第19講閱讀理解之議論文1．了解議論文的解題方法與技巧。2．進(jìn)行議論文真題訓(xùn)練。議論文是英語中的重要文體，在閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。相對于其它文體，議論文閱讀要難一些，因此要多加重視。議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結(jié)論。議論文涉及的論題具有生活化的特征，與社會生活密切相關(guān)。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷為主，偶爾考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感態(tài)度?？忌谄綍r的閱讀訓(xùn)練中要閱讀一定數(shù)量的議論文，以了解和掌握議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文特征?！究记榉治觥孔h論文涉及的論題具有生活化的特征，與社會生活密切相關(guān)。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷為主，但不排除對觀點態(tài)度的考查。考生在平時的閱讀訓(xùn)練中要閱讀一定數(shù)量的議論文，以了解和掌握議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文特征。一、文體特點與閱讀策略1.語言與結(jié)構(gòu)特點議論文應(yīng)該觀點明確、論據(jù)充分、語言精練、論證合理、有嚴(yán)密的邏輯性。議論文通常采用三段論式的結(jié)構(gòu)，即“提出問題（引論）—分析問題（本論）—解決問題（結(jié)論）”。由此可見，要理解議論文有兩個關(guān)鍵點，一是要弄清文章的論點是什么、采用了哪些論據(jù)、如何論證；二是要理清其基本結(jié)構(gòu)——三段論式結(jié)構(gòu)。2.答題誤區(qū)議論文閱讀理解題易錯點往往在于事實與觀點的區(qū)分以及觀點本身。解題時，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事實，哪些是作者的觀點以及引述中不同人物的觀點；二要弄清作者真正的觀點是什么，既要考慮全文，又要重視結(jié)論部分，謹(jǐn)防將文章中引述的某人的觀點和作者的觀點混為一談。解題技巧1.主旨大意型干擾項可能是文中某個具體事實或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。干擾項可能是非文章事實的主觀臆斷。正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個名詞或名詞短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡短、精練。常見的提問方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.2.事實細(xì)節(jié)型(1)解題原則：忠實于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點，事實細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對文中某個詞語、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式：①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干擾項：范圍過大、過??；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項的設(shè)置有以下幾個原則：①包含項原則在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其他三項(或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反項原則所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當(dāng)中。③委婉項原則所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形項原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項中有正確答案的存在。⑤常識項原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法：(1)帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。(2)細(xì)心!3.詞義猜測型(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。(7)利用標(biāo)點符號和提示詞猜測詞義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義；破折號表示解釋說明。常見的問題形式有：(1)The

