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2026年中考英語(yǔ)專題復(fù)習(xí):選擇型閱讀解題技巧講義
目錄
一、題型概述...............................................3
二、解題步驟...............................................3
三、考試清單...............................................4
考點(diǎn)①細(xì)節(jié)理解題........................................4
考法1直接信息題......................................4
考法2間接信息題......................................5
考法3細(xì)節(jié)排序題......................................6
考點(diǎn)②推理判斷題高頻....................................9
考法1針對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷...........................10
考法2推斷作者/人物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、感情色彩、語(yǔ)氣、傾向、
性格/品質(zhì)特點(diǎn)等......................................12
考法3推斷文章后續(xù)發(fā)展(新考法).....................14
考法4推斷文章出處或讀者對(duì)象.........................16
考法5推斷寫作意圖...................................18
考點(diǎn)③詞義猜測(cè)題高頻...................................20
考點(diǎn)④主旨大意題高頻...................................27
—1—
考點(diǎn)⑤標(biāo)題歸納題高頻.....................................31
考點(diǎn)⑥代詞指代題(高頻).................................35
考點(diǎn)⑦文章結(jié)構(gòu)題(新考法)...............................36
考點(diǎn)⑧句子還原題(新考法)...............................39
考點(diǎn)⑨寫作手法題(新考法)...............................42
考點(diǎn)⑩圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題(新考法)...............................43
-2-
一、題型概述
選擇型閱讀主要考查學(xué)生通過文章獲取信息、分析信息和處理信
息的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力。研究近年中考題發(fā)現(xiàn),除了涉及傳統(tǒng)的細(xì)節(jié)
理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題等考點(diǎn)外,逐漸增加
了新考點(diǎn)的考查比例,如文章結(jié)構(gòu)題、句子還原題、寫作手法題、圖
文轉(zhuǎn)換題、跨學(xué)科綜合題等,這更加注重對(duì)學(xué)生思維能力的考查。
二、解題步驟
(1)通讀全文,把握主題。
通讀時(shí)要關(guān)注文章標(biāo)題,語(yǔ)篇的首尾段和各段的首尾句;要迅速
抓住每段文本中的關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ),厘清文章結(jié)構(gòu),弄清文章中的人物、
時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、原因、經(jīng)過(即五個(gè)W:who、when、where>what、
why和一個(gè)H:how)等要素,了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖,把握文章主題。
(2)根據(jù)試題,再讀重點(diǎn)。
在理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)每道題目進(jìn)行詳細(xì)剖析,結(jié)合上下
文,標(biāo)注解題的關(guān)鍵信息。有時(shí)需要運(yùn)用邏輯思維進(jìn)行推理。
(3)排除干擾,確定答案。
對(duì)選擇型閱讀理解題目中所給的幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)要認(rèn)真對(duì)比,仔細(xì)鑒別。
對(duì)于某些干擾選項(xiàng),要細(xì)讀全文,分析與問題相關(guān)的詞匯、段落。采
取排除法,集中精力解決難點(diǎn),確定答案。
-3-
三、考試清單
考點(diǎn)①細(xì)節(jié)理解題
考點(diǎn)②推理判斷題
考點(diǎn)③詞義猜測(cè)題
考點(diǎn)④主旨大意題
考點(diǎn)⑤標(biāo)題歸納題
考點(diǎn)⑥代詞指代題
考點(diǎn)⑦文章結(jié)構(gòu)題(新考法)
考點(diǎn)⑧句子還原題(新考法)
考點(diǎn)⑨寫作手法題(新考法)
考點(diǎn)⑩圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題(新考法)
考點(diǎn)①細(xì)節(jié)理解題
細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的
主要事實(shí)的理解能力。問題包括詢問人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、
地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(why)、結(jié)果、數(shù)據(jù)等。主要分三類:直接信息
題、間接信息題、細(xì)節(jié)排序題。此類試題大多可以在文章中找到與答
案有關(guān)的信息或是其變體。
考法1直接信息題
方法
關(guān)鍵信息定位法:
—4—
Step1通過題干信息確定關(guān)鍵信息,如與人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間
等相關(guān)的名詞、動(dòng)詞或句子。
Step2在原文中查尋關(guān)鍵詞原詞(或派生詞、近/反義詞)所在句
子,并細(xì)讀相關(guān)句子。
Step3比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和原文細(xì)節(jié),確定答案。
例(2024天津中考節(jié)選)
Inthemorning,DanielandPeterfinishedtheirbreakfastquickly.They
putontheirschooluniforms(校服),tooktheirschoolbagsandwalked
quicklytothebusstop.Theyhadtowaitfortheirschoolbusasusual.They
waitedforhalfanhourbutthebusdidn'tcome.Thetwobrotherswere
startingtogetworried.Theydidnotwanttobelateforschool.
