考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷183

一、閱讀（補(bǔ)全短文）（本題共20題，每題7.0分，共

20分。）

Whentheworld'sleadersmetattheMillenniumSummitfiveyearsago,theyagreedona

setofgoalsaimedatcuttingglobalpovertyinhalfby2015.Moreimportantly,theyalso

settargetsfortheenvironment.[Cl]Thephase-outofozonedepleting

substancesthroughtheMontrealProtocol,forinstance,showswhatcanbedonewhenthe

internationalcommunityworkstogether.Thankstotheprotocol,itisestimatedthatupto

20millioncasesofskincancer,and130millioneyecataracts,willbeavoided.Thiskind

ofsuccessshouldencourageus.Butnowweneedtomatchouractionwiththescaleof

thechallenge.Ourworldisnotonlyunbalanced,butendangered.[C2]The

environmentalchallengeisevenmorestarkindevelopingcountries,wherefivebillionof

theearth'ssixbillionpeoplelive.Inthesenations,theenvironmentislinkeddirectlyto

humandevelopment—andtopoverty.[C3]Oncurrenttrends,themillennium

targetsfortheenvironmentwillnotbemet.Whatneedstobedone?Asastartingpoint,

wemustrecognizethefundamentalimbalanceintheglobalenvironmentalequation.

Richercountriesdomuchoftheenvironmentaldamage.[C4]Richcountries'

largercontributiontoenvironmentaldamagemeansthattheymustshouldergreater

responsibilityforfixingtheproblem.Thatmeanschangingthewaytheyproduceand

consumeenergy—reducingsubsidies,ensuringappropriatepricing,andadequately

taxingenvironmentallydamagingproducts.Aidfortheenvironmentaveragedabout$2

billionperyear-farshortofwhattheinternationalcommunity,firstattheRioSuminit

in1992andthenattheJohannesburgSummittenyearslater,saidwasneeded.Interms

ofglobalpriorities,thisfigurecompareswiththe$900billionthattheworldcurrently

commitstomilitaryexpenditureseachyear.[C5]Ifthatgrowthisnotachieved

inanenvironmentallysustainableway,itseffectsonpovertyandhumanwell-beingwill

bedisastrous.Itwillbetcolate25yearsfromnowtomaketherightchoices.Forthesake

ofourchildrenandourchildren'schildren,wemustactnow.[A]Accountingforonly

15%oftheworld'spopulation,theycause50%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions—with

alltheirimplicationsforclimatechange.Butthepoorercountriespaymuchofthe

"costs',一losingupto8%oftheirGDPperyearduetoenvironmentaldegradation,as

wellassufferingdevastatingeffectsonhealthandhumanwelfare.[B]TheEuropean

Union（EU）isattheforefrontofinternationaleffortstocombatclimatechangeandhas

playedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofenvironmentaddressingtheissue.

[CjDeforestationisincreasing,withalmost100millionhectareslostinthelastdecade

alone-muchofitduetomillionsofpoorfarmersinAfricaandLatinAmericabeing

forcedtocutdowntreesbecausetheyhavenootheraccesstolandorenergysources.

[D]Whiledevelopingcountriesareobviouslyresponsibleforidentifyingandresponding

toenvironmentalissuesthatarisewithintheirborders,itisnecessaryforrichcountriesto

supportpoorcountriesinenvironmentalprotectionefforts.[E]Weneedtoinvestmorein

theenvironmentdevelopment.Ifthewaronenvironmentaldegradationistobewon,we

needamajorturnaround.Anothertwobillionpeoplewillbeaddedtoglobalpopulation

overthenext25years-thevastmajorityinpoorernations-withhugedemandsfor

energyandeconomicgrowth.[FJMorethanabillionpeopleindevelopingcountrieslack

accesstocleanwater;morethantwobillionhavenoaccesstobasicsanitation.Fiveiosix

millionpeople,mostlychildren,dieeveryyearduetowaterbornediseases,suchas

diarrhea,andairpollution.[G]Theyunderstooditscentralitytolong-termeconomic

growth,humandevelopmentandthestabilityoftheplanet.Theproblemisthattoday,ten

yearsshyofwhenthegoalsaretobemet,progressontheenvironmentisalarmingly

slow.Somuchmoreispossible.