word

＂…＂

in

Line

…

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

＂…＂

suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

＂…＂

is/refers

to

/means…常用應(yīng)對方法：同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測詞義。反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法：對文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點符號引出并加以解釋說明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！4.推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出結(jié)論)fromthepassagethat_________.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推論)?(4)Whatisthetone(語氣)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.（2023春·河南信陽·高二統(tǒng)考期中）ChatGPTisanewAIsystemthatsoundssohumaninconversationsthatitcouldhostitsownradioprograms.Readingbetweenitsinstantlygenerated,perfectlygrammaticallines,peopleseedifferentvisionsofthefuture.Withoutdoubt,ChatGPTisimpressive.SomecomparetheemergenceofChatGPTtotheimpactoftheiPhone,butthatdoesn’tdoitjustice.ChatGPT,aswellasthegenerativeAIthatwillfollowandoutsmartit,isdisruptive.Andyet,thatdoesn’tnecessarilymeantheendoftheworldisuponus.Onthecontrary,ChatGPT,Iwouldargue,mightservetomakeusmoreawareofourirreplaceablehumanqualities.Takethecreativeact,writinginparticular,asanexample.Ifyouwantitto,theAI-poweredchatbot(聊天機(jī)器人)alwaysproducessomethingbecauseithasthewholeworldofonlinedatatodrawfrom.Butunlikeus,itlackstheconsciousness.Thinkingishard,criticalthinkingevenharder,andChatGPTisn’tgoodateither.Itjustrestateswhathasalreadybeensaid;itisonebigrecyclingmachine.ThereisanotherobviouslimitationofChatGPT.PhilosopherHarryFrankfurtonceclaimed:thedifferencebetweenabullshitter(胡說八道的人)andaliaristhattheliarknowswhatthetruthisbutdecidestotaketheoppositedirection;abullshitter,however,hasnoregardforthetruthatall.TheAIscholarGaryMarusappliesthisdistinctiontoChatGPT.Hebelievesthatwehavereachedacriticalpointwhere“thepriceofbullshitreacheszeroandpeoplewhowanttospreadmisinformation,eitherpoliticallyorjusttomakeaprofit,startdoingthatplentifully”.Unfortunately,ChatGPTwillreproducemisinformationfromanyofitsinputsources—itisnotanintelligentsystemthattriestobalanceorweighdifferentperspectives.Inthissense,everythingthatChatGPTwritesisbullshit.Thisiswhytheso-calledAIQiscritical.ItisactuallyanextensionandameasurementofourhumanIQ:ouroverallknowledgeofAItools,ourmasteryofclues,andourethicalawareness.ChatGPTisgoingtochangeeverything—andnothing.Creativity,imaginationandethics—thesewillallremainuniquehumanrange.ItistheAI’sverylimitationsthatwillmakeusappreciateourown.1．WhatcanwelearnaboutChatGPTfromthepassage?A．Itgeneratesimmediatelanguageresponses.B．Itprovidesinstructionsonwritingskills.C．Ithelpsgenerateanartificialvoice.D．Itoffersaserviceforlanguagelearning.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disruptive”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Evil. B．Revolutionary. C．Profitable. D．Reliable.3．WhydoestheauthorconsiderChatGPTasabullshitgenerator?A．Itmakesupliesconstantly.B．Italwaystakesaneutralstandpoint.C．Itoftenmakesunfairjudgement.D．Itcan’ttellrightfromwrong.4．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．ChatGPTshouldbetreatedlikeatoy,notatool.B．ChatGPTiscausingpanicnow.C．ChatGPTmakesusrealizetheuniquehumanfeatures.D．ChatGPTisboundtogeneratebullshit.（2023秋·廣東揭陽·高二統(tǒng)考期末）Whatdoesmusicmeantoyou?Doyouuseittohelprelievestress,anxietyandfallasleepto?Formany,thevalueofmusicisendless,andscientistsandNobelwinnersarenoexception.Fromseeingproblemsinanewwaytodevelopingdiscipline(自律),expressingcreativitytoworkingasateam,musichashelpedmanywinnersinbothworkandlife.MusichasoftenhelpedNobelwinnersthinkandprocessscientificinformationinanewway.AlbertEinsteinwasinfluencedbyhismotherwhotaughthimtoplaytheviolinataveryearlyage.HewasespeciallyfondofMozart,BachandSchubert.ForEinstein,musicworkedasabrainstormingtechniquetohelphimreflectonhistheoriesandsolvedifficultieshemetwith.Einstein’sscientificideaswereoftenfirstlycreatedintheshapeofimagesandintuition(直覺),whichmusiclaterhelpedtoturnintomathematics,logic(邏輯)andwords.Besideshelpingthemreflectonscientificallycomplexproblems,musichashelpedNobelwinnerslearndisciplineandtheimportanceofacreativemind.ForThomasSüdhof’sawardedthe2013NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,musicgavehimimportantinputsandideas.SüdhofmostlyenjoysclassicalmusicbymasterslikeMozart,whichrequiresacreativemindaswellasgreatdiscipline.ItissaidthatthesetwofactorsshapedSüdhof’sdevelopmentasascientist.Furthermore,thecooperationbetweenthemembersofamusicbandcanbecomparedwiththeteameffortfoundwithinaresearchgroup.AccordingtoMedicinewinnerJamesAllison,itisnecessaryinbothfieldstobuildateamwhereeachindividualmakestheirowncontributiontotheoverallwork.However,itisimportantthatthecommunicationbetweenthemembersworksosmoothlythateachindividualalsoknowswhatneedstobedonetoachievebreakthroughs.AsJamesAllisonstates,“Everynowandthenmylabhasbeenaswelltuned—itfeelslikeareallygoodband”—theconceptofgreatteamworkleadingtogreatsuccesscanbeappliedtobothscienceandmusic.5．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A．Musicinspiresateamtoworktogether.B．Musichelpstorelievestressandanxiety.C．Scientistsworkedtogetherwiththehelpofmusic.D．Musichelpsscientiststoachievescientificsuccess.6．WhatdidEinsteinandSüdhofhaveincommon?A．Theybothvalueddiscipline.B．Theybothlikedclassicalmusic.C．Theystudiedthesameareaofscience.D．Intuitionoftencamefirsttotheirmind.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraphmean?A．Thelabmembersenjoymusic.B．Thelabhasmadebreakthroughs.C．Thelabworksthroughgreatteamwork.D．Thelabmembersunderstandeachother.8．Howdidtheauthorprovehisorheropinion?A．Bycomparingdifferentideas. B．Bygivingsupportingexamples.C．Bydoingmusicalexperiments. D．Byreferringtofamoussayings.（2023春·遼寧朝陽·高二校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）Contraryto“popularopinion”,thescientificpursuitforknowledgeisnotapredictableprocess.Tomakenewdiscoveries,researchersneedthefreedomtobecreative,fail,andlearnbychance.Thisaspectissimilartoart.ThisiswhyWageningenscientistslooktoartistsforinspirationandexchangeideasabouthowtoincreasecreativefreedom.“Scienceandartaretwodifferentwaystomakesomethingunderstandable.Theybothprovideaperspectiveonreality,”saysBiochemistryProfessorDolfWeijers.“Fromtheoutside,theresearchprocesslooksveryformalandtheartisticprocesslookssomewhatmessy.Butthescientificprocesscanalsounfoldinanunpredictableway.”“Scientistscanlearnalotfromartists,”saysWeijers.“Associationandcreativityarecentraltoart.Thoseaspectsrequiremoreattentioninscienceasthecreativeprocessisthekeyofscience.”“Asascientist,youusedifferentmethods,butitisequallyabouthowyouvisualizeyourunderstandingsofrealityandtheconnectionsbetweenthem.Thisissometimesjustasvisualasart,”saysWeijers.OneexampleisarecentspecialprojectinwhichWeijersandhiscolleagueJorisSprakel,professorofPhysicalChemistryandSoftMatter,measuredtheforcesthatactonplantcells.Amolecular(分子的)sensorwasusedtovisualizethedifferentforces.Theyshowedtheresultsincolorfulimages,eachrepresentingadifferentforce.Whatscienceandartalsohaveincommonisthattheyaretopicsofdiscussioninsociety.Therearepeoplewhosaythattheydonotvalueartandpeoplewhomistrustscience.Weijerssays,“Itoftencreatesthewrongimpressionbecauseonlytheresultsofscientificstudiesarepresented,andpeopledonothaveanyinsightintotheprocessleadingtodiscovery.Asascientist,youaredoubtedifyousaysomethingthatisdifferentafewyearslater.Thenyouareviewedasunreliable.Butwhatisoftenpoorlyunderstoodisthattherearenofinalresultsinscience.Whatwescientistscanachieveinthecomingperiodistoprovidemorechancesforpeopletofocusontheprocess.Personally,Ithinkthattheconnectionwithartcanhelptoleadthefocusontheprocessthantheresult.”9．WhatdoesDolfWeijersthinkofscienceprocess?A．Itisalwaysserious. B．Itcan’tbeaccidental.C．Itdoesn’tallowfailures. D．Itcanbeunexpected.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentence“Thisissometimesjustasvisualasart”inparagraph4mean?A．Visualizingisamustforscience.B．Sciencecanbevisualizedlikeart.C．Scienceshouldbeunderstoodbyvisualizing.D．Visualizingisaseasyinscienceasinart.11．WhydocommonpeoplemistrustscienceinDolfWeijers’opinion?A．Scientistsusuallydrawunreliableconclusions.B．Scientistsdon’tusevisualizingtoshowtheresults.C．