HowdidDanielandPeterfeelwhentheirschoolbusdidn'tcome?
A.Angry.B.Excited.C.Lonely.D.Worried.
解題思路
根據(jù)題干中的feel和"whentheirschoolbusdidn'tcome"可以定
位到第四、五句"Theywaitedforhalfanhourbutthebusdidn't
come.Thetwobrotherswerestartingtogetworried.",由此可知他們的感
受是“擔(dān)憂的",故選Do
考法2間接信息題
方法
轉(zhuǎn)換相關(guān)信息法:
—5—
Step1閱讀題干,確定關(guān)鍵信息。
Step2在原文中找到相關(guān)句子,然后將原文信息進(jìn)行適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換。注
意選項(xiàng)與原文間的語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換,如同義轉(zhuǎn)換、概念解析、歸納事實(shí)、圖
文轉(zhuǎn)換等。
Step3對(duì)比原文轉(zhuǎn)換后的信息與選項(xiàng),確定答案。
例(2024安徽中考節(jié)選)
Thereareabout8,000millionpeoplelivingonourplanet,butsomeof
themdon'thaveenoughfood.Lastyear,morethan820millionpeople
suffered(遭受)fromhunger.That'ssad.What'smore,itshouldn'tbea
problemsincetheworldwastesabout930milliontonsoffoodeachyear.
Howmanypeoplesufferedfromhungerlastyear?
A.Over820million.
B.About930million.
C.Over7,180million.
D.About8,000million.
解題思路
根據(jù)題干中的"peoplesufferedfromhunger""lastyear"可定位到
第二句"Lastyear,morethan820millionpeoplesufferedfromhunger."。
morethan與over同義,表示"多于"o故選A。
考法3細(xì)節(jié)排序題
方法
-6-
首尾定位法
Step1找出第一個(gè)動(dòng)作和最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作,縮小選擇范圍。
Step2對(duì)比縮小范圍后的選項(xiàng),找出其區(qū)別,然后在文中尋找相關(guān)
內(nèi)容;根據(jù)文章發(fā)展脈絡(luò),結(jié)合表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的連詞或副詞判斷事件
發(fā)展的先后順序。
Step3選出正確的順序后與原文進(jìn)行對(duì)比、復(fù)查,從而確定正確答
案。
例(2024云南中考)
Natureisamazing!Takeacloselookattheworldofinsects(昆蟲),
andyou'lldiscovermanyunbelievablethings.Considerbutterflies,for
example.Theyhavebeautiful,colorfulwings,andstrong,fantasticflying
skills.Onsummerdays,youalwaysseethemflyingfreelyoverflower
gardensandwildfields.
But,didyouknowhowbutterfliesbecometheflyinginsects?It'sone
oftheamazingwondersofnature.Inthebeginning,femalebutterflieslaya
smallandcolorfuleggonaleaforstem(莖)ofaplant.
It'shardtobelievethattheeggwillbecomesomethingcompletely
differentinafewdays.Itbecomesawalkinginsect.Thisinsectiscalled
caterpillar.Itnowhaslegs,eyesandalargebody.Anewlifehasbegun.The
caterpillarcaneat,walkandsee.Butitisstillnotabutterfly.
Soon,aftergrowingbig,thecaterpillarmakesacoverforitself.lt
coversitselfintheniceprotectiveblanket(保護(hù)層)andgoestosleep.
—7—
Thisstageisknownasthe"pupa(蛹)"stage.
Afteraperiodoftime,theblanketbreaksandawet,weakbutterfly
appears.ltnowhassixlegs,amouth,eyesandwings.Shortly,thewingsfill
withblood,andthebeautiful,colorfulbutterflyspreadsitswingsandflies
away.
Afterafewweeks,thisadultbutterflylayshereggs,andthecycle
beginsalloveragain.
Thisisjustoneexampleofthewondersofnature.Lookaroundthe
naturalworld,andyouwilllearnmanytrulyamazingthings.
Whatistherightorderofthedevelopmentprocess(發(fā)育過程)ofa
butterfly?
?Itbecomesapupa.
②Itbecomesawalkinginsect.
③Femalebutterflieslayanegg.
@Itspreadswingsandfliesaway.
