考向55閱讀理解語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)與主旨類試題題的深層理解策略【策略學(xué)習(xí)】文章大意題文章大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。策略1：主題句法解答主旨大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來(lái)定位主題句(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來(lái)定位主題句轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but，however，infact，actually等時(shí)，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)詞如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答可能是文章的主題。策略2：高頻詞法全文中無(wú)明顯主題句時(shí)，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。策略3：逆向思維法在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無(wú)法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來(lái)寫文章會(huì)有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。1.正確選項(xiàng)特征：涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文2.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征(1)以偏概全，主次不分(2)無(wú)中生有，曲解文意【典例】(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ閱讀B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh－techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath－relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’ine，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child－parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes，”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher－ineparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmoreplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.【分析】·第一步讀文章，概括文意：本文介紹了芝加哥大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，該研究表明，對(duì)于2到4歲的孩子來(lái)說，玩拼圖游戲?qū)λ麄兘窈罂臻g技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接觸拼圖游戲的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼圖更復(fù)雜?！さ诙嚼藐P(guān)鍵詞法定主旨：文章多次出現(xiàn)了researchers，expert，study，findings等詞，主要介紹的是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究。·第三步排除3種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)A、D無(wú)中生有曲解文意；選項(xiàng)C以偏概全主次不分。段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來(lái)。做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準(zhǔn)確性更高。【典例】(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀D)Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample，discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.【分析】·第一步首尾兼顧定段意：通讀全文可知，Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.是本段的主旨，后通過列舉兩項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究來(lái)說明綠色植物對(duì)人類的好處。·第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷：A對(duì)不同植物的一項(xiàng)新研究。原文中提到對(duì)綠色植物的研究，但不是該段的主旨。以偏概全斷章取義B犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降來(lái)證明的是綠色植物的好處，故混淆主次。以偏概全斷章取義C來(lái)自不同工作場(chǎng)所的員工。雖涉及工作場(chǎng)所的員工，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題。以偏概全生搬硬套D綠色植物的好處。本段主旨就是列舉兩項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究來(lái)說明綠色植物對(duì)人類的好處。該項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段·第三步比對(duì)選項(xiàng)得出答案。標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題歸納類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。要首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章標(biāo)題，如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文?！?