作業(yè)11科學發(fā)明與創(chuàng)新類說明文【2025高考英語大二輪考前必背四選一閱讀作業(yè)11科學發(fā)明與創(chuàng)新類說明文(分值：30分)(每小題2.5分，滿分30分)A(2022·全國乙)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機)guaranteethesafetyand①reliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexamine②high-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand③on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway④personnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothat⑤fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.語篇解讀本文是說明文。應用今天的“空中之眼”技術(shù)，無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元，無人機將改變鐵路的未來。1.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Dronesarealreadybeingused...tracksandswitchingpoints.”可知，使用無人機檢查電路使得無人機在鐵路線上的應用成為可能。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“maintenance”inparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.答案C解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropean...therailinfrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，故選C。3．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacceleratetransportation.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Engineersarenowworkingon...wouldbeabletoreactintime.”可知，鐵路無人機有望提前發(fā)出警報，使高速列車可以及時采取措施應對危險因素，避免事故發(fā)生。4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways答案D解析標題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Canasmallgroupof...savebillionsofeuroseachyear？”和下文對無人機在鐵路領(lǐng)域的應用的介紹以及對未來無人機的發(fā)展展望可知，在未來，無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來。故D項最適合作為本文的標題。語境猜詞①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility可靠性②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension高(電)壓的③on-time(合)＝on＋time準時的④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el全體人員，職員⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋moving快速移動的B(2021·新課標Ⅱ)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle，adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh，aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney，seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhow①cattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto②monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(標簽)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(質(zhì)地)ofgrass.Thatway，cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting，wateringandharvestingcropssuchascornandwheat，butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds，it’sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds，whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago，stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelsey，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen，makingthemappealingtargets.語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章講述了澳大利亞一名教授正在開發(fā)一種機器人，用于監(jiān)測牧場牛的健康狀況。5．Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A．Soilpollution. B．Lackofworkers.C．Agingmachines. D．Low③profitability.答案B解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“aprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage”可知，養(yǎng)牛產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨勞動力短缺的問題。故選B。6．WhatwillSukkarieh’srobotbeabletodo?A．Monitorthequalityofgrass.B．Curethediseasedcattle.C．Movecattletoanotherfield.D．Predictweatherchanges.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(質(zhì)地)ofgrass.”可知，Sukkarieh的機器人可以監(jiān)測草的質(zhì)量。故選A。7．WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A．Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B．Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C．Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D．Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句“ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.”可知，PeteBonds仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因為他認為人能做得更好。故選B。8．HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A．Increasethevalueofcattle.B．Bringdownthecostoflabor.C．Makethejobmoreappealing.D．Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“MichaelKelseyParis，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.”可知，用機器人幫助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故選D。語境猜詞①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man牧畜者，養(yǎng)牛者②monitor熟義：n.班長生義(文義)：v.監(jiān)視③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ility盈利能力C(2024·江西南昌一模)HemanBekele，a14-year-oldstudentfromAnnandale，Virginia，hascreatedabarsoaptotreatmelanoma，themostcommonkindofskincancer，whichearnedhimthetitleofAmerica’sTopYoungScientistanda$25,000cashprizeafterhisinnovationwonfirstplaceinthe3MYoungScientistChallenge.