上海海洋大學(xué)單招《英語》自我提分評(píng)估考試時(shí)間：90分鐘；命題人：教研組考生注意：1、本卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分，滿分100分，考試時(shí)間90分鐘2、答卷前，考生務(wù)必用0.5毫米黑色簽字筆將自己的姓名、班級(jí)填寫在試卷規(guī)定位置上3、答案必須寫在試卷各個(gè)題目指定區(qū)域內(nèi)相應(yīng)的位置，如需改動(dòng)，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案；不準(zhǔn)使用涂改液、膠帶紙、修正帶，不按以上要求作答的答案無效。第I卷（選擇題60分）一、單選題（20小題，每小題3分，共計(jì)60分）1、Intheolddayshisgrandfather（）sixteenhoursaday,buthestillcouldn't（）hisfamily.A.wasmadework;besupportedB.wasmadetowork;supportC.madetowork;besupportedD.madetobeworking;besupported答案:B解析:這道題考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)和動(dòng)詞用法。在英語中，make在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中要還原to，所以“被迫工作”是bemadetowork?！梆B(yǎng)活家人”用support，主語是hisgrandfather，要用主動(dòng)形式。A選項(xiàng)besupported錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)made形式錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)madetobeworking錯(cuò)誤。綜合來看，答案選B。2、She,butnotI,（）electedmonitor.A.isB.amC.areD.be答案:A解析:這道題考查主謂一致。在英語語法中，當(dāng)主語是“she，notI”時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要與最靠近的主語保持一致，即she。she是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以要用is。A選項(xiàng)符合語法規(guī)則，B選項(xiàng)am用于I之后，C選項(xiàng)are用于復(fù)數(shù)主語，D選項(xiàng)be是動(dòng)詞原形，均不符合此句的語法要求。3、Notallpeopleliketoworkbuteveryonelikestoplay.Allovertheworldmenandwomen,boysandgirlsenjoy（1）.Sincethedaysoflongago,adultsandchildrenhavecalledtheirfriendstogethertospend（2）evendaysplayinggames.Sportshelppeopletolive（3）.Theyhelptokeeppeoplehealthyandfeelinggood.Whentheyareplayinggames,people（4）alot.Thisisgoodfortheirhealth.Having（5）withtheirfriendsmakesthemhappy.Manypeopleenjoysportsbywatchingothers（6）.Insmalltowns,crowdsmeettowatchthebicycleracesorthesoccergames.Inbigcities,thousands（7）toseeanice-skatingshoworabaseballgame.Whatareyourfavoritesports?Istheweather（8）whereyoulive?Thenswimmingisprobablyoneofyoursports.BoysandgirlsinChinaloveto（9）.Therearewonderfulbeachesandtherearebeautiful（10）andlakesacrossthecountry.Theweatherisalsogoodforswimming.

第(5)選（）A.funB.jokesC.dinnerD.lessons答案:A解析:根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，文章主要講述了全世界的人都喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲，運(yùn)動(dòng)有助于身體健康和心情愉悅，和朋友一起玩樂能使人開心。在第（5）空中，需要填入一個(gè)名詞，與“having”搭配，表示和朋友一起進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)A“fun”意為樂趣，符合語境，表示和朋友一起玩樂能帶來樂趣。而選項(xiàng)B“jokes”意為玩笑，C“dinner”意為晚餐，D“l(fā)essons”意為課程，均不符合語境。4、BuddyisbeinglookedonasaheroonFridayafter（1）hisowner'slifeby（2）thesleepingman（3）afire.ThecatgavesomeofhisownninelivestohisownerwhenafirestartedintheirhouseinTorontoonThursday.Thecat（4）onthemanandmoved（5）enoughtowakehimup.The75-year-oldman,wholiveswithBuddy,isbeingtreatedin（6）forburnstohisfaceandhands.“He's（7）ahero.（8）hehadn'twokenhimup,hecouldhave（9）thatfire,”saidKellyHand,whohasbeenlookingafterBuddyataTorontoanimalhospital.“Thisis（10）foreat.Itwouldbemorelikelythatadogwoulddo（11）likethis.Buddy（12）theanimalhospital（13）singedfurand（14）inblacksoot.Heisnowtakingsome（15）andwillbewellsoon,”saidHand.

