanalsohelpmetogetgoodgrades.Doyouknowhowtoreadmoreandlearnmore?Herearesometipsforyou.◆Clearyourpurpose(目的)forreading◆Readonlywhatyouareinterestedin◆Giveupbooksthatyoudon'tenjoy◆Setareadinggoal(目標(biāo))…Thispassagemainlytellsus

.A.howtoreadmoreandlearnmoreB.howtochooseagoodbookC.howtoreadfasterD.whyweshouldreadmorebooks[解析]畫線句子即可標(biāo)記為主題句，因而答案為A。2.細(xì)節(jié)題：此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1)Whichofthefollowingisright?(2)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?(3)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinthepassage?(4)Choosetherightorderofthispassage.(5)Fromthispassageweknow

．【解題技巧】快速定位法在解題時(shí)，先讀題干，選定關(guān)鍵詞，通過(guò)跳讀的方式鎖定相關(guān)句子進(jìn)行精讀，并結(jié)合信息對(duì)比4個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行信息加工轉(zhuǎn)換(同義反義轉(zhuǎn)換、圖文轉(zhuǎn)換、數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換等)。干擾項(xiàng)特征：(1)張冠李戴：是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容(2)無(wú)中生有：符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容(3)曲解文意：與原文內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)(4)顛倒是非：意思上與原文有很大不同或完全相反(5)正誤參半：部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤例：…WeareallTerry'sgoodfriends.Butwehaveonebigproblematthattime.Itisthatnoonewantstoplaythefarmer.ThefarmeristhebadmanwhotriestocookTerryforThanksgivingdinner.Then,ourteacherMr.Wallacesayshecanplaythefarmer.However,heasksusnottohithimtoohardduringtheplaywhentheanimalstrytohelpTerry…Whatproblemdotheyhaveatthattime?A.Mr.Wallacegetshurtduringtheplay.B.Theydon'tliketheplay.C.Theydon'twanttowritetheplay.D.Theycan'tfindanyonetoplaytofarmer.[解析]根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可鎖定相關(guān)句子為第二句、第三句，從而可獲知答案為D。3.猜詞題：此類猜測(cè)詞義的題要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的單詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1)Theword“…”inthepassageprobablymeans

．(2)Theunderlinedword“It”inthepassagerefersto

．(3)Inthisstorytheunderlinedword“…”means

．(4)Here“it”means

．【解題技巧】(1)定義法：一般通過(guò)定義、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句來(lái)確定詞義信號(hào)詞如下：破折號(hào)，thatis(tosay),inotherwords,mean,referto,becalled,beknownas等。例：①Theword“adolescence”

meanstheperiodchildrenandadulthood.(用mean引出詞義)②Theherdsman,

wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.(定語(yǔ)從句)③Weareonthenightshift－frommidnightto8a．m.－thisweek.(破折號(hào))(2)列舉法信號(hào)詞：suchas,like,forexample,forinstance例：Onthefarmtheymainlyraisepoultry,suchaschickens,ducksandgeese,fortheireggsandmeat.Theword“poultry”means

．A.獵物

B.家禽

C.飼料

D.牲畜(3)通過(guò)同義詞或近義詞關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義信號(hào)詞：and,or例：Shehasalowopinionofherself.Whensheissurroundedbymanypeople,sheisshyanddefensive．(4)對(duì)比法：通過(guò)反義詞或反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義信號(hào)詞：but,while,however,onthecontrary,otherwise,與not搭配表示否定意義的短語(yǔ)例：①Heissohomely,_notatallashandsomeashisbrother.②Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissented．(5)因果法：從原因推測(cè)結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測(cè)原因信號(hào)詞：because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore,so/such…that等例：Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.A.verylarge B.crowded

C.noisy D.good(6)構(gòu)詞法：掌握一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴，如dis-、un-、in-、im-、ir-、less-(表否定),re-(回、重新),-able(能……的),-er/-ist(人)，可幫助我們?cè)陂喿x理解中猜測(cè)詞義(7)上下文語(yǔ)境法例：Theofficialaskedthemanwhathisoccupationwas.Themantoldhimthatheworkedasanengineer.A.work B.study