A.①一②—③一④
B.①7②一④T③C.③T②7①T④
D.③—>(2)—>①
解題思路根據(jù)第二段最后一句中"Inthebeginning,female
butterflieslayasmallandcolorfuleg"可知,③為第一個(gè)步驟,可排除選
項(xiàng)A、B,再根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中"thebeautiful,colorfulbutterflyspreads
itswingsandfliesaway"可知④為最后一個(gè)步驟,可排除選項(xiàng)D,故
——8——
考點(diǎn)②推理判斷題高頻
推理判斷題著重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力,即要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章
的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理、判斷。此類試題難度較大,涉及面較廣,如推
斷人物的性格、心理、故事的結(jié)尾、故事的寓意、文章的出處、文章
的體裁、作者的傾向和態(tài)度等。
做題時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容,在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含
意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁,透過字里行間去體會(huì)作者
的“弦外之音”,力求從作者的角度出發(fā),不要固守自己的看法或觀點(diǎn)。
推理判斷題的設(shè)問方式一般有:
1.針對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷
①Whatcanweinferfromthe...paragraph?
②Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothe
passage?
③Whichofthefollowingstatementdoesthepassagesupport?
@Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?
2.推斷作者/人物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、感情色彩、語(yǔ)氣、傾向、性格/品
質(zhì)特點(diǎn)等
①Howdid...feelwhen...?
②Howdidsb.'sfeelingschange?
③Whichword(s)canbestdescribe...?
——9——
@Theauthorwritesthetextprobablyinatone(語(yǔ)氣).
@Whatisthewriter'sopinion/attitude(態(tài)度)towardsthetopic?
3.推斷文章后續(xù)發(fā)展(新考法)
?Whatdoyouthinkhappenedlateraccordingtothestory?
②Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthefollowingparagraph?
③Whatwillthewritertalkaboutinthenextparagraph?
4.推斷文章出處或讀者對(duì)象
?Wheredoyouprobablyreadthepassage?
②Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?
③Inwhichpartofanewspapercanwereadthepassage?
@Whoisthetextwrittenfor?
⑤Whomightbeveryinterestedinthepassage?
5.推斷寫作意圖
?The(writer'smain)purposeofwritingthispassageisto.
②Theauthorwrotethearticlemainlyto.
③Thepassagemainlyhelpsusto.
@Thepassageiswrittento.
@Whatisthewriter'spurposeof7inwritingthispassage/thetext?
@What'sthepurposeofthetext/materialabove?
考法1針對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷
方法
—10—
Stepl確定題干關(guān)鍵詞,對(duì)照關(guān)鍵詞在文中定位相關(guān)線索;
Step2抓住原文關(guān)鍵信息,以全文/段主旨和中心為依據(jù),仔細(xì)推
敲其內(nèi)在含義。
。注意
①若某一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思與原文一致,屬于同義替換,則為正確選
項(xiàng);②若某選項(xiàng)表達(dá)內(nèi)容與經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合,而文中并未涉及,則屬于錯(cuò)
誤選項(xiàng);③與原文相?;蛘咔馕囊?,也非正確選項(xiàng)。
例(2024山東日照中考節(jié)選)
SincewecannotavoidChatGPTandotherAl-poweredappsfrom
enteringthefieldofeducation,weshouldmakeeffortstomakesurethey
haveapositiveimpact(積極影響)onsocietyandthefutureofeducation.AI
helpstomakelearningmuchmoreinterestingandenjoyable,buthumans
needtoworkveryhardtowintheracewithtechnology.
Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?
A.AIappsstillhavealongwaytogo.
B.Humanswillbeleftbehindbytechnology.
C.ThefutureofeducationdependsonAIapps.
D.AImustbemadegooduseofineducation.