大技巧解題關(guān)鍵詞法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，多次重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞主題句法根據(jù)文章主題句，確定中心詞充當(dāng)標(biāo)題穿珠連串法分析文章細(xì)節(jié)，確定共同點(diǎn)，如同穿珠般，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，確定標(biāo)題逆向法根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考慮其可能內(nèi)容，對(duì)照原文，最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)▲結(jié)合3大特點(diǎn)解題▲排除3種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)【典例】(2020·浙江7月卷閱讀C)Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage，astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1，000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then，foreightyears，thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptoebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激)，demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認(rèn)知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise，”saysFranciscaThen，wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun，youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain，youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork—sure，youwillfeeltired，butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It’snotjustcorporatejobs，orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit，Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob，forexample，thatrequiresmultitasking，teamworkanddecision－makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh－levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh－levelplanningandcoordinating(協(xié)調(diào))，”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”O(jiān)fcourse，ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons—includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still，continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【分析】·第一步找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句：通讀全文，本文是“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)，文章開頭提出主旨“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”?！さ诙礁鶕?jù)正誤選項(xiàng)特征，斟酌判斷：A、B選項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有，曲解文意；D選項(xiàng)以偏概全；主次不分；選項(xiàng)C“棘手的工作可能會(huì)幫助你保持思維敏捷”精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容。·第三步比對(duì)選項(xiàng)得出答案?！緳z測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1Anumberofpanieshaveusedthewind,thesunandthegroundheattoproduceenergy.Now,theOceanRenewablePowerpany,orORPC,isusingtheforceofflowingriversandoceancurrents.Thepanyrecentlypresentedthenewtechnologyatanenergyconference.ChristopherSauer,theCEOandco－creatorofORPCsaysthetechnologywasdesignedforsmall,ruralmunitiesthatdonothaveeasyaccesstopowersources.TheORPCtechnologyisanenergygeneratorwhichcanbeputunderwater,calledRivGen.Itworksinaseriesofsteps.First,thegeneratorisputinthemiddleofasteelcage.Thecagegoesontopofawideboatwithaflatbottom.Wheels—or,turbines(渦輪機(jī))—areattachedtoeachsideofthegenerator.Oncetheboatisfixedtooneplace,itisfloodedwithwater.Theboat,cage,andgeneratorallsinktothebottomoftheriver.There,therivercurrentturnsthewheelsandcreatesasmuchas50kilowattsofpower.CEOChristopherSauersaysRivGenisnotverytall,soitcanworkinwaterareasthatarenotverydeep.Otherpaniesarenotabletoworkinshallowwater,headds.Sauersaystheturbinesaresafefortheanimalsthatliveintheriver.Meanwhile,theturbines’shapepermitsthegeneratortoharvestpowerfromtidalcurrentsintheocean.Thepany’soceanturbine,calledTidGen,cancreateupto600kilowattsofelectricity,enoughtopowerasmallsettlement.Rightnow,theamountofpowerTidGencanharvestchangesasthestrengthofthetidegoesupanddown.ButORPCworkersaretryingtomakethepoweroutputsteady.Intime,theywantTidGenpowertobepartofthemainenergygrid(電網(wǎng)).SauerestimatesORPC’scurrentpriceisabout50centsperkilowatt－h(huán)our.ThatpricedoesnotmaketheORPCsystempetitivewithnaturalgas.However,forsmallruralmunities,diesel(柴油)energycancostmorethan$1perhour.Inthesesituations,energyfromflowingwatercouldbemoreeconomical.1.WhatdoesORPCusetoproduceelectricity?A.Wind. B.Sun. C.Water. D.Groundheat.2.What’sparagraph3mainlyabout?A.TheworkingprincipleofRivGen. B.ThedesignfeatureofRivGen.C.ThesystempositionofRivGen. D.ThemainfunctionofRivGen.3.What’stheadvantageofRivGen?A.Itcanworkinshallowwater. B.Itcanaccelerateoceancurrents.C.Itcanpoweralargesettlement. D.Itcanincreasethenumberoffish.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“economical”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Pollution－free. B.Money－saving.C.Mass－production. D.Resource－consuming.【答案】1.C2.A3.A4.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹許多公司利用風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)生能源。但是現(xiàn)在有一家公司正在使用流動(dòng)的河流和洋流的力量發(fā)電，作者介紹了利用河流和海浪發(fā)電的具體方法，對(duì)于偏僻的小村莊來(lái)說來(lái)自流水的能源可能更經(jīng)濟(jì)。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句內(nèi)容“Now,theOceanRenewablePowerpany,orORPC,isusingtheforceofflowingriversandoceancurrents.（現(xiàn)在，海洋可再生能源公司(ORPC)正在利用流動(dòng)河流和洋流的力量。）”可知，ORPC公司利用流動(dòng)的河流的動(dòng)力產(chǎn)生能量。故選C項(xiàng)。2.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句“CEOChristopherSauersaysRivGenisnotverytall,soitcanworkinwaterareasthatarenotverydeep.(該公司首席執(zhí)行官克里斯托弗·紹爾表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。)”以及第三段第四句“Meanwhile,theturbines’shapepermitsthegeneratortoharvestpowerfromtidalcurrentsintheocean.（與此同時(shí)，渦輪機(jī)的形狀使發(fā)電機(jī)能夠從海洋的潮汐流中獲取能量。）”可知，本段介紹了RivGen的工作原理。故選A項(xiàng)。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段前兩句內(nèi)容“CEOChristopherSauersaysRivGenisnotverytall,soitcanworkinwaterareasthatarenotverydeep.Otherpaniesarenotabletoworkinshallowwater,headds.Sauersaystheturbinesaresafefortheanimalsthatliveintheriver.

(該公司首席執(zhí)行官克里斯托弗·紹爾表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。他補(bǔ)充說，其他公司無(wú)法在淺水地區(qū)開展業(yè)務(wù)。)”可知，它們?cè)谒虿皇悄敲瓷畹牡胤焦ぷ?，并且這一點(diǎn)是其他公司不能做到的。故選A項(xiàng)。4.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第三至第五句內(nèi)容“SauerestimatesORPC’scurrentpriceisabout50centsperkilowatt－h(huán)our.ThatpricedoesnotmaketheORPCsystempetitivewithnaturalgas.However,forsmallruralmunities,diesel(柴油)energycancostmorethan$1perhour.(紹爾估計(jì)ORPC目前的價(jià)格約為每千瓦時(shí)50美分。這個(gè)價(jià)格并不能使ORPC系統(tǒng)與天然氣競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。但是,對(duì)于小型農(nóng)村社區(qū)、柴油(柴油)能源成本超過1美元每小時(shí)。)”可知，在一些農(nóng)村地區(qū)流水產(chǎn)生的能源相比柴油較低，所以還是比較省錢的。economical為“經(jīng)濟(jì)的”。故選B項(xiàng)。2SirioPersichetti,seventeenyearsold,cannotspeakandfeedhimself.Siriohasspastictetraplegia,adiseasethataffectsmovementinthreeofaperson'sfourlegsandarms.Hismouthispermanentlyopen,whichpreventshimfromformingwordscorrectlyorswallowing.Heisfedliquidnutritionthroughatubeinhisstomach.Andhehashadatracheotomytohelphimbreathe.Buthedealswithhisconditionwithsuchaloveforlifethathismother,Valentina,decidedtocreateawebsiteforhim.HemadeaccountsonFacebook,InstagramandTwittertosharehiseverydaylife.HesharesheartwarmingvideosofhimselfunderthetitleSirioandtheTetrabonds.Thevideoshavetouchedtheheartsofpeopleallovertheworld.