C.name D.interest(8)猜測(cè)代詞所指代的名詞：根據(jù)空格前、后句的名詞提示例：Therobotsitsatthechild'sdeskintheclassroom,andthechildathomeorinthehospitalusesatabletoraphonetostartit,controlitsmovementbytouchingthescreen…Theunderlinedword“it”inthepassagerefersto

．A.thedesk B.thetablet

C.therobot D.thephone4.推斷題：推理判斷題著重考查學(xué)生歸納概括、邏輯推理等綜合能力，要求考生根據(jù)文章的文字信息，推斷出作者沒(méi)有提到的或者沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的事實(shí)或隱含信息。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：(1)Wecanguessthewriterofthelettermaybea

．(2)Wecaninferfromthetextthat

．(3)Whichofthefollowingmighthappenlater?(4)Fromthestorywecanguess

．(5)The…sentence/passageimplies(暗示)/suggeststhat…選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)分析：推理判斷題目選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有一定的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，了解這些，可以幫助提高答題的正確率。(1)正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①正確選項(xiàng)一般含義比較豐富，具有一定的綜合性和概括性；②正確選項(xiàng)的表述一般不會(huì)太絕對(duì)，而是會(huì)用一些相對(duì)寬泛的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。(2)干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：①只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述，而非推斷出的結(jié)論；②根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷是正確的，然而不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文邏輯基礎(chǔ)上推理而得出的觀點(diǎn)。【解題技巧】(1)針對(duì)文章來(lái)源的判斷：這類題目可以根據(jù)文章的關(guān)鍵詞和格式來(lái)推斷文章的出處，也可以根據(jù)文章的主要意義來(lái)確定文章的出處。例：ManypeopleknowthatrubbishisabigproblemontheplanetEarth.Whatmanypeopledon'tknowisthatjunkhasbecomeaprobleminouterspacetoo.AccordingtoBBC

News,therearemorethan22，000piecesofspacejunkfloatingaroundtheEarth.Inwhichsectionofthenewspaperwouldyouprobablyreadthisarticle?A.Environment. B.LocalNews.

C.Education. D.Fashion.[解析]根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞rubbish,junk,spacejunk等關(guān)鍵詞可知答案為A。(2)針對(duì)文章寫作目的的判斷：與主旨大意題類似，判斷文章的目的，可以從文章的各段主題句入手，了解文章大意，梳理文章脈絡(luò)，對(duì)作者寫這篇文章的目的進(jìn)行推斷。例：Nooneknowswhoflewthefirstkite.ItwasprobablysomeoneinChinaorperhapsIndonesia.Indonesiafishermenhungfishbooksonkitesandsentthemouttoseatocatchfish.Startingfrom2，000yearsago,ChinesefarmersflewkitestowelcometheNewYearandbringgoodlucktotheEarth.InChina,peoplealsousedkitesduringwartime.…Over

the

years,

kiteshavealsohelpedpeopleunderstandthenaturalworld,…Kitesalsohelpedinventorsfindouthowtomakeairplanes.What'sthepurposeofthispassage?A.Toshowpeoplehowtoflykites.

B.Toexplainhowkitesareusedinscience.

C.Tointroducetherolesofkitesinhistory.

D.Todiscussthedifferenceamongkitesworldwide.[解析]根據(jù)主題句(畫線句子)可知答案為C。(3)針對(duì)文章或者段落內(nèi)容的判斷：對(duì)文章或段落內(nèi)容的判斷主要立足于文章的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)，考生需要從細(xì)節(jié)中找到線索、總結(jié)推理出正確答案。例：Overtheyears,kiteshavealsohelpedpeopleunderstandthenaturalworld.In1749,forexample,thermometersweretiedtokitestomeasuretemperatures.In1906,camerashangingfromkitestookpicturesofSanFrancisco,Californiaafteranearthquake.Thephotoshelpedpeopleplanwhatto.Howdoesthewriterdevelopthepassage?A.Bytellingstories.B.Bylistingnumbers.C.Bycomparingfacts.D.Bygivingexamples.[解析]根據(jù)關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容(畫線句子)可知答案為D。(4)針對(duì)作者的思想感情、文字色彩進(jìn)行推斷：文章中的措辭會(huì)體現(xiàn)作者或者其他人物的思想傾向和感情色彩，這往往隱含在字里行間或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。例：Manypeoplewelcomethecity'sgrowth.ButanincreasingnumberofDubainativesworryaboutthespeedofchange.AsaDubainativesays,“Wemustalwaysrememberwherewecamefrom.Ourkidsmustknowweworkedvery,veryhardtogetwherewearenow,andthere'salotmoreworktodo.”Inthelastparagraph,whatdoestheunderlinedpartmean?A.WeshouldalwaysvisitDubai.