解題思路由題干中的lastparagraph定位到文章最后一段。根據(jù)第
一句中"weshouldmakeeffortstomakesuretheyhaveapositiveimpact
onsocietyandthefutureofeducation"可推知,在教育中必須確保人工智
能發(fā)揮積極影響。D選項(xiàng)與該句意思一致,故選D。
—11—
考法2推斷作者/人物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)、感情色彩、語(yǔ)氣、傾向、性格/
品質(zhì)特點(diǎn)等
方法
做題時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下4點(diǎn):
①看清楚題干中提問的是作者還是文中人物對(duì)某件事的態(tài)度,再
定位關(guān)鍵信息并進(jìn)行分析;
②利用文中描寫環(huán)境或表達(dá)感情色彩、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)或句子推
斷作者/人物的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度;
③利用文中相關(guān)人物的話語(yǔ)或行為判斷其觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度;
④切勿用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)。
表達(dá)情感的形容詞:pleased高興的,regretful后悔的,nervous緊
張的,hopeful充滿希望的,proud自豪的,thankful感激的,surprised
驚訝的,sorry歉疚的,excited興奮的,afraid害怕的,worried擔(dān)心的,
upset沮喪的,angry生氣的,interested感興趣的,bored厭倦的,troubled
煩惱的,shocked震驚的,lucky幸運(yùn)的,enjoyable愉快的,tired疲憊
的,painful痛苦的,embarrassed尷尬的
表達(dá)人物性格/品質(zhì)特點(diǎn)的形容詞:humorous幽默的,serious嚴(yán)肅
的,gentle溫柔的,brave勇敢的,outstanding外向的,honest誠(chéng)實(shí)的,
independent獨(dú)立的,wise明智的,active積極的,patient有耐心的,polite
有禮貌的,energetic有活力的,creative有創(chuàng)意的,calm冷靜的,strict
嚴(yán)格的
表達(dá)態(tài)度的形容詞:positive肯定的、積極的,supportive支持的,
-12-
optimistic樂觀的,confident自信的,negative否定的、消極的,passive
消極的,doubtful懷疑的,objective客觀的,neutral中立的,indifferent
不關(guān)心的
例(2024江西中考)
ABrightIdea
EvansWadongowasfromavillageofAfrica.Hehadtodohomework
bythelightofakerosenelamp(煤油燈).Evans'eyeshurtandthismade
studyingdifficult.ltwascommoninhisvillage.Manychildrenleftschool
forthisreason..sotheyremainedpoorfortherestoftheirlives.
Althoughstudyingwasdifficult,Evanswasanexcellentstudentand
wenttoauniversity.Hecontinuedtoworryaboutthekerosenelamp.Bythis
time,herealizeditwasnotjustbadforschoolchildrenbutforthewhole
family.First,itcancauseillnessessuchascoughs.Also,thelightcanhurt
people'seyes.Besides,itcanleadtofires.Lastly,keroseneisexpensive,
sofamilieshavelessmoneyforfood.ltwasdifficulttocomeupwitha
differentkindoflampthatwascheapandgoodfortheenvironment.Yet
Evansdidnotgiveup.
Oneday,hehadanidea.Hecoulduseasmallsolar(太陽(yáng)能的)
light.Sunlightisfreeandsolarpowerisgoodfortheenvironment.Evans
builthisfirstsolarlamp,anditworked.Hebegantobuildmorelampsand
sentthemtolocalfamilies.Anorganizationheardaboutthisandprovided
moneyforhimtobuildmoresolarlamps.
-13-
Eachlamponlycost$20,However,thiswasalotofmoneytomany
villagers,whoonlyearnedaround$34aweek,soEvansmadesurehekept
thecostdown.First,Evansusedrecycledmaterials.Next,volunteersbuilt
thelamps.Finally,peoplefrommanycountriesgaveawaymoneytohis
team,sothelampswereusuallyfree.
Thousandsofpeoplehadsafelight.Julia,amotherofthree,said,
"ThankstoEvans,mychildrenhavelighttoread,andIhavemyownlight
tocook."Thesolarlampsmadeabigdifference.
WhatisEvanslikeaccordingtothepassage?
A.Polite,talentedandhumorous.
B.Quiet,smartandhonest.
C.Humorous,cleverandfriendly.
D.Hard-working,lovingandcreative.
解題思路
推斷品質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。題干問的是Evans的特點(diǎn)。由第二段第一句可知,
Evans學(xué)習(xí)很勤奮;由Evans想盡辦法降低太陽(yáng)能燈的價(jià)格,想讓多數(shù)
村民都用得起可知,他很有愛心;由Evans發(fā)明太陽(yáng)能燈可知,他很有
創(chuàng)造力,故選D。
考法3推斷文章后續(xù)發(fā)展(新考法)
方法
Stepl閱讀全文,把握文章的主旨大意,梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu),推斷作者
—14—
的思路;
Step2仔細(xì)閱讀文中需續(xù)寫部分前面的句子,找出提示后文發(fā)展的
語(yǔ)句,然后順著文章情節(jié)發(fā)展或邏輯順序做出準(zhǔn)確推斷;
Step3結(jié)合備選項(xiàng),選出正確答案。
例(2024浙江寧波中考節(jié)選)
Aswebeganourtask,Mr.JohnsonturnedontheCDplayer.Thelively
musicmadetheroomfeellikeaparty.Someofusstartedsingingalongwith
themusic,othersweredancingaroundtheirdeskswhiletheywerecleaning
themout.EvenMr.Johnsonshowedusafewdancesteps,making
everyonelaughheartily.Afterwefinishedcleaning,someoneasked,
"Whenisbreaktime?"Mr.Johnsontookoutsomeballsandstartedplaying
withthem.Suddenly,helettheballsdropandsaid,"Breaktimestarts..now!