1、[Cl]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：緊接上文，指出確立全球環(huán)境發(fā)展目標(biāo)的重大意義。它有利于世界的

經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、人類進(jìn)步和全球穩(wěn)定。今天面臨的問題是如何在接下來的10年里完成

預(yù)定的目標(biāo)。目前全球在環(huán)境發(fā)展方面進(jìn)展緩慢。

2、[C2]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此項(xiàng)承接上文，列舉人類面臨的危機(jī)。其一：亂砍濫伐。在最近10

年里，全球喪失的森林面積達(dá)一億公頃。在非洲和拉丁美洲由于交通不便，能源短

缺，農(nóng)民被迫砍伐森林。

3、[C3]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此處列舉發(fā)展中國(guó)家面臨的環(huán)境問題：缺水、基礎(chǔ)衛(wèi)生條件差以及由

于水傳播疾病而導(dǎo)致人口，尤其是兒童的大量死亡。

4、[C4]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)腦析：此處緊接上文，援引數(shù)據(jù)證明發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)環(huán)境的巨大破壞。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家

的人口只占全球的15%,但排放的類似二氧化碳類的氣體則占全球的一半。但是

環(huán)境破壞的惡果卻讓窮國(guó)承擔(dān)了，窮國(guó)由于環(huán)境的惡化以及健康的損失，每年在這

方面的損失達(dá)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的8%。

5、[C51

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本項(xiàng)開頭一句和上文呼應(yīng)，指出必須加大環(huán)境投資。再過25年，全

球人口將增加20億（主要是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家），隨之而來的是能源數(shù)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)指數(shù)的

增加。為避免環(huán)境進(jìn)一步惡化，我們必須懸崖勒馬。

Abombhaslandedontheworld.TwoprestigiousdoctorsPanayiotisZavosandSeverino

Antinoriclaimtheyarcreadytoembarkonthegreatesthumanexperimentofourage.

Theysaytheywillattempttocloneahumanbeingbeforetheyearisout.Mostpeople

thinktheobjectionstothisareethical—humancloningwouldcreatemanymoral

dilemmas.Thereisanotherquestionthatfeweverask:isthescienceactuallyreadyyet

forcloninghealthyhumans?Thelatestresearchhasledmanyscientiststobelievethat

ZavosandAntinori'splanstoclonethefirsthumancouldendintragedy.Fordecades,

cloningremainedwithintherealmsofsciencefiction.Theideathatinsteadofcombining

aspermandanegg,anewhumancouldbemadefromasinglecelltakenfromanadult,

seemedcompletelyabsurd.[Cl]ButevenDolly'screator,ProfessorIan

Wilmut,isconcernedthatbeneaththeveneerofsuccessliesadisturbingreality.Most

cloningattemptsonanimalssofarhaveresultedinfailedimplantationorabnormal

foetuses.[C2]Yearsofpainstakingworkareonlynowrevealingsomevital

cluestowhatisgoingwrong.Scientistshaveuncoverednewevidence,suggestingthat

theprocessofcloningitselfcausessubtleerrorsinthewaygenesfunction.Theserandom

errorsmaybelikeatimebombinsideeveryclone,causingsomeofthestrange-often

fatal-problems.[C3]Dr.Zavosclaimsthattheseproblemsaretheresultof

thestillunsophisticatedmethodsbeingusedbyanimalresearchers.[C4]Now

though,itseemsthatsomeIVFproceduresthemselvesarebeinginvestigatedforpossible

harmfuleffectsonthelong-termhealthofchildren.ProfessorGeraldSchattcnofthe

UniversityofPittsburghrevealsevidenceoftheserisks,whichcouldbemagnifiedin

cloning.[C5]However,therearewould-behumanclonerswhoaredetermined

tocloneahumanbaby.Iftheyproceed,theymaybecourtingtragedy,someinsiders

observe.[A]There'snoreasontothinkclonedhumanbabieswouldfareanybetter.