B.Weshouldlearnfromforeigners.

C.Wemustalwaysrememberourpast.

D.Wemustonlythinkaboutthefuture.[解析]根據(jù)畫線部分中的用詞mustalways,very,veryhard…等可以斷定，說(shuō)話人非常重視迪拜的歷史，強(qiáng)調(diào)不要忘本，尤其現(xiàn)在的孩子要知道他們父母奮斗的歷史，故選C。

特別說(shuō)明：我們有必要對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀題型做一次全面的、深入的剖析。正所謂知己知彼，才能百戰(zhàn)百勝。為了更加直觀地了解閱讀題型，筆者對(duì)近幾年中考題型所涉及的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了再次歸類與整理(見下面的思維導(dǎo)圖)。為了同學(xué)們能一目了然，在導(dǎo)圖中，我們把詞義猜測(cè)也視作推斷題。這些題型基本囊括了所有可能會(huì)考到的閱讀題型：TaihuTunnel,10.79kilometreslongand43.6metreswide,hasbeenthelongestunderwatertunnelinChina.Itstandsoutasoneofthe“2022China'sTop100BuildingsintheNewEra”.WhenbuildingTaihuTunnel,theprojectteamfacedmanychallenges,suchashighsafetyrisksandtimelimit.Todealwiththem,theymadeworkableplans.Theydividedthetunnelconstructioninto19parts.Theconstructionofeachpartmainlytookfoursteps.Step1Remove.Theteambuiltacofferdamtoremovewaterfromthearea,sotheworkerscouldgoinsideanddotheirworkindryconditions.Step2Clear.Theteamdugdeepintothelakebed,andclearedthesoilandstonesoutinordertomakespaceforthenextstep.Step3Build.Theteambuiltthefloor,wallsandroofofthetunnelinthisstep.Theyusedhigh-qualitybuildingmaterialstowaterproofthetunnel.Step4Backfill.Theteamputthesoilandstonesback.Thenthispartofthetunnelwasburieddeepdowninthelakebed.Theconstructionofthe19partswasstreamlined.Theprojectteamusedanewmethod.Theworkgroupofeachstepmovedtothenextpartandrepeatedtheirworkaftertheyfinishedtheworkinthepreviouspart.Differentworkgroupsco-operatedwellwitheachother.Fromparttopart,theconstructionstartedfromtheoppositeends,andgotconnectedsomewhereinthemiddle.Theconstructiontookaboutfouryearstocomplete,shorterthanpeoplehadexpected.Thedrivers'safetyisfullyconsideredinTaihuTunnel.Thereare200，000LEDlightsontheceilingofthetunnel.Theyshowvividpicturesofthebluesky,starrynightandsoon.Thepicturescanhelpdriversfighttirednessandtravelthroughthetunnelsafely.Besides,therearetwosystemsinthetunnel.Thepolicecancheckthetrafficsituationthroughamonitoringsystem.Iftrafficaccidentshappen,thepolicecangiveinstructionsandwarndriversinthetunneloveranaudiosystemtopreventfurtheraccidents.TheconstructionofTaihuTunnelshowsgreatvalueinengineeringandthetunnelbringsmuchconveniencetopeoplelivingnearby.(

)1.Whichpictureshowshowa“cofferdam”works?D[解析]

推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Theteambuiltacofferdamtoremovewaterfromthearea,sotheworkerscouldgoinsideanddotheirworkindryconditions”可知，該團(tuán)隊(duì)建造了一個(gè)圍堰來(lái)清除該地區(qū)的水，所以它是用來(lái)清除水的，選項(xiàng)D符合。故選D。(

)2.TheconstructionofTaihuTunnel

．A.wasdividedintofourpartsB.tookmoretimethanpeoplehadexpectedC.startedfromthemiddleofthelakeD.wascompletedbyusingastreamlinedmethod[解析]

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theconstructionofthe19partswasstreamlined…Theconstructiontookaboutfouryearstocomplete,shorterthanpeoplehadexpected”可知，太湖隧道采用流線法施工完成。故選D。D(