I!
Justaswewereabouttorushout,ourheadmaster,Mrs.Miller,
appearedatthedoor."Mr.Johnson!"shecriedout.Amomentofsilence
fellovertheroomaswethought,"Mr.Johnsonmightbein
trouble."However,tooursurprise,Mrs.Millercouldn'thelpbutlaughatthe
sightandleftustoenjoyourbreak.
Duringbreaktime,Mr.Johnsonsurpriseduswithanothertreat.He
wenttothecafeandcamebackwithicecreamsforeveryone.Weall
cheeredforhim!
Aswewalkedbacktotheclassroom,wepassedMrs.Miller's
—15—
office.Someonejoked,"Don'tplaywiththeicecreams,Mr.Johnson!"
Wealllaughedtogether...
Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyhappenedattheendofthe
story?
A.Thestudentswentbackhomehappily.
B.Mr.Johnsonbecameangrywiththestudents.
C.Thestudentsstillhadareadingtest.
D.Mrs.Millercameoutrunningafterthestudents.
解題思路
根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知,這一天大家在學(xué)校里度過了愉快的時(shí)光。由
文章最后"Wealllaughedtogether.可知,學(xué)生們都很開心,因此A選
項(xiàng)”學(xué)生們開開心心地回家。”符合語(yǔ)境,故選A。
考法4推斷文章出處或讀者對(duì)象
方法
1.推斷文章出處:結(jié)合選項(xiàng)所涉及的各類文體的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)及文章主
要內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推斷。
newspaper/newsreport:時(shí)效性強(qiáng)
advertisement/ad:產(chǎn)品、電影、演出等的介紹
travelguide:旅游景點(diǎn)介紹
sciencereport/studyreport:科普知識(shí)、研究結(jié)果介紹
letter/e-mail:有特定的書信/郵件格式
—16—
poem:有明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)和韻律
diary:有寫作日期、天氣等,記錄事件或感受
magazine:內(nèi)容豐富、專題性強(qiáng),文章通常為某一專題
website:文章中有click、online>web、website等詞或網(wǎng)址
2.推斷文章讀者對(duì)象:注意表達(dá)中出現(xiàn)的人物關(guān)系描述;由your....
確定文章讀者,常見讀者有teachers、students、parents、teenagers、
neighbors、customers等。
例(2023江蘇連云港中考)
Manyofushaveseenrainbowsintheskyoncethesunstartsshining
againafteritrains.Forustoseearainbow,theconditionsneedtobejust
right.Weneedsomewaterdropsintheair,likerainorevenfog,andwe
needthesuntobebehindusandquitelowtotheground.Thisisbecausea
rainbowiscreatedbylightpassingthroughwaterdrops.
Thelightthatcomesfromthesunseemswhitetous.Butthewhite
lightweseeismadeupofamixofdifferentcolors.Whenthelightgoes
througharaindrop,thesecolorscanseparateout.
Eachofthecolorsintherainbowhasadifferent"wavelength”(波
長(zhǎng)).Raindropslooklikelittleballs.Whenlighthitsoneoftheselittleballs
ofwater,thelightcanchangedirection.Wecallthis"refraction"(折
射).Eachofthedifferentwavelengthsisrefracteddifferently.Ifthelight
hitstheraindropattherightplace,therefractionseparatesthewavelengths
outintotheirdifferentcolors.
—17—
Wearetaughttherearesevencolors:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,
indigoandviolet.Butthisisn'texactlytrue.Blueandgreenarenexttoeach
otherintherainbow,whichiswhywecanseeturquoise(amixofblueand
green).Brownisamixofredandgreen.Buttheyaren'tnexttoeachother
intherainbow,sowedon'tseethemmixtomakebrown.
Wewouldneverseeblackandwhiteinarainbow.Blackiswhatwesee
whenthere'snolightatall.Ontheotherhand,whiteisamixofallthe
colorstogether.Whenlightisrefractedbyraindrops,itseparatesthewhite
lightout,meaningitisnolongerwhite.
Whichpartofamagazinemaythispassagebetakenfrom?
A.Science.B.Health.C.Culture.D.Fashion.