第(9)選（）A.hurtB.diedC.savedD.kept答案:B解析:根據(jù)語境，“hecouldhave（9）thatfire”表達(dá)的是如果沒有Buddy叫醒他，他可能會(huì)在火災(zāi)中遭遇不幸。選項(xiàng)B“died”表示死亡，符合語境，即如果沒有被及時(shí)叫醒，他可能會(huì)喪生于火災(zāi)中。其他選項(xiàng)如“hurt”表示受傷，“saved”表示被救，“kept”表示保持，均不符合此語境。5、ChinesescientistsareagainbecomingexcitedaboutthefactthatalargehairyanimalmayliveincentralChina.Nowtheyhopeitwon'tbetoolongbeforetheyareableto（1）itsexistence.Theirconfidenceisthe（2）ofanewdiscoveryofthemysteryanimalinHubeiProvince.TenChinese（3）,enjoyingaholidayinaNationalForestPark,weredrivingdownaroad.Astheirbusturnedacorner,themenweresuddenly（4）bywhattheysaw.Three（5）animals,coveredwithlongdarkhair,werecrossingtheroad.Onseeingtheanimals,theengineersimmediatelystoppedand（6）them.（7）,whentheysawhowtheanimalsmovedthroughtheforestwithgreat（8）andstrength,theydidnotdaretofollowanyfurther.Themendidnottakeany（9）.However,scientistsare（10）bythediscovery,becausetheengineerswereallveryeducatedpeopleandscientistsfeeltheycan（11）whattheydescribed.Afterthediscovery,scientistsreturnedtotheforestand（12）somehairandmeasuredfootprints,about20inchesappearstobethelengthoftheanimal'sfoot'sChinesescientistshavenowsetupaspecialgrouptoexchangeinformationandmakea（13）fortheforest.Butinthemeantime,somepeople（14）tobelievethatthishalf-man,half-monkeyexists.Theywillnotbelievethatitis（15）untiloneoftheanimalshasbeencaught.

第(14)選（）A.comeB.refuseC.preferD.have答案:B解析:原文中提到“somepeople（14）tobelievethatthishalf-man,half-monkeyexists”，根據(jù)語境理解，這里需要填入一個(gè)表示“拒絕”的動(dòng)詞。選項(xiàng)B“refuse”意為拒絕，符合原文描述，表示一些人拒絕相信這種半人半猴的存在。6、Justinknewtherewasonlyonewayoutofhisneighborhood—basketball.Sohe（1）hard,runningwiththeballlikethe（2）dogswerechasing(追逐)him.Hecoulddefeatanyoftheguysatthe（3）andhesawhiswayoutandheranforit.OnedaywhenJustinwasplayingbasketball,he（4）hisrightkneebadly.Thedoctorsaidhemightneverplay（5）.Justinwasextremelysad.EverydayJustinjust（6）inbed,watchingTVandeatingpotatochips.Whenhe（7）likeaballoon,hissistercamehomefromtheuniversityonholiday,bringingexciting（8）ofafarawaylandcalledcollege.Justinwas（9）bythedormstoriesandcampus（10）thatshetold,buthecould（11）believeanyofthem.Itwasasifsheweretellinghimaboutsome（12）landhighabovetheclouds.Justinwasapretty（13）guy,buthissisterhadawayof（14）himtodothingsthatnobodyelsecould.Sowhileshewashomeduringthe（15）,theystudiedtogether,andtheytalked,andtheyworked,andJustinfelt（16）thanheeverhadbefore.Afterspendingthose（17）withhissister,Justinrealizedthathedidn'twanttofeelbadforhimselfanymore,andhedidn'twanttoquit.Basketball（18）behisthing,butnowtherewasonly（19）.UsingthestudyskillsJustinhadacquiredfromhissister,hescored（20）ineveryexam.Theuniversitythatheappliedtoacceptedhim.