“Iwantedtotellthestoryofdisabilityinadifferentway,tellitforwhatitisandgivepeoplealikehope,”Siriosaid.Thepublic’sreactiontoyoungSiriohasbeenhuge.Someofhisvideoshavebeenwatchedmorethan130,000times.“Inashorttime,theresponse,especiallyfromfamilieslivinginsimilarsituations,waspowerfulandexcitingsowedecidedtokeepgoing,”hismothersaid.Sirio’sfollowersrespondwithacountlessnumberof“l(fā)ikes”andmessagesofsupport.Siriosaidhewantedtoendthestigma—orunfairbeliefs—thatoftensurroundsdisability.Iwantedtoshowthatchildrenwithspecialneedscanstillhavefunandleadahappylife.Valentinasaidsheneverexpectedhersontobeefamousonsocialmedia.“Butwerealizedthatisuseful,”sheadded,“thatithelpsandisanecessarysteptomakethelifeofmanypeoplemuchmorenormal.”5.WhatdoweknowaboutSiriofromParagraph1?A.Hewasbornwiththedisease.B.Heisunabletousehisarmsandlegs.C.Hereliesonliquidnutritiontosupportlife.D.Hisdiseasehascosthisfamilyagreatdeal.6.WhydidSiriomakeaccountsonsocialmedia?A.Toinspireotherslikehim.B.Toraisemoneyforhisdisease.C.Tofindapossiblecureforhisdisease.D.Toescapefromhisbitterlifeforthetimebeing.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribeSirio?A.Optimistic. B.Ambitious. C.Cooperative. D.Obedient.8.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AnUnusualDiseaseChangesaTeenager’sLifeB.AStudentwithDisabilityHasTakenoffontheInternetC.ThoseataDisadvantageTendtoArousePeople’sSympathyD.ASpecialTeenagerTriestoChangePeople’sIdeasaboutDisabilities【答案】5.C6.A7.A8.D【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。本文講述帶有殘疾的SirioPersichetti在網(wǎng)站上分享自己的故事以改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)殘疾人的看法并激勵(lì)像他一樣的殘疾人。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一自然段第四句話“Heisfedliquidnutritionthroughatubeinhisstomach.（他通過胃里的管子攝入液體營(yíng)養(yǎng)。）”可知，SirioPersichetti靠輸營(yíng)養(yǎng)液維持生命。故選C。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二自然段最后一句話“Iwantedtotellthestoryofdisabilityinadifferentway,totellitforwhatitisandgivepeoplealikehope（我想用一種不同的方式來(lái)講述殘疾的故事，告訴人們它是什么，給人們同樣的希望）”可知，SirioPersichetti在社交媒體上開通賬號(hào)分享自己的故事是為了激勵(lì)和他一樣的殘疾，給他們希望。故選A。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一、二段的內(nèi)容可知，SirioPersichetti在面對(duì)自己的身體狀況時(shí)不但沒有絲毫的悲觀，反而想著通過做一些事去幫助想他一樣的人，所以他是一個(gè)積極、樂觀向上的人。故選A。8.主旨大意題。身患?xì)埣驳?7歲少年SirioPersichetti通過自己的努力改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)殘疾人的看法從而幫助到像他一樣的殘疾人。故選項(xiàng)D“ASpecialTeenagerTriestoChangePeople’sIdeasaboutDisabilities(一個(gè)特殊的青少年試圖改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)殘疾的看法)”具有最好的概括性和針對(duì)性。故選D。