)3.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph8?A.Picturesinthetunnelcanhelpkeepdriverssafe.B.DriverscancontroltheLEDlightsinthetunnel.C.Thepolicecanwarndriversthroughamonitoringsystem.D.Anaudiosystemcanhelpdriverscheckthetrafficsituation.[解析]

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Thepicturescanhelpdriversfighttirednessandtravelthroughthetunnelsafely”可知，這些圖片可以幫助司機(jī)克服疲勞，安全地通過(guò)隧道。故選A。A(

)4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadvisepeopletoprotectTaihuTunnel.B.TointroducetheconstructionofTaihuTunnel.C.TosharetheadvantagesbroughtbyTaihuTunnel.D.TotellthedifficultiesofconstructingTaihuTunnel.[解析]

主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了太湖隧道的建造。故選B。BAChatGPT,asmartAIchatbot(聊天機(jī)器人)tool,hasswepttheeducationworldinthepastmonths.AccordingtoaUSsurveyofmorethan1，000students,over89percentofthemhaveusedChatGPTtohelpwithahomeworktask.DevelopedbyUScompanyOpenAI,ChatGPTisapowerfultool.Youcanaskittowritestoriesandemails,createrecipes(食譜),andanswerallkindsofquestions.SomeschoolsintheUS,AustraliaandFrancehavebanned(禁止)theuseofChatGPT.IntheUS,publicschoolsinNewYorkCitybannedstudentsandteachersfromusingChatGPTonthenetworksanddevices(設(shè)備).Themovecomesoutofworriesthatthetoolcouldmakeiteasierforstudentstocheatontasks.SomealsoworrythatChatGPTcouldbeusedtospreadincorrectinformation.“Itdoesnotbuildcritical-thinking(批判性思維)orproblem-solvingskills,whicharenecessaryforacademic(學(xué)術(shù)的)progress，”saidJennaLylefromtheNewYorkCityDepartmentofEducation.Apartfrombans,teachersaremakingchangestotheirclassestopreventtheuseofChatGPT.SomecollegeteachersintheUStrytoincludemorespeakingexamsandhandwrittenpapersinsteadoftypedones.However,notalleducatorssay“no”toChatGPT.SomeCanadianuniversitiesaremakingrules－h(huán)owbothstudentsandteachersuseit.Theyhavenoplanstocompletelybanthetoolsofar.BhaskarVira,fromtheUniversityofCambridgeintheUK,saidthatbansonAIsoftwarelikeChatGPTarenotwise.“WehavetoknowthatAIisatoolpeoplewilluse.Whatweneedtodoisto'makeourlearning,teachingandexaminationssuitableforanewuse'，”hetoldVarsity,theschoolnewspaperoftheuniversity.(

)1.SomeschoolsintheUSbannedtheuseofChatGPTbecause

．A.studentsmayuseittocheatonhomework

B.itseldomprovidescorrectinformationC.ittakesupmostofthenetworksD.ittakestheplaceofteachersA(

)2.JennaLylethinksthat

．A.ChatGPTmightofferthewronginformationB.ChatGPTissofarthesmartestAIchatbottoolC.usingChatGPTisnotgoodfordevelopingstudents'mindsD.ChatGPTisnecessaryforacademicandlifelongsuccessC(

)3.WhichopinionisNOTmentionedinthepassage?A.UsingChatGPTmakesstudentslazyinthinking.B.ThecompletebanonusingChatGPTisnotwise.C.ChatGPTwillcompletelychangepresenteducation.D.ChatGPTcanbeusefulforbothteachersandstudents.C(

)4.Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?A.Bycomparingnumbers.B.Bygivingdifferentopinions.C.Bydescribingcharacters'relationship.D.Byaskingandansweringquestions.BBPeopleofallagesandnationsenjoyChinesepapercutting.Papercuttings,though,arenolongerjustusedforprettydecorations.Thisartformcamefromthesixthcentury.Chinesewomenwouldcutshapesfromgoldandsilverfoil(箔)tosticktotheirhair.Familieslateracceptedthetraditionofputtingpapercuttingsondoorsandwindowsonspecialdays.Finally,redpapercuttingsbecameawaytoexpresshappyfeelingsand