第18空填（）。A.usedtoB.oughttoC.hadtoD.gotto答案:A解析:“usedto”表示過去常常做某事，但現(xiàn)在不再做了。在此句中，籃球曾是Justin走出困境的唯一途徑，但由于膝傷他可能無法再打籃球，所以“usedto”準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了這種過去的情況與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比。其他選項(xiàng)“boughtto”“hadto”“gotto”在此語境下均不符合，前者表示購(gòu)買，中間表示不得不，后者表示到達(dá)或必須，都不能準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)曾經(jīng)常常做但現(xiàn)在不做的這種變化。7、Clerk:（1）Madam?Anna:Yes,thankyou.I'dliketobuyasweaterformydaughter.Clerk:（2）Anna:I'mlookingforsomethingtomatchherbrownskirt.Clerk:Here'saprettygreenone.Anna:Butithaslongsleeves.I'dliketobuyashort-sleevedblousewithahighneck.Haveyougotanythinglikethiskind?Clerk:Wehavesome,buttheyareyellow.（3）Anna:Small.Sheisonlyelevenyearsold.Haveyougottherightsize?Clerk:Yes.Hereyouare.Anna:（4）Clerk:It's100yuan.Butthere'sasaleontoday,everythingishalfprice.Anna:Oh,myGod.That'sverycheap.（5）Clerk:Whatelsewouldyoulike?Anna:That'sall.Thankyou!

第（3）空填（）A.I'lltakeit.B.Howmuchisit?C.Whatsizedoesshetake?D.CanIhelpyou?答案:C解析:在對(duì)話中，Anna提到她的女兒只有十一歲，并詢問店員是否有合適的尺寸。因此，店員的回應(yīng)應(yīng)該是詢問Anna女兒的具體尺碼，以便提供合適的衣服。選項(xiàng)C“Whatsizedoesshetake?”正是在詢問尺碼，與對(duì)話內(nèi)容相符。8、ChinesescientistsareagainbecomingexcitedaboutthefactthatalargehairyanimalmayliveincentralChina.Nowtheyhopeitwon'tbetoolongbeforetheyareableto（1）itsexistence.Theirconfidenceisthe（2）ofanewdiscoveryofthemysteryanimalinHubeiProvince.TenChinese（3）,enjoyingaholidayinaNationalForestPark,weredrivingdownaroad.Astheirbusturnedacorner,themenweresuddenly（4）bywhattheysaw.Three（5）animals,coveredwithlongdarkhair,werecrossingtheroad.Onseeingtheanimals,theengineersimmediatelystoppedand（6）them.（7）,whentheysawhowtheanimalsmovedthroughtheforestwithgreat（8）andstrength,theydidnotdaretofollowanyfurther.Themendidnottakeany（9）.However,scientistsare（10）bythediscovery,becausetheengineerswereallveryeducatedpeopleandscientistsfeeltheycan（11）whattheydescribed.Afterthediscovery,scientistsreturnedtotheforestand（12）somehairandmeasuredfootprints,about20inchesappearstobethelengthoftheanimal'sfoot'sChinesescientistshavenowsetupaspecialgrouptoexchangeinformationandmakea（13）fortheforest.Butinthemeantime,somepeople（14）tobelievethatthishalf-man,half-monkeyexists.Theywillnotbelievethatitis（15）untiloneoftheanimalshasbeencaught.

第(9)選（）A.informationB.toolsC.medicinesD.photographs答案:D解析:根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，工程師們?cè)诳吹缴衩貏?dòng)物時(shí)并沒有拍照，而科學(xué)家之所以對(duì)這次發(fā)現(xiàn)感到興奮，是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這些受過教育的工程師能夠準(zhǔn)確描述所見動(dòng)物。由此可以推斷，文中提到的“沒有拍照”對(duì)應(yīng)的就是選項(xiàng)D“photographs（照片）”。9、Lily'sbottleis________.Give________afullone.A.full;hers;B.empty;herC.empty;usD.full;us答案:B解析:這道題考查形容詞和人稱代詞的用法。Lily'sbottle狀態(tài)要么滿要么空，A、D選項(xiàng)中bottle狀態(tài)不一致。C選項(xiàng)中us不符合語境，Give后應(yīng)接賓格her。empty形容瓶子空了，符合邏輯，Giveherafullone給她一個(gè)滿的，符合句子意思，所以選B。10、從下面單詞中找一個(gè)括號(hào)部分讀音不同的單詞。（）A.f(or)mB.(or)angeC.m(or)eD.f(our)teen答案:B解析:這道題考查單詞中“or”的讀音。在英語發(fā)音規(guī)則中，A選項(xiàng)“form”、C選項(xiàng)“more”、D選項(xiàng)“fourteen”中“or”的讀音相同。而B選項(xiàng)“orange”中“or”的讀音與其他三個(gè)不同。所以答案是B選項(xiàng)。11、（）wonderfultimeswelivein!A.HowB.WhatC.ManyD.Too答案:B解析:這道題考查感嘆句的用法。在感嘆句中，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞或副詞?！皌imes”是名詞，所以用what引導(dǎo)。A選項(xiàng)how用于修飾形容詞或副詞；C選項(xiàng)many不符合感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)；D選項(xiàng)too用在此處不合適。綜上所述，答案選B。12、Idon’tknow______hewillcometomorrow.______hecomes,I’lltellyou.A.if;whetherB.whether;whetherC.if;ThatD.if;If答案:D解析:這道題考查賓語從句和條件狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。在賓語從句中，if和whether都有“是否”之意，但if更常用。題中“Idon’tknow______hewillcometomorrow.”是賓語從句，用if更恰當(dāng)。“______hecomes,I’lltellyou.”是條件狀語從句，if表示“如果”，符合語境。所以答案選D。13、Ifyougointotheforestwithfriends,staywiththem.Ifyoudon't,youmaygetlost.Ifyougetlost,thisiswhatyoushoulddo.Sitdownandstaywhereyouare.Don'ttrytofindyourfriends-letthemfindyou.Youcanhelpthemfindyoubystayinginoneplace.Thereisanotherwaytohelpyourfriendsorotherpeopletofindyou.YoucanshoutorwhistlethreetimesStop.Thenshoutorwhistlethreetimesagain.Anysignalgiventhreetimesisacallforhelp.

Keepupshoutingorwhistling.Alwaysthreetimestogether.Whenpeoplehearyou,theywillknowthatyouarenotjustmakinganoiseforfun.Theywillletyouknowthattheyhaveheardyoursignal.Theywillgiveyoutwoshoutsortwowhistles.Whenasignalisgiventwice,itisananswertoacallforhelp.

Ifyoudon'tthinkthatyouwillgethelpbeforenightcomes,trytomakealittlehousewithbranches.Makeyourselfabedwithleavesandgrass.

Whenyouneedsomewater,youhavetoleaveyourlittlebranchhousetolookforit.Don'tjustwalkaway.(Pickoffsmallbranchesanddropthemasyouwalkinordertogobackagaineasily.)Whenyouarelost,themostimportantthingtodoistostayinoneplace.