3NOONEEVERsaidscienceeducationwaseasy.Certainlytheconceptsweteach,likeconservationofmomentumorquantummechanics,canbehardtograsp.Butwhatreallyplicatestheattemptisthatwe'realsotryingtoteachadeeperlessonatthesametime—tohelpstudentsunderstandthenatureofscienceitself.Alltoooften,youngpeoplegettheimpressionthatscienceisaboutlearningcertain“l(fā)aws"andthenapplyingthemtodifferentsituations.Afterall,that'swhatwemakethemdoontests,toshowthatthey'vebeendoingthework.Butthat’snotitatall.Scienceistheprocessofbuildingtheseconceptsthroughthecollectionofexperimentalevidence.AndwhileI'monit,let'scalltheseconceptswhattheyreallyare—notlaws,butmodels.Scienceisallaboutbuildingandtestingmodels.It'sdifficulttohelpstudentsunderstandthataspectofsciencewhenwejustgivethemthemodelstobeginwith.Sure,inphysicsweoftenincludehistoricalormathematicalevidencetosupportbigideas,butthatoftenisn'tenough.Ofcourse,wecan'tstartfromnothing.Ifstudentshadtobuildtheirownmodelsfromthegroundup,itwouldbeliketryingtolearnprogrammingbyinventingputers.AsIsaacNewtonissupposedtohavesaid,westandontheshouldersofgiants.Wemusttakemodelsbuiltbyothersandgofromthere.WhatI'dliketosuggestisthatthisactuallyprovidesagreatwayintotheadventureofscienceandanopportunitytomeetourobjectivesaseducators.Ifyoucancreateasituationthatchallengesstudents'assumptionsandproducesconceptualconflict,that'sagreatopportunityforlearning.9.Whatisthemisunderstandingofteachingscience?A.It'splicated. B.Itfocusesonthenatureofscience.C.It'sverydifficult. D.Itliesinleachingandtesting“l(fā)aws”.10.Whichwaytoteachscienceishighlyremendedbytheauthor?A.Encouragingstudentstoalwaysstartfromnothing.B.Providingstudentswithsomemodelstofollowsuit.C.Guidingstudentstobeginwithmodelsbuiltbyothers.D.0fferingstudentsproofiosupportimportantconcepts.11.TheauthorcitesIsaacNewton'swordsto.A.justifytheexperiment B.praisethestatementC.showtheachievement D.supporttheargument12.Whatisthebesttitleofdiepassage?A.TheBestWaytoTeachScience B.TheBestWayofConceptBuildingC.TheBestWaytoLearnScience D.TheBestWaytoHandleConceptConflict【答案】9.D10.C11.D12.A【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學(xué)的定義和年輕人對(duì)科學(xué)教育的一些認(rèn)知誤區(qū)，以及作者認(rèn)為最好的教科學(xué)的方法。9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Alltoooften,youngpeoplegettheimpressionthatscienceisaboutlearningcertain“l(fā)aws"andthenapplyingthemtodifferentsituations.Afterall,that'swhatwemakethemdoontests,toshowthatthey'vebeendoingthework.Butthat’snotitatall.(年輕人時(shí)常認(rèn)為科學(xué)就是學(xué)習(xí)某些特定的“法則”，然后把它們應(yīng)用到不同的情況下。畢竟，這是我們讓他們?cè)诳荚囍凶龅?，以表明他們一直在努力。但事?shí)并非如此)”可知，年輕人的認(rèn)知誤區(qū)是認(rèn)為教科學(xué)就是教法則和驗(yàn)證法則，故選D。10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Ifstudentshadtobuildtheirownmodelsfromthegroundup,itwouldbeliketryingtolearnprogrammingbyinventingputers.AsIsaacNewtonissupposedtohavesaid,westandontheshouldersofgiants.Wemusttakemodelsbuiltbyothersandgofromthere.(如果學(xué)生必須從頭開始建立自己的模型，這就像試圖通過發(fā)明計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)編程一樣。正如IsaacNewton所說，我們站在巨人的肩膀上。我們必須借鑒別人建立的模式，并以此為基礎(chǔ))”可知，作者認(rèn)為讓學(xué)生自己創(chuàng)建模型是件很難的事情，借鑒前人已經(jīng)建立的模型讓學(xué)生一步步接觸、學(xué)習(xí)并效仿才是最好的方法。故選C。11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Ofcourse,wecan'tstartfromscratch.(我們當(dāng)然不能從頭開始)”以及“Wemusttakemodelsbuiltbyothersandgofromthere.(我們必須借鑒前人已經(jīng)建立的模型并且從他們那里開始)”可知，作者反對(duì)讓學(xué)生平地筑高樓的方法，認(rèn)為難度過大。而作者認(rèn)為最好的方式是借鑒前人，從前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)出發(fā)進(jìn)行科研。牛頓的話意思是：我們站在巨人的肩膀上，即我們擁有很多可以參考的前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和結(jié)論、理論模型能夠用來(lái)借鑒?？赏浦?，作者引用牛頓的話是為了佐證自己的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。12.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“NOONEEVERsaidscienceeducationwaseasy.Certainlytheconceptsweteach,likeconservationofmomentumorquantummechanics,canbehardtograsp.Butwhatreallyplicatestheattemptisthatwe'realsotryingtoteachadeeperlessonatthesametime—tohelpstudentsunderstandthenatureofscienceitself.(從來(lái)沒有人說過科學(xué)教育是容易的。當(dāng)然，我們教的概念，如動(dòng)量守恒或量子力學(xué)，可能很難掌握。但真正讓我們的嘗試復(fù)雜化的是，我們同時(shí)也在試圖教授更深刻的知識(shí)——幫助學(xué)生理解科學(xué)本身的本質(zhì))”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了科學(xué)的定義和年輕人對(duì)科學(xué)教育的一些認(rèn)知誤區(qū)，以及作者認(rèn)為最好的教科學(xué)的方法。故A選項(xiàng)“教科學(xué)的最好方法”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。4Everydayweexperiencconeofthewondersoftheworldarounduswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingplexityoftelevision,northeimpressivetcchnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachother’sminds.Thisabilityessonaturallythatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracle(奇跡）itis.Obviously,theabilitytotalkissomethingthatmarkshumansofffromanimals.Ofcourse,someanimalshavepowersjustasamazing.Birdscanflythousandsofmilesbyobservingpositionsofthestarsintheskyinrelationtothetimeofdayandyear.InNature’stalentshow,humansareaspeciesofanimalthathavedevelopedtheirownspecialact.Ifwereduceittobasicterms,it’sanabilityformunicatinginformationtoothersbyvaryingsoundswemakeaswebreatheout.Notthatwedon’thaveotherpowersofmunication.Ourfacialexpressionsconveyouremotions,suchasanger,orjoy,ordisappointment.Thewayweholdourheadscanindicatetootherswhetherwearehappyorsad.Thisissocalled“bodylanguage”.Bristling(直立的)furisanunmistakablewarningofattackamongmanyanimals.Similarly,thebowedheadordroopingtailshowsareadinesstotakesecondplaceinanyanimalgathering.Suchameansofmunicationisabasicmechanismthatanimals,includinghumanbeings,instinctivelyacquireanddisplay.Istheabilitytospeakjustanothersortofinstinct?Ifso,howdidhumanbeingsacquirethisamazingskill?Biologistscanreadilyindicatethatparticularareaofourbrainwherespeechmechanismsfunction,butthisdoesn’ttellushowthatpartofourbodiesoriginatedinourbiologicalhistory.13.Accordingtothepassage,thewonderwetakeforgrantedis________.A.themiracleoftechnologyB.ourabilitytouselanguageC.theamazingpowerofnatureD.ourabilitytomakenoiseswithmouth14.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Bodylanguageisuniquetohumans.B.Animalsexpressemotionsjustashumansdo.C.Humanshaveotherpowersofmunication.D.Humansarenodifferentfromanimalstosomedegree.15.Whatfeatureof“bodylanguage”ismontobothhumansandanimals?A.Liftingheadswhensad.B.Keepinglongfaceswhenangry.C.Bristlinghairwhenreadytoattack.D.Bowingheadswhenwillingtoobey.16.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thespecialrolehumansplayinnature.B.Thedevelopmentofbodylanguage.C.Thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsinlanguageuse.D.Thepowertoconveyinformationtoothers.【答案】13.B14.D15.D16.D【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹了傳達(dá)信息給別人的能力來(lái)自于我們充分運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的超凡能力。在某種程度上，人和動(dòng)物本質(zhì)上的不同也在于此。13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachother’sminds.(我們分享和經(jīng)歷的普遍奇跡是我們用嘴發(fā)出聲音的能力，從而把想法和思想傳遞到彼此的頭腦中)”可知，我們認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的奇跡是我們使用語(yǔ)言的能力。故選B。