AccordingtoembryologistDr.SusanAvery,deathmightbethebestoutcomeformany

humanclones.Iftheysurvived,theywouldsufferfromcatastrophicillnessesthatmodern

medicineispowerlesstopreventorcure.|B]Asthingsstand,mostreproductive

specialistsbelievethatthedangertoanyhumanbombycloningisenormous.[C|Human

cloninghasbeencondemnedbysomeofitsmostarticulateopponentsastheultimate

embodimentofthesexualrevolution,separatingsexfromthecreationsofbabiesand

treatinggenderandsexualityassociallyconstructed.[D]Thepeoplewhosupporthuman

cloningspeakoftheplightofinfertilecouples;thegriefofsomeonewhohaslostachild

whosebiological"rebirth'mightoffercomfort;theprospectofusingcloningtogenerate

donorsfortissuesandorgans;thepossibilityofcreatinggeneticallyenhancedcloneswith

aparticulartalentoraresistancetosomedreaddisease.|E|Usingadvancedinvitro

fertilization(IVF"testtubebaby")lechniques;heclaimsthathewillstrivetomakehuman

cloningsaferthannaturalreproduction.[F]Oftheanimalsbornalive,somesoondieof

catastrophicorganfailure.Othersappeartobehealthyforweeksorevenmonths,thendie

suddenly,sometimesfrombizarrenewillnesseswhichdonotoccurinnature.[G]Butthat

allchangedinFebruary1997,whentheRoslinInstituteintroducedtheworldtoDollythe

sheep-thefirstanimalclonedfromanadult.EversinceDolly,scientistshavebeen

continuingtoexperimentwithcloninganimals.Sofar,theyhavesucceededincloning

sheep,cattle,pigs,goalsandmice,fuellingthebeliefthathumanscouldbenext.

6、[Cl]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此處與上文形成對(duì)比。當(dāng)?shù)谝恢豢寺⊙颉嗬Q生后，科學(xué)家們紛

紛進(jìn)行克隆其他動(dòng)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)。到目前為止，已成功研制出克隆羊、克隆牛、克隆

豬、克隆鼠等。緊接著，催生了克隆人的念頭。

7、[C2]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

知識(shí)之解析F：此處緊接上文，那些成功克隆的動(dòng)物即使當(dāng)時(shí)活下來了，不久就會(huì)死

于器官功能衰竭或者其他稀奇古怪的病癥。

8、[C3]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：上文列舉克隆動(dòng)物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，此處說明克隆人的實(shí)驗(yàn)也不會(huì)好到哪里

去。一位呸胎學(xué)家認(rèn)為克隆人最好的結(jié)果是培育出死胎。即使克隆嬰兒僥幸存活，

也必然會(huì)重疾纏身，現(xiàn)弋的醫(yī)療手段也對(duì)此無能為力。

9、[C4]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：聯(lián)系上文，此處應(yīng)該講扎沃斯博士的克隆方案。他決定使用先進(jìn)的試

管嬰兒技術(shù)(IVF),努力使克隆人技術(shù)比自然生殖更安全。

10、[C5]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：參照上下文，可知此處應(yīng)該講克隆人的實(shí)驗(yàn)仍然困難重重。絕大多數(shù)

生殖專家認(rèn)為，實(shí)驗(yàn)存在很大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Untilrecentlymostscientiststhoughttheyknewwhatkilledoffthedinosaurs.A10km-

widcmeteoritehadsmashedintotheYucatanpeninsulainMexico,causingworldwide

forestfires,tsunamisseveralkilometershigh,andan"impactwinter”——inwhichdust

blockedoutthesunformonthsoryears.Itwasthoughtthatthedinosaurswereblasted,

roastedandfrozentodeath,inthatorder.Butnowasmallbutvocilerous(markedby

noisyandvehementoutcry)groupofscientistsbelievesthereisincreasingevidencethat

thisHimpact"theorycouldbewrong.Thatsuggestionhasgeneratedoneofthebitterest

scientificrowsofrecenttimes.[Cl]Forsupportersoftheimpacttheory,the

KTboundarylayerscontainedtwocrucialclues.In1979scientistsdiscoveredthatthere

werehighconcentrationsofarareelementcallediridium(鉞),whichtheythoughtcould

onlyhavecomefromanasteroid.[C2]Onthebasisofthespherulesanda

rangeofotherevidence,Dr.AlanHildebrandconcludedthattheimpactmusthave

happenedintheYucatanpeninsula,atthesiteofacrater(Abowl-shapeddepressionat

themouthofavoicano)knownasChicxulub.Chemicalanalysislaterconfirmedthatthe

spheruleshadindeedcomefromrockswithinthecrater.[C31Butagroupof

scientistsledbyProf.GertaKellerandProf.WolfgangStinnesbeckbeggedtodiffer.