Thescientificprocessisunknowntothem.D．Thescientificresultsarecomplexforthepublic.12．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．DifferencesBetweenScienceandArtB．SimilaritiesBetweenScienceandArtC．ScientistsandArtistsContributetotheWorldD．ScienceandArtAreToolstoUnderstandtheWorld（2023春·黑龍江哈爾濱·高二哈九中校考階段練習(xí)）Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad;thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.Ihavetaughtmanychildrenwhoheldthebeliefthattheirself-worthreliedonhowwelltheyperformedattennisandotherskills.Forthem,playingwellandwinningareoftenlife-and-deathaffairs.Intheirsingle-mindedpursuitofsuccess,thedevelopmentofmanyotherhumanqualitiesissadlyforgotten.However,whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosucceed,otherstakeanoppositeattitude.Inaculturewhichvaluesonlythewinnerandpaysnoattentiontotheordinaryplayers,theystronglyblamecompetition.Amongthemostvocalareyoungsterswhohavesufferedundercompetitivepressurefromtheirparentsorsociety.Teachingtheseyoungpeople,Ioftenobserveinthemadesiretofail.Theyseemtoseekfailurebynottryingtowinorachievesuccess.Bynottrying,theyalwayshaveanexcuse:“Imayhavelost,butitdoesn’tmatter,becauseIdidn’ttry.”Whatisnotusuallyadmittedbythemselvesisthebeliefthatiftheyhadreallytriedandlost,thatwouldmeanalot.Suchalosswouldbeameasureoftheirworth.Clearly,thisbeliefisthesameasthatofthetruecompetitorswhotrytoprovethemselves.Botharebasedonthemistakenbeliefthatone’sself-respectreliesonhowwelloneperformsincomparisonwithothers.Bothareafraidofnotbeingvalued.Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearbeginstodissolvecanwediscoveranewmeaningincompetition.13．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.B．Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.C．Failuresarenecessaryexperiencesincompetition.D．Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“themostvocal”inParagraph3mean?A．Thosewhoareagainstcompetitionmoststrongly.B．Thosewhotrytheirbesttowin.C．Thosewhovaluecompetitionmosthighly.D．Thosewhorelyonothersmostforsuccess.15．Whatisthesimilarbeliefofthetruecompetitorsandthosewitha“desiretofail”?A．One’ssuccessincompetitionneedsgreatefforts.B．One’sworthliesinhisperformancecomparedwithothers’.C．One’ssuccessisbasedonhowhardhehastried.D．One’sachievementisdeterminedbyhisparticularskills.16．Whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?A．Everyeffortshouldbepaidback.B．Winningshouldbealife-and-deathmatter.C．Fearoffailureshouldberemovedincompetition.D．Competitionshouldbeencouraged.（2023秋·山東青島·高二青島二中?？计谀㎞obusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling(賭博)Yetthatiswhatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare“addicted”totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuaryIthisyear,“gamingdisorder”—inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm—gainedrecognitionfromtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon’tthinksosaythatthisisjustanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock’n’roll,jazz,comicbooks,novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.However,supportersarguethatgamedevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheirproductstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething.thebusiness-modelhaschanged.Intheolddays,gameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesofin-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue(收益).Foranother,game-makerscombinepsychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.SmartphonesandmodernvideogamemachinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthiswayproductsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers’spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,atermthatoriginatedincasinos(賭場).Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowingNowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,fairlyornot,willnotdotheindustryanygood.17．WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?A．ItisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogamblingB．Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren’saddictiontogamblingC．Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm“addicted”.D．Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic”inParagraph2mean?A．Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.B．Troublecausedbysomeone’simmoralbehavior.C．Unexpectedsocialprogresscausedbyscienceandtechnology.D．Panicduetothegapbetweentheoldandtheyoung19．Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?A．Theydon’tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.B．Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.C．Theykeepplayers’videogamemachinesupdated.D．Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.20．Inthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto_________.A．offerasuggestion B．makeapredictionC．giveawarning D．putforwardasolution（2023春·江蘇南通·高二海安高級中學(xué)?？计谥校〢titsannualgeneralassemblyinViennalastmonth,theEuropeanGeosciencesUnion(EGU)didsomethingunusual.Thechairofitsawardscommittee,ThomasBlunier,presentedabreakdown,bygender,ofprizenominees(被提名者)andnominators(提名者)since2014.Thedatawererevealing.Althoughwomenmakeup37%ofthesociety’smembers,theymadejust20%ofnominationssuggestingthatwomenarelesslikelytonominatethanmen.Thedataalsoshowedthatpeopletendtofavourtheirowngenderwhenmakingnominations-withmenmostlikelytonominateothermen.Thisisclearlyaproblem,butawarenessofthesituationopensthedoortofixingit.Althoughwomenarestillunder-representedinEGUnominations,theirshareofawardsisnowapproachingtheirrepresentationamongEGUmembers,thankstocorrectivemeasurestakenbytheorganization?sawardscommittee.TheEGUisdistinctfrommostotherscientificsocietiesthatdonotmakenominationdatapublic,thoughitisnecessaryforthefairnessamongprizewinners.Someothereffortsareunderwaytomakeprizesfairer.Inmathematics,forexample,theInternationalMathematicalUnionhasintroducedguidelinestomakenominatorsandaward-committeemembersawareofunconsciousbias.Manyprizenominationformsnowincludestatementsencouragingnominatorstoconsiderdiversity.ThecommitteesthatawardNobelprizeshavetoldNaturethattheyareattemptingtoincreasediversityinnomineesandthattheproportionofwomennominatedisrising.Prize-giversneedtowidentheirnominationpools.In2019,Naturesuggestedthatawardorganizersmightcasttheirnetswiderwhenseekingnominationsbyapproachingnetworksthatincludeacademiesofscienceinlowandmiddle-incomecountries.Thisisstillnothappeningonthescalethatitneedsto.Sadly,thesemeasureswillnotmakescienceprizesmatchglobaldiversity,atleastnotstraightaway.Manyprizesarebasedonworkcarriedoutdecadesago,whenthebarrierstoenteringsciencewereevenhigherthantheyaretodayforpeoplefromunder-representedgroupsandcountries.Attheveryleast,professionalsocietiesmustensurethattheirnominationpoolsarerepresentativesoftheircommunities.Greatertransparencyandawider,morediversepoolofnomineesincreasethechanceofawardsrewardingexcellence,ratherthanenlargingexistingnetworksoffame.21．WhatisthepurposeofshowingthedatafromtheEGU?A．Toshowthegenderbalanceamongitsmembers.B．Toencouragefemalestonominateotherfemales.C．Toreflectthatwomenhavebeenignoredinawards.D．Torevealthesignificantimpactfromgenderawareness.22．Whateffortshavebeenmadetopromotethefairnessamongtheprizewinners?A．Publicizingthenominationdata.B．Wideningtheapplicationpoolsbynominees.C．Introducingguidelinesonincreasingdiversity.D．Castingthenetswiderwhenseekingnominations.23．Whatdoestheauthorholdinthelastparagraph?A．Existingnominationpoolsarenottransparent.B．Professionalsocietiesmustmakeadifference.C．Thebarrierstoenteringsciencewillnotbehigher.D．Sciencehaskeptupwiththeglobaltrendofdiversity.24．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?A．EuropeanGeosciencesUnion:AnNontraditionalModelB．DiversityinSciencePrizes:WhyisProgressSoSlow?C．ProgressinScience:NominationShowsJusticeforAllD．TheWaytoGenderDiversity:Difficult,DelicatebutDestined（2022春·重慶榮昌·高二重慶市榮昌永榮中學(xué)校?？