解題思路根據(jù)全文可知,本文主要介紹了彩虹的相關(guān)科學(xué)知識(shí),
所以文章應(yīng)該來(lái)自雜志的科學(xué)部分,故選A。
考法5推斷寫作意圖
方法
1.分析文體特點(diǎn)
①記敘文:totellastory/toshareanexperience/toentertainreaders;
②說明文:tointroduce/toexplainathing;
③議論文:toargue/toprove/toshowapoint;
④應(yīng)用文:tosellaproduct/toattractvisitors/topersuadereaders。
2.解讀寫作手法
—18-
①提出問題/介紹與主題有關(guān)的事物,答案一般含有tobring
in/introduce等詞;
②舉例或引用某人的話,答案一般含有tosupport/show等詞。
3.尋找寫作主旨
一般需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章的首尾段和各段的首尾句,找到主題句,抓
住文章主旨,然后由主旨來(lái)推斷寫作目的。
例(2024湖南長(zhǎng)沙中考)
Itiscommonlybelievedthatchildrenaretooyoungtofullyappreciate
(理解)theexperienceandknowledgeoftheirelders,whilemanythink
thatoldpeopledon'tunderstandtheyoung.Butactually(事實(shí)上),both
groupshavealottolearnfromeachother.
JamesSmithrunstheSmith'sCareHomeinmycity.Itismainlyan
organization(機(jī)構(gòu))forservingtheelderly.Butnotallofitsvisitorsare
oldpeople.Thehomealsoincludesachildcarecenterforpre-school
kids.Thereisaplaygroundinthecarehome,wheretheelderlycanplay
withthekids.Inthisway,theycanlearnmoreabouteachother,andrespect
(尊重)andunderstandoneanother.
Isupposethisisquiteaninterestingidea.Foronething,weliveina
worldwheretherearemoreandmoreoldpeople.Theworldisfacingthis
problemanditspopulationages.Itwillbeimportantforyoungpeopletobe
abletounderstandandcarefortheelderlyinthecomingyears.
Regretfully,myowngrandparentsweren'taroundwhenIwaslittle,
—19-
astheyhadalreadypassedaway.Inevergottolearnwhattheworldwas
likethroughtheireyes,orwhatkindsofproblemstheymighthavefaced
whentheyweremyage.Tome,theirliveswillalwaysbeamystery-hard
tounderstandorexplain.
However,IthinkIcanstilllearnfromotherpeopleofolder
generations(輩).Imightfindsomeoftheirideasoutofdate,andthey
mightbelievethatmygeneration'swayofthinkingisstrangeor
incorrect.Butwecanstilllearnfromeachotheranyway.
Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?
A.Toexplainwhytheworld'spopulationages.
B.Toencouragedifferentgenerationstolearnfromeachother.
C.Toshowthatoldergenerations'waysofthinkingareincorrect.
解題思路
由第一段最后一句"Butactually,bothgroupshavealottolearn
fromeachother."及最后一段最后一句"Butwecanstilllearnfromeach
otheranyway."可知,本文的主要目的是鼓勵(lì)各代人之間互相學(xué)習(xí)。故
選B。
考點(diǎn)③詞義猜測(cè)題高頻
常見的設(shè)題方式有:
①Theunderlinedwordinthe...paragraphmeans/refersto?
?Accordingtothepassage,...probablymeans?
-20-
③Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlined
word?
@What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?
方法1
根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義:
①下定義:be、mean、referto>becalled/named>namely>thatis>
beconsidered等詞/短語(yǔ)后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面的注解性說明,相當(dāng)于對(duì)
前面的詞語(yǔ)下定義;
②同位語(yǔ)/同位語(yǔ)從句:同位語(yǔ)(從句)是對(duì)其前內(nèi)容的解釋說明;
③定語(yǔ)從句(尤其注意which/who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句);
④標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):注意破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容以及引號(hào)或括號(hào)
中的內(nèi)容;
例(2022湖南長(zhǎng)沙中考節(jié)選)
(Para.2)However,theseenjoyablephotosandvideoshidethe
damage(損害)thattheonlinetradeisdoingtootters(水獺).Infact,
wildottersarefacingmanythreats-theyhavelongbeenhunted(獵殺)for
theircoats;insomeplaces,fishermenhavebeenkillingottersinorderto
stopthemfromeatingfish;andnow,theonlinepettradehasbecome
anotherbigproblemforotters.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"threats
"meaninParagraph2?
A.機(jī)遇B.威脅C.選擇
解題思路
-21-
破折號(hào)的功能之一是解釋說明,故畫線詞與下文"theyhavelong
been..forotters"表達(dá)的意思相同,即"威脅",故選B。
方法2
根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義。舉例常用語(yǔ)有forexample、forinstance>such
as、like、including等,有時(shí)不會(huì)直接出現(xiàn)舉例常用語(yǔ),這時(shí)候要注
意判斷畫線詞后的句子是否為例子。
例(2024湖北武漢中考節(jié)選)
(Para.2)★.Whenhewasaround4or5,healwayslovedto
watchdifferentinsects,especiallybeautifulswallowtails(鳳蝶).One
interestingfacthelearnedaboutswallowtailswasthattheirbrightcolors
warnedhungryanimalsthattheytastedbad.Anditwasalsofuntowatch
howtheycameintobeing.Butthereasonhereallyfellinlovewiththem
wasthattheywereveryaccessible.Forexample,ifyouwantedtoattract
(吸弓I)swallowtails,youplantedsomezinnias,akindofbrightflower.