14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Thewayweholdourheadscanindicatetootherswhetherwearehappyorsad.Thisissocalled“bodylanguage”.Bristling(直立的)furisanunmistakablewarningofattackamongmanyanimals.Similarly,thebowedheadordroopingtailshowsareadinesstotakesecondplaceinanyanimalgathering.(我們抬起頭的方式可以告訴別人我們是高興還是悲傷。這就是所謂的“肢體語(yǔ)言”。毛發(fā)豎立是許多動(dòng)物受到攻擊的明確警告。同樣地，低著的頭或下垂的尾巴表明它隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備在任何動(dòng)物聚集中居第二位)”可推斷，在某種程度上，人類和動(dòng)物沒有什么不同。故選D。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Similarly,thebowedheadordroopingtailshowsareadinesstotakesecondplaceinanyanimalgathering.(同樣地，低著的頭或下垂的尾巴表明它隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備在任何動(dòng)物聚集中居第二位)”可知，這里提到了人也提到了動(dòng)物，所以愿意服從時(shí)低頭，屬于人類和動(dòng)物共有的特征。故選D。16.主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了傳達(dá)信息給別人的能力來(lái)自于我們充分運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的超凡能力。在某種程度上，人和動(dòng)物本質(zhì)上的不同也在于此。D項(xiàng)“Thepowertoconveyinformationtoothers.(傳達(dá)信息給別人的能力)”是文章自始至終所闡述的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。5BirdexpertStephenKressremembersthefirsttimeheencounteredpuffins(角嘴海雀).“IwastotallyamazedfromthemomentIsawthem,”hesays.Twoyearsafterhisfirstencounter,whileteachingatanaturecampinMaine,Kresslearnedthatthestate'spuffincolonieswereallbutdestroyedbyhuntersinthelate1800s.Thepuffinswerekilledfortheireggs,meatandfeathers.Kressdecidedtolearnmoreaboutthese“specialbirds.”HisfascinationgrewintoProjectPuffin,adecadeslongefforttobringthepuffinsbacktoMaine.KressrantheprojectwhileworkingfortheNationalAudubonSociety,amajorbirdconservationnonprofitintheUS.ProjectPuffin’soriginslieonanuninhabitedsevenacreisland,sixmilesoffthecoastofMaine,calledEasterEggRock.Thetinyisland,accessibleonlybyrowboat,isfreefrompredators(捕食者)andedgedwithrocksunderwhichthepuffinsnest.Startingin1973,Kress’steamcollectedchicksfromGreetIsland,offthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada,whichhadahealthypuffinpopulation.Theteamhandraisedpuffinsinartificialholes,feedingthemvitaminenrichedfishtwiceaday.“Theywouldeoutwhentheyweresixweeksoldandtheywouldworktheirwaytotheedgeoftheislandandswimoff,”saysKress.Forfouryears,however,noneofthebirdsreturnedtotheislandtobreed(繁殖).Theproject’ssupportersbegantoquestionwhethertheywouldeversucceed.“That'swhenIbegantryingtothinklikeapuffin,”Kresssays.“Puffinsnestincoloniesbecausetheylikebeingwithothersoftheirkindandlargegroupsprovideprotectionfrompredators.”Hethoughtthattheyoungpuffinsdidremembertheislandbutwerenotbravetoeashore.Kress’snewideawastoplacewoodenpuffinsaroundtheisland,tohelpthebirdsfeelsafe.Itworked.Thankstohispioneeringmethod,ProjectPuffinsaystherearenowaround1,300pairsofpuffinsnestingonislandsintheGulfofMaine.What'smore,thetechniquesKressdevelopedtosavepuffinsarenowusedbyseabirdconservationistsaroundtheworld.17.WhathappenedtoMaine’spuffinsinthelate19thcentury?A.Theywerewellprotected. B.Theywereatouristattraction.C.Theywerenearlygoingextinct. D.Theywereraisedfortheirmeat.18.WhydoProjectPuffin’soriginslieonEasternEggRock?A.Itisinaccessibletohunters.B.ItseemsanidealPuffinhabitat.C.ItisneartheNationalAudubonSociety.D.Itseemsaperfectplaceforbirdwatching.19.WhatinspiredKresstothinklikeapuffin?A.Findingproperfoodforpuffins.B.Diggingartificialholesforpuffins.C.MovingpuffinchicksfromGreatIsland.D.GettingadultpuffinstobreedatEasternEggRock.20.