计谀㊣tisacommonquestiontoaskyourself:Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?Inthepastithasgenerallybeenacceptedthatapersonwillfollowonecareerpath,butanemerginggroupofpeoplehavechangedthisidea.Bypursuingjobsacrossseveralwalks,thisgrouphascometobeknownas“slashers(斜杠青年)”.Therearemanyreasonswhythishasbecomepopular,particularlyamongthoseundertheageof30.Inmoderncompetitivesociety,havingmultipleincomestreams(多種收入來源)isoneofthebestwaystocreatefinancialsecurity.ZhaoSichenisonefolloweroftheslashermovement.The34-year-oldisanEnglishteacheratTsinghuaUniversityHighSchool.Outsidetheclassroom,ZhaoalsoworksasprojectmanagerinchargeofeducationprogramsattheInternettechcompanyNetEase.Inadditiontoprovidingasenseofjobsecurity,becomingaslasherreducesboredomandpreventsbecomingburnedouton(不再熱衷)focusingonasinglepath.AccordingtotheGuardian,“Entrepreneurs(創(chuàng)業(yè)者)areatypicalexampleofagroupthatexpectstospreadtheircareersacrossmultipleareas.”ErinAlbertisatypicalslasherintheUK.Apartfromhavingwrittenbooks,Albertisanassistantprofessor,anentrepreneurandalawstudent.Albertoftenaskshisstudentstothinkabout,“whytheycan’tbothtakeanimmediatejoboffertheyarenotsureaboutaswellasworktowardtheir‘dream’job”.Technologyhasalsopromotedthischoice.Onlinetoolsandplatformshaveallowedpeopletopursuedifferentinterestsandcareerpathsastheyhavepromotedtheabilitytoworkremotely.Neverhasitbeeneasierforthosewhohaveinterestsinavarietyofcareerstopursuethematthesametime.Itseemsthatrightnowtheskyisthelimitforthosewhoareconsideringwhattheywanttodointhefuture.25．Whatdoweknowaboutslashers?A．Theyaremostly30yearsold. B．Theyfollowonecareerpath.C．Theychangejobsfrequently. D．Theytendtoworkseveraljobs.26．WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforthepopularityofslashermovement?A．Itgivespeoplemorefreetimetorelax.B．Ithelpspeoplegainfinancialsecurity.C．Itgetspeopletopursuetheirdream.D．Itmakespeoplefeellessboredinasinglejob.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmean?A．Technologyallowspeopletoworkremotely.B．Doingmorethanonejobmightbeencouraged.C．Mostpeoplewillworkseveraljobsatthesametime.D．Ithasbecomemorecommonforpeopletopursuemultiplejobs.28．What’sthebesttitleofthispassage?A．PursuingYourDreams. B．SlashersinChina.C．SlashingthroughJobs. D．ChoosingMultipleJobs.（2023秋·江蘇連云港·高二統(tǒng)考期末）IamanAfricawildlifefilmmaker.ButwildlifefilmmakersfromAfricaarerarerthanmountaingorillas(大猩猩).Tounderstandwhytherearesofew,weneedtorememberourrecenthistory.Whenthecolonialists(殖民者)ruledAfrica,theyseizedcontrolofthecontinent’swildlifeandothernaturalresources.TheysawAfricanwildlifeas“biggame”andthecontinent’sfirstprotectednaturalareasweregamereservescreatedbydrivingawaylocalsforthebenefitofwhitehunters.Later,gamereserveswererenamednationalparksandbiggamehuntinggavewaytowildlifetourism.ButAfricanwildlifewasstillthereforWhitepeople’senjoymentandbenefits.Thatlocalscouldhaveaninterestinpreservingwildlifeforitsownsakewasrarelyconsidered.Africans-likemewhotriedtogetinvolvedinwildlifeconservationweremadetofeeloutofplace.WhenIwasfirstinterviewedbyaBritishfilmcrew,myinterviewwascutattheeditingstageandreplacedbyawhiteman,justbecauseIwasanAfrican.Africawasthesettingforsomeofthemostpopularfilmsaboutwildlife,butthesefilmsweremadebywestern-ownedproductioncompaniesforWesternaudiences,andmostAfricansneverevengottoseethem.WhatAfricaneededwastoseethemselvesandtheirviewpointsinthefilms.WeurgentlyneededwildlifefilmsmadebyAfricans,aboutAfricansandforAfricans.AsproducerofthedocumentaryTVseries“WildlifeWarriors”,IsetouttofindAfricanconservationheroeswhocouldplayaroleinthedocumentary.IsoondiscoveredthatwehadsometalentedAfricanfilmmakersacrossthecontinent.Todaythingsarechangingfast.CompanieslikeNationalGeographicandtheBBCareleadingthewaywithnewapproachestoglobalstorytellingthatdeliverdiversityandequality.OurAfricanwildlifefilmmakers’missionistodrawonthepoweroflocalstorytellingtoinspireourpeopletosaveourcontinent’srichwildlife.29．WhyareAfricanwildlifefilmmakersrare?A．Theylackthetalentinmakingfilms. B．Theyliveintheshadowofwesterners.C．Theyarestillcolonizedbythewesterns. D．Theyaren’tinterestedinfilmingwildlife.30．Whatmessagedoesthecutofmyinterviewconvey?A．Thestrictnessofthecrew. B．ThepreferencefortheBritish.C．TheprejudiceagainstAfricans. D．Thebenefitsoflocalcommunities.31．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph4?A．ThelocalsenjoywildlifefilmssetinAfrica.B．Africansplayaleadingroleinwildlifefilm-making.C．Filmsmadebywesternersarethemostpopularones.D．Africanslongfo