Theunderlinedword"accessible"inparagraph2means"
A.dangeroustofeedB.easytogetcloseto
C.hardtoraiseD.safetoreach
解題思路由畫線詞后的Forexample可知,后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)畫線詞
的舉例說明。"ifyouwantedtoattractswallowtails,youplantedsome
zinnias..."說明鳳蝶是"容易接近的故選B。
方法3
根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。表因果關(guān)系的常用語(yǔ)有because,since.
-22-
for、so、sothat等。
例(2024湖南懷化中考節(jié)選)
(Para.2)ButHenryleavesAntarctica.Atfirst,heissohappybecause
thewaterisstillcoldandeverythingoutsideofAntarcticaisdifferentand
beautiful.Buthedoesn'tknowhismotherisfollowinghim.Asheswims
fartheraway,hefindsthatthewateriswarmerandwarmer.Andhefeels
exhausted,sohehastostophistrip.Heisafraidanddoesn'tknowwhatto
do.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword"exhausted"mean?
A.疲勞的B.興奮的C.羞愧的
解題思路根據(jù)本段中"Asheswimsfartheraway,hefindsthatthe
wateriswarmerandwarmer."可知,它游至了很遠(yuǎn)的地方,結(jié)合后面的
"sohehastostophistrip"可知,它應(yīng)是感到疲憊不堪,所以才不得不停
止旅行。故選A。
方法4
根據(jù)并列/同義/近義或反義等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。具體方法如下:
表并列/同義/近義:①注意由and、or連接的詞組,如happyand
delighted,通過happy可猜測(cè)delighted意為"愉快的②注意在進(jìn)
一步解釋的過程中使用的同義或近義詞。
表反義:①注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞,如but、while,
however等;②注意與not搭配的或表否定意義的短語(yǔ)。
例1(2024廣東廣州中考節(jié)選)
-23-
(Para.2)ForMary,shewantstomakesurethathernewrobotdoesn't
looktoomuchlikeahuman.Shewantspeopletojusttreatitasa
machine-person.Ifitlooksmorelikeahumanthanamachine,shethinks
usersmightfinditabitcreepyandfeelafraid.Maryalsobelievesthatrobot
facesdon'tneedtolookalotlikeours.Herresearchshowsthatwecan
enjoycommunicatingwithrobotswhetherornottheylooklikehumans,
becauseourbrainsareabletolookforfaces.Justputtwocirclesontopofa
robot'sbody,andwewillseeaface.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword"creepy"meaninparagraph2?
A.Uncomfortabletolookat.
B.Impossibletotouch.
C.Boringtotalkto.
D.Difficulttounderstand.
解題思路
根據(jù)并列關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。根據(jù)畫線詞后面的andfeelafraid可推知,
creepy的意思應(yīng)與"讓人害怕的"相近,選項(xiàng)A"看起來(lái)不適"符合語(yǔ)
境,故選Ao
例2(2024四川成都中考節(jié)選)
GroupA:
Weliveinafast-developingworldandusingsnailmailis
unnecessary.Makingpaperuseslotsofenergyandsomecardsarehardto
recycle.It'sbadfortheenvironment.What5smore,cardsareexpensiveto
—24—
buyandsoisposting.Nowadays,weusuallyuseourphonesandcomputers
becausetheyarequick,easyandfree.Traditionalcardsandlettersareoutof
date.Theyarenotyoungpeople'scupoftea.It'snosurprisethatmostof
themendupaslitter.
Whichpicturecanshowthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordsnail?
解題思路根據(jù)反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。根據(jù)畫線詞前面的"Weliveina
fast-developingworld"可知我們生活在一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的世界,由
unnecessary判斷畫線詞表示的含義與"快速發(fā)展"相反,三幅圖片中蝸
牛移動(dòng)速度很慢,符合題意,故選A。
方法5
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。主要分為兩類:
①派生法:在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞,
通過詞根及前綴或后綴的意義,就可猜出新單詞的意思。
②合成法:兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的單詞合成一個(gè)新單詞,通過每
個(gè)獨(dú)立單詞的詞義,就可猜出新單詞的意思。
例(2024重慶中考A節(jié)選)
(Para.5)UptillnowtheKinghadbeentalkinginatiresomeway,
whichmadeitquiteclearthathewasn'treallyinterestedinwhattheywere
saying,buthesuddenlygaveCaspianasharp(銳利的)look.