Theyuncoveredaseriesofgeologicalclueswhichsuggestthetruthmaybefarmore

complicated.Inshort,thatthecraterintheYucatanistoooldtohavekilledoffthe

dinosaurs.TheyconcentratedonaseriesofrockformationsinMexicowheretheiridium

layerwasseparatedfromthespherulelayerbymanymetresofsandstone.[C4]

ButKeller'steamfoundevidence—suchasancientwormburrows—thatsuggestedthat

thedepositionofthesandstonehadbeeninterruptedmanytimes.Theydeducedthatthere

wasagapofsome300,ODOyearsbetweenthedepositionofthespherules(fromthe

Chicxulubcrater)andtheiridium(fromanasteroid).Thereforetheremusthavebeentwo

impacts.[C5]Keller'sviewsprovokedalivelyscientificrow.Althoughstillin

(heminority,Keller'sworkdoesnowattractsomesupport.Thecauseofthedinosaur's

deceaseisstillupintheair.[A]Theimpacttheorywasbeautifullysimpleandappealing.

Muchofitsevidencewasdrawnfromathinlayerofrockknownasthe"KTboundary".

Thislayeris65millionyearsold(whichisaroundthetimewhenthedinosaurs

disappcarcd)andisfoundaroundtheworldexposedincliffsandmines.[B]Thatopinion

sparkedamassiverow,asthesupportersoftheimpacttheorysuchasProf.JanSmitof

VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,rubbishedKeller'sideas.Smitarguedthatthesandstone

hadbeendepositedbymassivetsunamiwavescausedbytheasteroid,andsodidnot

underminetheideaofasingleimpact.[C]Theimpacttheoryseemedtoprovidethe

completeanswer.Inmanylocationsaroundtheworld,theiridiumlayer(evidenceofan

asteroidimpact)sitsrightontopofthespherulelayer(evidencethattheimpactwasat

Chicxulub).SoHildebrandandothersupportersoftheimpacttheoryarguedthatthere

wasonemassiveimpact65millionyearsago,andthatitwasatChicxulub.This,they

concluded,musthavefinishedoffthedinosaursbyavarietyofmechanisms.

[D|Moreover,rightunderneaththeiridiumwasalayerof"spherules”,tinyballsofrock,

whichseemedtohavebeencondensedfromrockwhichhadbeenvaporizedbyamassive

impact.[E]TheChicxulubimpact,theysaid,wastoooldtohavefinishedoffthe

dinosaurs,andtheremusthavebeenanotherimpactsomewhereelsewhichwastoblame.

Thatcraterhasnotyetbeenfound.[F]Dinosaursarcreptiles(hatdominatedtheterrestrial

ecosystemformostoftheir165-millionyearexistence.Theybecameextinct65million

yearsagoattheendoftheCretaceousperiod,andareknownfromfossilizedbones,

feces,trackways,gastroliths,andinafewcasesimpressionsofskinandinternalorgans.

[G|Beforethelate1970s,therewereanynumberofdifferenttheoriestoexplainthemass

extinction,withnorealconsensus.Onetheoryputitthatmammalshadeatenallthe

dinosaurs'eggs.

11、[Cl]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：下一段提到boundarylayer,可以推測(cè)此處應(yīng)該對(duì)這一概念作出解

釋?！半E星撞擊”的道埋聽起來簡(jiǎn)單有趣，這一埋論來源于對(duì)一種巖石的檢測(cè)。對(duì)這

種巖石的表層(學(xué)名為“KT邊界”)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)的結(jié)果顯示它有6,500萬年的歷史，這

跟恐龍消失的時(shí)間吻合。這種巖石一般暴露于礦山邊或懸崖之上。

12、[C2]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此處應(yīng)該承接上文，介紹巖石層提供的另外?條線索：在“鉞”元素密