“Imadethissoapbymixingregularmedicinalsoapwithdifferentcancerfightingchemicals.”Bekelesaidinaninterview.Ratherthanacure，Bekele’ssoapaimstohelpthepatient’simmunecellsstayactivewhilefightingmelanoma.Whilesimilarmethodsareavailableforskincancertreatments，hissolutionisamoreaffordablealternative，especiallyforthoseindevelopingcountries.Thoughtheproductisvery①promisingonpaper，studieswouldhavetobecarriedouttotestitsefficiencyintherealworld.Fornow，theyoungscientistsaidhehasafive-yearplan:Attheendofit，hehopestohavecreatedanonprofitorganizationwherehecanprovidefairandaccessibleskincancertreatmenttoasmanypeopleaspossible.Buttoaccomplishhisgoal，hewouldhavetogethistreatmentthroughclinicaltrials，obtainatemporarypatentandhaveitlicensedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.“Iappliedforthe3MYoungScientistChallengebecauseIbelievethatyoungmindscanmakeapositiveimpactontheworld，”Bekelesaid.“Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedinbiologyandtechnology，andthischallengegavemetheperfectplatformto②showcasemyideas.Theopportunitytoworkwith3Mmentorsandshowmyprojecttojudgeswasanexcitingprospect.Iam③passionateaboutfindingsustainablesolutionstoglobalproblems，andIhopetoinspireotherstodothesame.”eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種治療黑色素瘤的肥皂。)9．WhydoesBekeleinventthebarsoap?A．Todealwithakindofskincancer.B．Toreducethecostofmakingsoap.C．Tochangepeople’simmunesystem.D．Tocompletethetaskfor3Mchallenge.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“HemanBekele...skincancer.(來自弗吉尼亞州安納代爾的14歲學生赫曼·貝克勒發(fā)明了一種治療黑色素瘤的肥皂，這是一種最常見的皮膚癌)”可知，貝克勒發(fā)明條形肥皂是為了治療一種皮膚癌癥。故選A。10．Whataspectofthesoapdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Itsmakingprocess.B．Itsworkingmethod.C．Itsadvantage.D．Itsdevelopment.答案C解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段“雖然也有類似的方法可用于皮膚癌治療，但他的解決方案是一種費用更低的替代方案，特別是對發(fā)展中國家的人來說。雖然該產(chǎn)品在紙面上很有前景，但還需要進行研究以測試其在現(xiàn)實世界中的效果”可知，第三段主要談論肥皂的優(yōu)勢。故選C。11．WhatisBekele’snextplanforhisinvention?A．Tocreateacompany.B．Togetapprovalbytheauthority.C．Topromotethesoapinthemarket.D．Toworkwithanonprofitorganization.答案B解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Buttoaccomplishhisgoal...FoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.(但他說，為了實現(xiàn)他的目標，他必須讓他的治療方法通過臨床試驗，獲得臨時專利，并獲得美國食品和藥物管理局的許可)”可知，貝克勒的下一個計劃是得到當局的批準。故選B。12．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBekele?A．Innovativeandambitious.B．Inspiringandtolerant.C．Honestandaccessible.D．Energeticandthoughtful.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段和最后一段中“Ihavealways...todothesame.(我一直對生物和科技很感興趣，這次挑戰(zhàn)給了我一個展示我想法的完美平臺。有機會與3M的導師一起工作，并向評委展示我的項目，這是一個令人興奮的前景。我熱衷于為全球問題尋找可持續(xù)的解決方案，我希望能激勵其他人也這樣做)”可知，貝克勒是一個勇于創(chuàng)新和雄心勃勃的人。故選A。語境猜詞①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing有希望的②showcase(合)＝show＋case展示③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate熱誠的，狂熱的作業(yè)12社會生活與身心健康類說明文(分值：30分)(每小題2.5分，滿分30分)A(2022·全國乙)TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate，thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016，thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml，wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar，puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However，dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019，whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutby①manufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge，accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport，dependingonthesugarcontent.However，somehighsugarbrands，likeClassicCocaCola，haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices，②milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax，asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today’sfigures，accordingtoonegovernmentofficial，showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance，andtheindustryisplayingitspart.語篇解讀本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了英國政府通過對軟飲料征收糖稅來解決兒童以及青少年的健康問題，同時該收入用于學校體育設(shè)施建設(shè)和健康飲食。1．Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A．Tocollectmoneyforschools.B．Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C．Toprotectchildren’shealth.D．Toencourageresearchineducation.答案C解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的關(guān)鍵詞“childhoodobesity”和“ahigherriskofthedisease”可知，征收糖稅的目的是保護兒童健康。2．Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A．Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B．Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C．Theycutdownontheirproduction.D．Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段首句“Itcomesaftermorethan...theycanavoidpayingthetax.”可知，一些飲料公司通過降低產(chǎn)品的含糖量來避稅。3．Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A．Mostalcoholicdrinks.B．Milk-baseddrinks.C．Fruitjuices.D．ClassicCoke.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“However，somehighsugarbrands...”可知，糖稅稅源主要來自經(jīng)典可口可樂這些高糖品牌。果汁、奶類飲品和大多數(shù)含酒精飲品免征糖稅。4．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisa③short-sighteddecision.B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D．Itupsetscustomers.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Today’sfigures...andhealthiereatinginschools.”可推斷，糖稅政策的實施是一個成功的舉措。語境猜詞①manufacturer(派)＝manufacture＋(e)r生產(chǎn)商，制造商②milk-based(合)＝milk＋based以牛奶為基礎(chǔ)的③short-sighted(合)＝short＋sighted目光短淺的B(2023·新課標Ⅱ)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth，accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky，theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive，butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans，butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundred①park-goers，askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions，②codingexperiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample，oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“l(fā)isteningtowaves”．Acrossthe320submissions，apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions，halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife，walkingalongtheedgeofwater，andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesa③usablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample，theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday，theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthe④human-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen，wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit，”saidPeterKahn，aseniorauthorofthestudy.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的自然景觀對人類健康和幸福感具有重要影響。5．Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular.B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C．Manycitiesare⑤overpopulated.D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.答案B解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，文章開頭作者講述了一種現(xiàn)象：在城市里，人們很難找到野生的自然環(huán)境。故選B。6．Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“...apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla‘naturelanguage’begantoemerge.”和第五段第一句“Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.”可知，研究人員對參與者提交的重要經(jīng)歷編碼分類是為了找到并總結(jié)人與自然互動的方式，有助于更好地了解游客們的體驗，幫助提高人與自然的互動。7．Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，命名每一種自然體驗創(chuàng)造了一種可用的語言，這有助于人們認識并參與到對自己來說最滿意最有意義的活動中，接下來以一個年輕的職場人士參與自然的方式舉例，去公園時沿著水邊散步讓他感到滿意，回到市中心工作時他可以通過沿著噴泉散步獲得滿足。因此推知，從第五段的例子中我們可以知道相同的自然體驗可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式。故選C。8．WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy.B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation.D．⑥Interculturalcommunication.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可推斷，彼得·卡恩認為在我們與大自然互動之前我們應該先要保護自然。故選B。語境猜詞①park-goer(合)＝park＋goer去公園消遣的人②code熟義：n.密碼，暗碼生義(文義)：v.把……編碼(或編號)③usable(派)＝us(e)＋able能用的，適用的④human-nature(合)＝human＋nature人與自然的⑤overpopulated(合)＝over＋populated人口過多的⑥intercultural(合)＝inter＋cultural不同文化間的C(2024·湖北七市州二模聯(lián)考)Anewstudyinvolvingnearly50,000peoplefromfourcontinentsoffersnewinsightsintoidentifyingthequantityofdailywalkingstepsthatwillbestimproveadults’healthandlongevity(長壽)，andwhethertheidealnumberofstepsdiffersacrosspeopleofdifferentages.Thestudyrepresentsanefforttodevelopan①evidence-basedpublichealthmessageaboutthebenefitsofphysicalactivity.Theoften-repeated10,000-step-a-daysayinggrewoutofadecades-oldmarketingactivityforaJapanesepedometer(計步器)，withnosciencetobackitup.LedbyphysicalactivityprofessorAmandaPaluch，aninternationalgroupofscientistsconductedanexperimentamongadultsaged18andolder.They②groupedthenearly50,000participantsintofour③comparativegroupsaccordingtoaveragestepsperday.Theloweststepgroupaveraged3,500steps;thesecond,5,800;thethird,7,800;andthefourth,10,900stepsperday.Amongthethreehigheractivegroups，therewasa40—53%lowerriskofdeath，comparedtotheloweststepgroup.Morespecifically，foradults60andolder，theriskofearlydeathleveled_offatabout6,000—8,000stepsperday，meaningthatmorestepsthanthatprovidednoadditionalbenefitforlongevity，whileforadultsyoungerthan60，about8,000—10,000stepsperday.“So，whatwesawwasthiscontinuingreductioninriskasthenumberofstepsincreases，untilitlevelsoff.Interestingly，thestudyfoundnodefinitiveassociationwithwalk