閱讀理解真題考研英語

閱讀理解真題考研英語1

Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedeal

betweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMind

muststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMind

isoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(Al)companiesinthe

world.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,

butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetech

giants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformation

commissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdict

againsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhanded

overtoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn20XXonthe

basisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthe

patientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmended

itsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-between

theNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethat

allnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandall

unnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsabout

informedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangle

inthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchoseto

concentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit

“controlled"thedataandDeepMindmerely/"processed"it.Butthis

distinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,

notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisof

allthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsonthe

conceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledge

aboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.

Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitis

comparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstance

feelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddressthereal

worry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMind

developswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthat

theywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusing

publicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethat

dugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharm

hasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmall

choicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.A

longstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.

MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.

31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSand

DeepMind?

[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatientsrights.

[C]Itfellshortofthelattersexpectations

[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenhamsverdictwith

[A]emptypromises.

[B]toughresistance.

[C]necessaryadjustments.

[D]sincereapologies.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

[B]leakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.

[C]makingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.

[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfrom

thisdealis

[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAlto

healthcareis

[A]ambiguous.

[B]cautious.

[C]appreciative.

[D]contemptuous.

閱讀理解真題考研英語2

Text3

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougot

whatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional//paid,/media-such

astelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplaya

majorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsof

media.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”

mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalesto

customersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnow

approachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaid

media.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromoting

theirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactasthe

initiatorforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer's

ownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-for

instance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWeb

site.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficisso

strongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerce

engineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveis

stillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravel

providerssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.

JohnsonJohnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,a

stand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryand

evencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,the

presenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,gives

companiesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationaboutthe

appealofothercompanies/marketing,andmayhelpexpanduser

trafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovided

marketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoices

havealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoice

theiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamaging

ways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia：an

assetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,other

stakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsabouta

brandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,are

learningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthe

businessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuade

otherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetarget

companyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynot

besufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehas

beensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthe

damagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquick

andwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,which

includedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchas

Twitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

31.Consumersmaycreate"earned"mediawhentheyare

[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.

[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.

[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.

[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

[A]asafebusinessenvironment.

[B]randomcompetition.

[C]strongusertraffic.

[D]flexibilityinorganization.

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia

[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.

[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.

[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.

[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.

34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof

[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.

[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.

[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.

[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?

[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.

[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.

[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.

[D]Popularityofownedmedia.

閱讀理解真題考研英語3

Text3

Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegaineda

deeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroid

striketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbe

temptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforward

to.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthat

manyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldnt

we?Takeabroaderlookatourspeciesplaceintheuniverse,andit

becomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfor

tens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears(see"100,000AD:

Livinginthedeepfuture").LookupHomosapiensinthelUCNs

"RedList"ofthreatenedspecies,andyouwillread:"ListedasLeast

Concernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,

currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginan

overallpopulationdecline."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberof

researchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthat

question.Forexample,theLongNowFoundation,basedinSan

Francisco,hascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsare

invitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylong

timescales.Itsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclock,burieddeep

insideamountaininTexas,thatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtime

thousandsofyearshence.

Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsideration

totheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:the

Anthropocene.They,too,arepullingthecamerarightbackand

askingwhathumanitysimpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontext

ofstratigraphictime.

Perhapsperversely,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuch

lengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.The

potentialevolutionoftodaystechnology,anditssocial

consequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,anditsperhapsbestleftto

science-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemany

possibilitieswecanenvisage.Thatsonereasonwhywehave

launchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthat

wecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholds

thekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthe

long-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andour

species,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsin

whichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.

Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofour

prospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,the

futureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourish,agreatmany

individualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughto

mitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlier

humans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingabout

ourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthat

confrontustoday,andtomakeafutureworthlivingin.

31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby

[A]ourdesireforaresoffulfillment

[B]ourfaithinscienceandteched

[C]ourawarenessofpotentialrisks

[D]ourbdiefinequalopportunity

32.TheIUCNzzRodList/suggestthathumanbeingson

[A]asustainedspecies

[B]theword'sdeminantpower

[C]athreattotheenvironment

[D]amisplacedrace

33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?

[A]Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.

[B]Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblem.

[C]Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.

[D]OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.

34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialto

[A]exploreourplanetsabundantresources.

[B]adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.

[C]drawonourexperiencefromthepast.

[D]curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]UncertaintyaboutOurFuture

[B]EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies

[C]TheEver-brightProspectsofMankind.

[D]Science,TechnologyandHumanity.

閱讀理解真題考研英語4

Text3

TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedan

interestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenhe

acceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyone

ofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringof

lucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesin

recentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefunded

fromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternet

entrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosen

fields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattention

tothosewhohavesucceededinscience.

What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulof

scientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,asthe

oldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheir

prizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexercisein

self-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycould

distorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.

Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.They

donotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythof

thelonegenius.

Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthe

criticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,

ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.

AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimate

concernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—are

distributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthis

year,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciences

include.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsper

prize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownby

thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbe

demonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenit

comestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.The

Nobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividual

whohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,

ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.

Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenew

awards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresear