第10講閱讀理解說(shuō)明文類、議論文類

目錄

01課標(biāo)達(dá)標(biāo)練

疆考向01閱讀理解說(shuō)明文類（節(jié)選）

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題

題型02推理判斷題

題型03詞義推斷題

題型04主旨大意題

自考向02閱讀理解議論文類（節(jié)選）

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題

題型02推理判斷題

題型03詞義推斷題

題型04主旨大意題

02核心突破練

閱讀理解（語(yǔ)篇練）

03真題溯源練

01

Fi

課標(biāo)達(dá)標(biāo)練

圖考向01閱讀理解說(shuō)明文類

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題

（2025?上海嘉定?二模

Beyondtechnologicaldrivers,socio-economicshiftshavefurtherspedupthistransition.Thedeclineof

long-termjobstability,worsenedbyautomationandglobaloutsourcing,hasledtoadeclineinconventional

employmentmodels.Meanwhile,societyisbecomingincreasinglypolarizedbetweenthosewhopossessfinancial

capitalbutlacktimeandthosewithavailabilitybutlimitedfinancialmeans.Theon-demandeconomyservesasa

mechanismthroughwhichthesetwogroupscanexchangevalueefficiently.

3.Whichofthefollowingisadrivingforceoftheeconomictransitionintroducedinthepassage?

A.Peopletendtohaveeithermoneyortime.

B.Businessflexibilitybenefitsworkersequally.

C.Full-timeemployeesarebecominglessavailable.

D.Automationisgraduallyreplacedbyglobaloutsourcing.

（2024寶山二模）

Prettymucheveryonehas,atsomepoint,madeexcusestoavoidworkingonatasktheyfear.Butsomepeople

dothismoreoftenthanothers,whichcanresultindisastrousconsequences.Regularlyputtingoffdifficultor

unpleasanttaskscanleadtolowgradesatschool,poorperformanceatworkandfinancialconsequences,suchas

latefees.Procrastinationcanalsoharmrelationshipsandevenaffectyourhealth,asitincreasesstresslevels,

sometimesresultinginillness.

64.Accordingtothepassage,howmanykindsofconsequencesmayresultfromprocrastination?

A.5.B.2.C.6.D.7.

題型02推理判斷題

（2025?上海靜安?二模）

MUSEUMSusedtostandforsomethingboringandbarelyrelevanttoreallife.Thosekindsofplacesstill

exist,buttherearefarfewerofthem,andthemoresuccessfuloneshavechangedoutofallrecognition.Tobesure,

museumsremainshowcasesforcollectionsandwarehouseofvaluables,buttheyhavealsobecomepitsofpopular

debatesandplaceswherechildrengoforsleepovers.Theyarenolongerplaceswherepeoplelookoninfearbut

wheretheylearnandargue,astheywouldatuniversitiesorartschools.NicholasSerotadescribesthemuseumas

“aforumasmuchasatreasurebox”.

1.Bydescribingthemuseumas"aforumasmuchasatreasurebox”,NicholasSerotaimpliesthat

A.museumsnowdisplayobjectsmuchrelevanttolife

B.museumsprovidechancesfordiscussionandstorepreciousobjects

C.thevalueoftheobjectskeptinmuseumscausesdebate

D.museumsregardsleepovervisitorsasnewtreasure

（2024虹口二模）

Ofcourse,therearetypicallymanyparticipantsinthepricingprocess:Accountingprovidescostestimates;

marketingcommunicatesthepricingstrategy;salesprovidesspecificcustomerinput;productionsetssupply

boundaries;andfinanceestablishestherequirementsfortheentirecompany'sfinancialhealth.Inputfromdiverse

sourcesisnecessary.However,problemsarisewhenthephilosophyofwideparticipationiscarriedovertothe

price-settingprocesswithoutstrongcoordinatingmechanisms（協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制）.

65.Whatcanbeinferredfromthewideparticipationinthepricingprocess?

A.Decisionmakingrequiresgatheringcomprehensiveinformation.

B.Thecoordinatingmechanismwon'tworkwithoutalotofinput.

C.Potentialcustomersareeasilyupsetatanystageoftheprocess.