Ifyoulostintheforest,youshould___.A.try

to

find

your

friendsB.stay

in

one

place

and

give

signalsC.walkaroundtheforestD.shoutasloudlyaspossible答案:B解析:在森林中迷路時(shí)，根據(jù)文中描述，最重要的是待在一個(gè)地方不要移動(dòng)，這樣可以通過喊叫或吹口哨的方式發(fā)出求救信號(hào)，任何信號(hào)重復(fù)三次都代表求救。這種方法有助于朋友或其他人定位并找到迷路者。文中還提到，當(dāng)人們聽到求救信號(hào)時(shí)，他們會(huì)用兩次喊叫或兩次口哨聲來回應(yīng)。因此，迷路時(shí)應(yīng)采取的正確行動(dòng)是待在一個(gè)地方并發(fā)出求救信號(hào)，即選項(xiàng)B“stayinoneplaceandgivesignals”。14、Theshoppingmallnearourschool（）for12hoursaday.It（）at9:00p.m.A.opens;closesB.opens;isclosedC.isopen;isclosedD.isopen;closes答案:D解析:這道題考查“open”和“close”的用法?！癰eopen”表示狀態(tài)，“open”表示動(dòng)作。商場(chǎng)一天開放12小時(shí)是狀態(tài)，用“isopen”；晚上9點(diǎn)關(guān)門是動(dòng)作，用“closes”。A選項(xiàng)“opens”強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，不符合一天的狀態(tài)；B選項(xiàng)“isclosed”表被動(dòng)，不符；C選項(xiàng)第二個(gè)“isclosed”也不合適。所以選D。15、（）wegavehimsomethingtoplay,hewouldgiveittohislittlesister.A.WhateverB.HoweverC.WheneverD.Whichever答案:C解析:這道題考查連詞的用法?！皐hatever”表示“無論什么”；“however”表示“無論如何”；“whenever”表示“無論何時(shí)”；“whichever”表示“無論哪個(gè)”。根據(jù)題意，“wegavehimsomethingtoplay”是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語，“無論何時(shí)我們給他東西玩”，他都會(huì)給妹妹，所以應(yīng)選“whenever”。16、Heissaidtobe（）honestman.A.anB.aC.anyD.very答案:A解析:這道題考查不定冠詞的用法。在英語中，honest發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，不定冠詞要用an。a用于輔音音素開頭的單詞前，any通常用于否定句和疑問句，very修飾形容詞。所以這里要用an來修飾“honestman”，答案選A。17、—I’llhavethedriver’slicensetesttomorrow.I’mreallyworried.

—__________!A.HaveagoodtripB.ThesametoyouC.SoundsgreatD.Takeiteasy答案:D解析:這道題考查日常交際用語的理解。A選項(xiàng)“Haveagoodtrip”用于祝愿旅行愉快；B選項(xiàng)“Thesametoyou”用于回應(yīng)相同的祝福；C選項(xiàng)“Soundsgreat”表示聽起來很棒。而在這種擔(dān)心考試的情境中，應(yīng)選擇D選項(xiàng)“Takeiteasy”，意思是“別緊張”，用于安慰對(duì)方。18、Certainpeoplemakeyoufeelcomfortablewhentheyarearound.Youspendanhourwiththemandfeelasifyou'veknownthemhalfyourlife.Thesepeoplehavesomethingincommon,Andonceweknowwhatitis,wecantrytodoitourselves.

Howisitdone?Hereareseveralskillsthatgoodtalkershave.Ifyoufollowtheskills,they'llhelpyouputpeopleattheirease,andmakefriendswiththemquickly.

Firstofall,goodtalkershaveaskedquestions.Almostanyone,nomatterhowshyheis,willansweraquestion.Onewell-knownbusiness-womansay,“Atbusinesslunches,Ialwaysaskpeoplewhattheydidthatmorning.It'sacommonquestion,butitwillgetthingsgoing,”Fromthereyoucanmoveontoothermatters—sometimestoreallypersonalquestions.Andhowheanswerswillletyouknowhowfaryoucango.

Second,oncegoodtalkershaveaskedquestions,theylistentotheanswers.Thispointseemsclear,butitisn't.Yourquestionsshouldhaveapointandhelptotellwhatsortofpersonyouaretalkingto.Andtofindout,youreallyhavetolisten,carefullyandattentively.

Reallisteningatleastmeanssomethings.Firstitmeansnottochangethesubjectofconversation.Ifsomeonestickstoonetopic,youcantakeitasafactthathe'sreallyinterestedinit.Reallisteningalsomeansnotjustlisteningtowords,buttotonesofvoice.Ifthevoicesoundsdull,then,it'stimeforyoutochangethesubject.

Finally,goodtalkersknowwellhowtodealwiththeoccasionofparting.Ifyou'resayinggoodbye,youmaygivehimafirmhandshakeandsay,“I'vereallyenjoyedmeetingyou.”Ifyouwanttoseethatpersonagain,don'tkeepitasecret.Letpeopleknowwhatyoufeel,andtheymaywalkawayfeelingasifthey'veknownyouhalftheirlives.