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ANewWaytoSaveSeabirds B.ABirdConservationNonprofitC.ABirdSpeciestoBeHandraised D.AGreatSeabirdMigrationProject【答案】17.C18.B19.D20.A【解析】本文是說明文。美國(guó)鳥類學(xué)家StephenKress為恢復(fù)緬因州角嘴海雀的數(shù)量創(chuàng)辦了ProjectPuffin——將加拿大的角嘴海雀幼鳥遷至緬因州的一個(gè)小島，進(jìn)行人工喂養(yǎng)，這些鳥兒們長(zhǎng)大后卻飛離了該島，StephenKress又想出了在島上安放假鳥的辦法吸引其回來(lái)進(jìn)行繁育。StephenKress的方法大獲成功，這一方法現(xiàn)在得到了世界范圍內(nèi)鳥類保護(hù)人士的廣泛應(yīng)用。17.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Kresslearnedthatthestate'spuffincolonieswereallbutdestroyedbyhuntersinthelate1800s.”（克雷斯了解到，該州的海雀聚居地，在19世紀(jì)末幾乎被獵人摧毀。）可知，十九世紀(jì)末期，緬因州的角嘴海雀幾近滅絕。選項(xiàng)C與文意一致，故選C。18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thetinyisland,accessibleonlybyrowboat,isfreefrompredators(捕食者)andedgedwithrocksunderwhichthepuffinsnest.”（這個(gè)小島只有劃船才能到達(dá)，它沒有捕食者，而且附有海雀筑巢的巖石。）可知EasternEggRock無(wú)人居住，只能通過劃小船抵達(dá)，且沒有角嘴海雀的天敵，島上的各種石頭可供角嘴海雀筑巢。另外，該島曾是一個(gè)角嘴海雀的棲息地，這些因素都是ProjectPuffin在該島創(chuàng)立的原因。選項(xiàng)B與文意一致，故選B。19.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“Puffinsnestincoloniesbecausetheylikebeingwithothersoftheirkindandlargegroupsprovideprotectionfrompredators.”Hethoughtthattheyoungpuffinsdidremembertheislandbutwerenotbravetoeashore.Kress’snewideawastoplacewoodenpuffinsaroundtheisland,tohelpthebirdsfeelsafe.Itworked.”（海雀喜歡在群體中筑巢，因?yàn)樗鼈兿矚g和同類在一起，大群體提供保護(hù)，使其免受掠食者的傷害?！彼J(rèn)為年輕的海雀確實(shí)記得這個(gè)島，但是沒有勇氣上岸?？死姿沟男孪敕ㄊ窃趰u上放置木海雀，讓鳥兒們感到安全。這樣做成功了。）可知，Kress為了吸引這些角嘴海雀回來(lái)繁育，從這種鳥的角度對(duì)其生活習(xí)性進(jìn)行了很多思考，最后想到了安放假鳥的辦法，一舉成功。選項(xiàng)D與文意相符，故選D。20.主旨大意題。本文主要講述了美國(guó)鳥類學(xué)家StephenKress為恢復(fù)緬因州角嘴海雀的數(shù)量而采取的獨(dú)創(chuàng)方法，這一行之有效的鳥類保護(hù)方法在世界范圍內(nèi)得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。選項(xiàng)A符合題意，故選A。6Iftherehadtobeafatherofhandwashinginhistory,itwouldbeIgnazSemmelweis.WhileworkingatViennaGeneralhospital,theHungariandoctor,facedwithasituationinwhichmaternaldeath(孕產(chǎn)婦死亡)inhospitalsweresignificantlyhigherthanlocalclinics,triedhardcluesastowhy.Germs(細(xì)菌)wereyettobediscovered,anditwasstillbelievedinthe1840sthatdiseasewasspreadbybadsmellsintheair.Soitdidn’tseemaproblemthattraineedoctorshangingoutoflabstodissect(解剖)humanbodieswouldpopuptothematernityward(產(chǎn)房)todeliverababywithoutwashingtheirhands.Thenanaccidentalfingercutbyaknifeduringadissectioncausedadoctortodie,seeminglyofthesamesignthemothershadbeengetting.Semmelweisassumedthatsomethingfromthedeadbodieswastoblame,whichmight,throughthehandsofdoctors,maketheirwayintowomen’sbodiesduringchildbirth.Totesthistheory,heordereddoctorstowashtheirhandsandinstrumentsinsomechlorinesolution.Asaresult,thedeathratefornewmothersdroppedtoabout1percent,paredwiththatofashighas18percentbeforetheexperiment.However,hefacedgreatresistance,andmetasadend.Peopleatthattimedidn’tthinkofthemselvesassortofwalkingPetridishes.Andthemajorityofdoctorsthenwerefrommiddleorupperclassfamilies,andthoughtofthemselvesasverycleanpeople.Overthenext40years,abetterunderstandingofgermsdeveloped,andattitudestohygiene(衛(wèi)生)graduallyshifted.In1876,theGermanscientistRobertKochdiscoveredtheanthraxbacillus(炭疽),kickingoffthenewresearchfieldofmedicalbacteriology.Manymoregermswerelateridentified.Surgeonsstartedtota