D.Thecompanylosesmoneyunlesseveryoneintendsforthebest.

題型03詞義推斷題

（2025?上海崇明?二模）

Intheearly1900s,Frenchchemist,EdouardBenedictus,inventedshatterproof（防碎的）glassbychance.

Butitssignificanceandrelevancedidn'temergeuntilthecarmarketcreatedtheproblemforwhichhehadalready

foundtheanswer.

Suchmomentsofserendipityrevealtheunpredictablenatureofinnovation.Yet,evenincaseswherechance

playsarole,asinBenedictus'sstory,thebroaderquestionremains:Aresuchdiscoveriestrulybomofluck,orwere

theysomehow“intheair,“waitingfortherightpersontoseizethem?

1.Inparagraph2"serendipity“refersto.

A.accidentalinventionB.emergenceofproblems

C.laterecognitionD.chemicalinnovation

(2024黃埔二模)

IfweanswerthisquestionfromaplaceoffearaboutwhafsleftforpeopleintheageofA.I.,wecanendup

admittingadiminishedviewofhumancapability.Instead,ifscriticalforusalltostartfromaplacethatimagines

whafspossibleforhumansintheageofA.I.Whenwedothat,wefindourselvesfocusingquicklyonpeopleskills

thatallowustocooperateandinnovateinwaystechnologycanintensifybutneverreplace.

64.Whichofthefollowingis“adiminishedviewofhumancapability^^(paragraph3)?

A.Humansarelosingcontroloftheworld.

B.Technologyintensifieshumans'cooperation.

C.HumansoutsmartA.Iintermsofcriticalthinking.

D.A.I.andhumansaresimilarintheirabilitytoinnovate.

題型04主旨大意題

(2025?上海金山?二模)

Intoday'sdigitalage,itischallengingtogoaboutdailylifewithouthearingthetermartificialintelligence

(AI)mentioned.AIentersconversationsinalmosteveryindustry.ThisAIrevolution(革命)reliesonincreasing

datacentercapacity,thephysicallocationsequippedwiththecomputingserversneededtopowerthistechnology.

Withsuchexpensiveandtemperature-sensitivetechnologyunderoneroof,thesefacilitiesrequirebuilding

productswithreliableinsulatingpropertiesthatcaneffectivelyhousetheseinnovativesystemstokeepthem

runningsmoothly.Reliabilityiswhereinsulatedmetalpanels(IMPs)entertheconversation.IMPshaveproven

effectivebuildingmaterialsfordatacentersnationwide.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.TheapplicationofIMPsindevelopingdatacenters.

B.Theimportanceofenergy-efficiencyinthedigitalage.

C.ThedevelopmentofAIanditsimpactondatacenters.

D.Thechallengesofbuildingdatacentersinthedigitalage.

(2024靜安二模)

AIisnowdisruptingtheindustrythathelpedbringitintobeing.Everypartofentertainmentstandstobe

affectedbygenerativeAI,whichdigestsinputsoftext,image,audioorvideotocreatenewoutputsofthesame.

Butthegamesbusinesswillchangethemost,arguesAndreessenHorowitz,aventure-capital(VC)firm.Games

interactivityrequiresthemtobestuffedwithlaboriouslydesignedcontent:considerthe30squaremilesof

landscapeor60hoursofmusicin"RedDeadRedemption2",arecentcowboyadventure.EnlistingAIassistantsto

churnitoutcoulddrasticallyshrinktimescalesandbudgets.

46.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

A.Theevolutionofgraphics-processingunits(GPUs).

B.TheimpactofgenerativeAIonthegamingindustry.

C.Thesocietalsignificanceofgraphics-processingunits(GPUs).

D.ThechallengesgenerativeAIpresentstogamingstudios.

圜考向02閱讀理解議論文類

題型01細(xì)節(jié)理解題

(2025?上海徐匯?二模)

Continuallychoosingtheconvenientpathlessensyourabilitytodealwithunavoidabledifficulties.And,

fromanevolutionaryperspective,somemeasureofdiscomfortisjustascrucialtooursurvivalasrestand

relaxation.Ourancestorsdidn'tsurvivepurelybybeinglazy,butthroughacombinationofplayingitsafeand

takingnecessaryrisks:forexample,pushingthroughthepainandeffortofleavingafamiliarhome,inordertofind

aplaceclosertosourcesoffoodandbetterprotectedfromtheelements.