-25-
Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tiresome"inParagraph5mean?
A.Fantastic.
B.Boring.
C.Funny.
D.Wrong.
解題思路
tirev.厭煩,厭倦;-some為形容詞后綴,意為"引起(或易于)...
的",由此可猜測(cè)tiresome表示"令人厭煩的",與boring同義,故選
Bo
方法6
根據(jù)生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。在閱讀有關(guān)日常生活或大家比較熟悉的
事物的文章時(shí),我們可以利用科普知識(shí)和生活常識(shí)等來(lái)推測(cè)有些生詞
的含義。
例(2024河南中考節(jié)選)
Hereishowbicycle-poweredenergyworksWhenastudentpedalsthe
bike,thebackwheelspins.Thewheelspinsthegenerator.Thegenerator
produceselectricity.Aslongasastudentpedalsthebicycle,electricity
movesthroughthegenerator.Theelectricitycanbeusedrightaway.This
energycanalsobestoredandusedlater.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword"spins"meaninthetext?
A.Fallsdownsuddenly.
B.Breaksupcompletely.
-26-
C.Movesupanddownslowly.
D.Turnsroundandroundquickly.
解題思路畫線詞所在句"Whenastudentpedalsthebike,theback
wheel...”意為"當(dāng)一個(gè)學(xué)生踩自行車踏板,后輪……%根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可
推測(cè),畫線詞的意思為“快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)”。故選D。
考點(diǎn)④主旨大意題高頻
文章/段落大意類試題要求考生在閱讀和理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文
章段落或全文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納、概括或評(píng)價(jià)。解答這類題目時(shí),不能只
憑文中的只言片語(yǔ)就斷章取義。主旨大意題的設(shè)問方式一般有:
?Whatdoesthetext/Paragraph...mainlytellus?
(DWhat'sthemainideaofthetext/Paragraph...?
③Whatdoesthetext/Paragraph...explain?
@Whatlessondoesthetextteach?
?Whichofthefollowingquestionsisansweredinthepassage?
方法
找主題句。主題句常見的位置如下:
①主題句出現(xiàn)在文/段首。第一句點(diǎn)明主題,隨后用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、
論證或發(fā)展主題思想。
②主題句出現(xiàn)在文/段尾。文章/段落先闡述細(xì)節(jié),然后歸納要點(diǎn),
最后得出結(jié)論,概括主題。
③主題句隱含在全文/全段當(dāng)中,沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的
-27-
文章,要根據(jù)文章/段落的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析,概括出文章/段落的主題。
。注意
主旨大意題容易出現(xiàn)以下幾種錯(cuò)誤:
1.以偏概全:只抓住了主題的一個(gè)方面就誤以為是主題。
2.過于籠統(tǒng):歸納的主題太寬泛,與細(xì)節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以
充分論證。
3.主觀臆斷:讀者根據(jù)自己的想法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的
見解。
4.放大或縮小文章的主題。
例1(2024安徽中考節(jié)選)
(Para.2)Althoughfarmingwasnewtohim,Gilltookthechallenge
andhisexperienceshelpedhimwritehisbookAceandtheAnimal
Heroes.ThestoryfollowsAce,whoselifechangesgreatlywhenhemoves
tothecountryside.Aftertryingonapairofmagicalwellies(長(zhǎng)筒靴),Ace
realizeshecanspeaktotheanimals,whomakeuptheirmindstoprotect
thefarm.
What'sparagraph2mainlyabout?
A.Gill'sfarm.B.Gill'sfamily.
C.Gill'sbook.D.Gill'sanimals.
解題思路
主題句在段首。"Althoughfarmingwasnewtohim,Gilltookthe
challengeandhisexperienceshelpedhimwritehisbookAceandthe
—28-
AnimalHeroes."為本段主題句,由此可知,本段主要講Gill的書。故
選C。
例2(2024江蘇揚(yáng)州中考節(jié)選)
(Para.1)Chinahasmadegreatachievementsinbiodiversity
protection.Buildinganationalparksystemisoneofthegreatestjobsthat
Chinahasdonesofar.InOctober2021,China'sfirstfivenationalparks
weredesignated(認(rèn)定).Theyarehometonearly30%oftheearth'skey
wildlifespecies(物種)foundinChina,coveringaprotectedlandareaof
230,000squarekilometers.Thistablewillinformy
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