Howcanyoumaketheothersfeelthey'veknownyouhalfoftheirlives?A.By

letting

them

know

you

enjoy

meeting

them.B.By

giving

them

a

firm

handshake

when

parting.C.By

saying

you

want

to

meet

them

again.D.By

keeping

talking

to

them

in

the

conversation.答案:C解析:要讓他人感覺與你相識(shí)已久，關(guān)鍵在于建立良好的溝通和聯(lián)系。首先，通過提問可以開啟對(duì)話并深入了解對(duì)方，這是建立關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。其次，傾聽對(duì)方的回答并關(guān)注其語氣和語調(diào)，有助于進(jìn)一步理解對(duì)方并調(diào)整對(duì)話內(nèi)容。最后，在分別時(shí)給予對(duì)方一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的握手并表達(dá)感激之情，如“我很高興認(rèn)識(shí)你”，這樣的行為能夠強(qiáng)化彼此之間的聯(lián)系感。綜合這些技巧，選項(xiàng)A“Bylettingthemknowyouenjoymeetingthem”最能概括這一過程，即通過表達(dá)你對(duì)與對(duì)方相遇的喜悅，讓對(duì)方感受到與你之間的親近和相識(shí)已久的感覺。19、Myfriend,MissChen,lives（）theothersideofthestreet.A.byB.forC.inD.on答案:D解析:這道題考查介詞的用法。在表示“在……的另一邊”時(shí)，常用“ontheothersideof...”。“by”通常表示“在……旁邊”；“for”表示“為了”；“in”表示“在……里面”。結(jié)合語境，“on”最符合“在街道的另一邊”的意思，所以答案選D。20、Thenumberofpeopleinvited（）fifty,butanumberofthem（）absentfordifferentreasons.A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were答案:C解析:這道題考查“thenumberof”和“anumberof”的用法。“thenumberof”表示“……的數(shù)量”，其后接謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)；“anumberof”表示“許多”，其后接謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。題目中“Thenumberofpeopleinvited”主語是數(shù)量，用was；“anumberofthem”指許多人，用were。所以答案選C。第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題40分）二、填空題（10小題，每小題3分，共計(jì)30分）1、Wecanseemoviestwicein_____A.MayB.JulyC.SeptemberD.October答案:B解析:根據(jù)題目描述，SquamishOutdoorMovies在七月有兩次電影放映活動(dòng)，分別是SquamishWindFestival期間的MaryPoppins和可能的其他電影或活動(dòng)。因此，我們可以在七月看兩次電影。其他月份雖然也有電影放映，但并不是每個(gè)月都有兩次電影放映。2、DearFiona,

Howareyouthesedays?IaminBeijingforsixmonths.Andeverythingisgoingwellwith_____(11)_____.Buttobehonest,Iamalittle_____(12)_____thesedays.Myhusband,Ben,isbusywithhis_____(13)_____,too.Everyday,he_____(14)_____himabouttwo_____(15)_____togettohisoffice.It's_athalfpastsixandthengoestoworkbybus.Usuallyittakes_____(16)_____fromourhome.Andmy_____(17)_____isonlytwoyearsold.Sheistoo_____(18)_____,soIcan'tgotoworkandhavetolookafterherathome.

It'steno'clocknow,butwejust_____(19)_____thedinner.Whatarewedoingnow?Benis_____(20)_____thedishesinthekitchen.Heistired,_____(21)_____hestillhelpsmewhenhegetshome.I_____(22)_____tellmygirlastorytohelphersleep.Afterwritingtoyou,Ineedtoprepare_____(23)_____fortomorrowmorning.AndthenIcan_____(24)_____myselfandthengotobed.ThedayaftertomorrowisSaturday.AndI'llgobackhomethen._____(25)_____toseeyousoon.

Yours,

Laura.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，在A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳答案填入文中(18)處。（）A.dangerousB.youngC.scaryD.strict答案:B解析:根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，作者提到自己的孩子只有兩歲（mydaughterisonlytwoyearsold），這意味著孩子年紀(jì)尚幼，因此作者不能外出工作，需要在家照顧她。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B項(xiàng)“young”（年幼的）符合這一描述，表明孩子太小而無法自