3.Accordingtothepassage,prioritizingconvenienceinmodemlifemay.

A.leadtoalackofinnovationandprogress

B.reduceourabilitytoovercomechallenges

C.makeusoverlydependentontechnology

D.causeadeclineinphysicalfitnessandhealth

（2024嘉定二模）

Yes,readingHkeawriterisextrawork.Butifsnecessaryworktothewritingpractice.Byobservingthe

strategieswritersemploytotellconvincingstoriesorwriteengagingarguments,youequipyourselfwiththe

knowledgetoperformthesestrategiesyourself.

59.TheauthorsuggestsRLWis"necessarywork^（para.7）becausereaderscan.

A.writelengthynovelslikeJaneEyreB.gainknowledgeinemployment

C.becomeprofessionalliterarycriticD.improvetheirownwritingcraft

題型02推理判斷題

（2025?上海浦東新?二模）

Ifanything,highlightingAFsroleinscience,theNobelCommitteealsorevealeditsownuntimelyapproach.

AlfredNobefs1895visionrewardedtheindividualgeniusplantingflagsinPhysics,Chemistry,andMedicine.But

today'schallenges,suchasclimatechange,cancer,extinction,don'trespectthoseboundaries.Rareisthepure

chemistorbiologist;commonisthegeochemist,thecomputationalevolutionarytheorist.AIismakingthese

divisionslessdistinct,linkingvastdatasetsacrossdisciplinesandboostingunexpectedcooperation.

“Among“isthekeyword.Scienceisevermoreateameffort,abeautiful,essentialrealitythattheNobels,

withtheirstrictrulesandcategories,struggletocelebrate.IfNobelCommitteeisnowrewardingthecontributions

ofAI,shoulditnotalsorecognizetheresearcherswhoseresultsitlearnedfrom?

3.Itcanbeinferredinthelasttwoparagraphsthat.

A.thecommitteehasbeenusedtoapplaudingateameffort

B.emphasisingindividualgeniusisagainstmodernscience

C.AIshouldbepreferredoverresearchersforbreakthroughs

D.thestrictrulesandcategoriesaddressscientificchallenges

（2024普陀二模）

Yes,readinglikeawriterisextrawork.Butit'snecessaryworktothewritingpractice.Byobservingthe

strategieswritersemploytotellconvincingstoriesorwriteengagingarguments,youequipyourselfwiththe

knowledgetoperformthesestrategiesyourself.

59.TheauthorsuggestsRLWis"'necessarywork”（para.7）becausereaderscan.

A.writelengthynovelslikeJaneEyreB.gainknowledgeinemployment

C.becomeprofessionalliterarycriticD.improvetheirownwritingcraft

題型03詞義推斷題

（2025?上海虹口?二模）

LessisMoreisabookwithanambitioussubtitle:HowDegrowthWillSavetheWorld.Thafsabigclaim,but

thisisbyJasonHickel,oneoftheleadingadvocatesofpostgrowththinking.Hehasabetterchancethanmostat

backingthatup.

Thisisanelegantevolutionofdegrowthideas,expandingwhatthetermcanmean.Degrowthbeginsasa

processoftakingless.Butintheenditopensupawholelandscapeofpossibility,movingusfrompovertyto

abundance,fromdominancetoreciprocity,andfromlonelinessandseparationtoconnectionwithaworldthafs

fulloflife.

Hardtoarguewiththat.Perhapsdegrowthwillsavetheworld.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoes“degrowth“referto?

A.Intensifyingcapitalistgrowthinaneco-friendlyway.

B.Theprioritisingofindividualgrowthovercommunitywelfare.

C.Boostingeconomicdevelopmentinordertoreachastateofabundance.

D.Thereductionofeconomicgrowthtofocusonsustainabilityandwell-being.