集層的下面分布著一層球狀的巖粒。這種顆粒似乎是巖石在受到強(qiáng)力沖撞后蒸發(fā)濃

縮而成的。

13、[C3]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：c

知識(shí)點(diǎn)誦析：此項(xiàng)說明隕星碰撞地球與恐龍死亡之間的關(guān)系?！白矒簟崩碚撍坪跆峁?/p>

了一個(gè)令人滿意的答案。在世界很多地方，鉞層都位于巖粒層之上。因此希爾德布

蘭德等人認(rèn)為發(fā)生在大約六千五百萬年前的那次大撞擊是導(dǎo)致恐龍滅絕的元兇。

14、[C4]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此處緊接上文，指出新理論的提出引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)大爭(zhēng)論?！白矒簟崩碚摰?/p>

支持者認(rèn)為那些人是在睜眼說瞎話。至于砂巖，他們的解釋是：隕星撞擊地球后產(chǎn)

生巨大的海嘯，砂巖是被海嘯裹挾而※的。這樣一來，他們?cè)鹊睦碚撊匀徽镜米?/p>

腳。

15、[C5]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此項(xiàng)介紹新理論派反駁的理由。他們認(rèn)為在Chicxulub火山口發(fā)生的

“撞擊”不可能使恐龍滅絕?？铸堃欢ㄊ撬烙诹硗庖淮巍白矒簟保徊贿^撞擊的地點(diǎn)尚

未被他們發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Weareallseeingratherlessofthesun.Scientistslookingatfivedecadesofsunlight

measurementshavereachedthedisturbingconclusionthattheamountofsolarenergy

reachingtheearth'ssurfacehasbeengraduallytailing.Paradoxically,thedeclinein

sunlightmaymeanthatg'obalwanningisafargreaterthreattosocietythanpreviously

thought.TheeffectwasfirstspottedbyGerryStanhill,anEnglishscientistworkingin

Israel.ComparingIsraelisunlightrecordsfromthe1950swithcurrentones,Stanhillwas

astonishediofindalargefallinsolarradiation."Therewasastaggering22%dropinthe

sunlight,andthatreallyamazedme,nhesays.[Cl]Gerrycalledthe

phenomenonglobaldimming,buthisresearch,publishedin2001,metwithaskeptical

responsefromotherscientists.[C2]Dimmingappearstobecausedbyair

pollution.Burningcoal,oilandwood,whetherincars,powerstationsorcookingfires,

producesnotonlyinvisiblecarbondioxidebutalsotinyairborneparticlesofsoot(浮在空

中的煙塵),ash,sulphurcompoundsandotherpollutants.[C3]Scientistsare

nowworriedthatdimming,byshieldingtheoceansfromthefullpowerofthesun,may

bedisruptingthepatternoftheworld'srainfall.Therearesuggestionsthatdimmingwas

behindthedroughtsinsub-SaharanAfrica.Therearedisturbinghintsthesamethingmay

behappeningtodayinAsia.[C4]Theyknowhowmuchextraenergyisbeing

trappedintheearth*satmospherebytheextracarbondioxide(CO2)wehaveplacedthere.

Whathasbeensurprisingisthatthisextraenergyhassofarresultedinatemperaturerise

ofjust0.6℃.[C5]Ifso,thenthisisbadnews.Eventhemostpessimistic

forecastsofglobalwarmingmaynowhavetobedrasticallyrevisedupwards.Thatmeans

atemperatureriseof10℃by2100inFrance,couldbeonthecards,andrenderingmany

partsoftheworlduninhabitable.Thatisboundtohappenunlessweacturgentlytocurb

ouremissionsofgreenhousegases.[A]Itwasonlyrecently,whenhisconclusionswere

confirmedbyAustralianscientistsusingacompletelydifferentmethodtoestimatesolar

radiation,whichclimatescientistsatlastwokeuptotherealityofglobaldimming.

[B]Butperhapsthemostalarmingaspectofglobaldimmingisthatitmayhaveled

scientiststounderestimatethetruepowerofthegreenhouseeffect.[C]Intrigued,he

searchedoutrecordsfromallaroundtheworld,andfoundthesamestoryalmost

everywherehelooked.Thesunlightfellby10%overtheUSA,nearly30%inpartsofthe

formerSovietUnion,andevenby16%inpartsoftheBritishIsles.[D]Asitturnsout,

pe