（2025?上海奉賢?二模）

Intheory,thisphenomenonisdrivenbytheemergenceofartificialintelligence（AI）thatsurpasseshuman

cognitive（認(rèn)知的）capabilitiesandcanautonomouslyenhanceitself.Thetheorysuggeststhatsuchadvancements

couldevolveatapacesorapidthathumanswouldbeunabletoforeseeorstoptheprocess.Theimplicationsof

reachingthissingularitypointcouldbegoodordisastrousforthehumanrace.Fornow,theconceptstayswithinthe

boundariesofsciencefiction,butnonetheless,ifsstillworththinkingaboutwhatsuchafuturemightlooklike,so

thathumanitymightsteerAIdevelopmentinsuchawayastopromoteitscivilizationalinterests.

1.Theunderlinedword"steer“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto.

A.quickenB.restrictC.directD.predict

題型04主旨大意題

（2025?上海閔行?二模）Foryears,peoplehavewonderedwhethercreativityisarare,inborngiftoraskill

thatanyonecandevelop.Whilesomeindividualsappearnaturallygiftedinartisticorintellectualpursuits,recent

studieschallengethelong-heldbeliefthatcreativityisauniquegiftpossessedbyaselectfew.Instead,thesestudies

suggestthatcreativityisnotamysteriousquality,butaskillthatcanbedevelopedthroughpurposefulpractice,

persistence,andtherightmindset.

Whilenaturaltalentmaygiveaninitialadvantage,itisnotthedeterminingfactorinlong-termsuccess.The

brain5sadaptabilityallowsanyonetodevelopcreativitypotentialthroughcontinuouspracticeandlearning.

4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Hownaturaltalentdeterminescreativity.B.Theroleofdeeppracticeincreativesuccess.

C.Theconnectionbetweenfailureandinspiration.D.Thedevelopmentofcreativityasaskill.

（2025?上海浦東新?二模）

Thisweek'sNobelPhysicsPrizehonoredtwoscientistswhohelpedcomputers"learn“morelikethehuman

brain.Adaylater,theChemistryPrizewenttothreeresearcherswhousedAItodesignproteinsandreveal

molecular（分子的）structures,aproblemthathadtroubledbiologistsfordecades.

“Among“isthekeyword.Scienceisevermoreateameffort,abeautiful,essentialrealitythattheNobels,

withtheirstrictrulesandcategories,struggletocelebrate.IfNobelCommitteeisnowrewardingthecontributions

ofAI,shoulditnotalsorecognizetheresearcherswhoseresultsitlearnedfrom?

4.Whatmightbethebesttitleofthispassage?

A.AItakesover:thedeclineoftraditionalscience

B.AIdominatesscience:theendofhumandiscovery

C.NobelPrizesquestionAFsroleinmodemresearch

D.NobelPrizeshighlightAIandteamworkinscience

02

核心突破練

Passage1

【上海市閔行區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語(yǔ)試卷】

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatgeologyis’just"aboutrocks.True,geologistsaretrainedtoreadwhat

rockstellusaboutEarth'spast,presentandpossiblefuturestructureandevolution.But,asIwillexplainaspartof

thisyear'sRoyalInstitutionChristmasLectures,geologicalprocessesandclimatearecloselylinked.

NumerouscomplexphysicalandchemicallinksandfeedbacksexistbetweenEarth'ssurfaceandsubsurface

rocks,itsatmosphere,oceansandicecapsandlifeinalltheseplaces.Volcaniceruptionsbringcarbonfromdeep

withintheplanettothesurfaceandtheair,enhancingthegreen-houseeffect.Incontrast,weatheringofexposed

rocksatthesurfaceandtheactionofshell-forminganimalsintheoceansremovecarbondioxidefromthe

atmosphere,reducingglobalwarming.

Therocksandfossils（化石）inthegeologicalrecordbearwitnesstotheseprocesses,showingusthatEarth's

climatehaschangedcontinuallysincetheplanetformedaround4.6millionyearsago.Thissamerecordalsoshows

thatatmosphericCO2isatitshighestlevelinatleastthepast3millionyears,andthatthecurrentpaceofplanetary

warmingisneverbeforeseeninEarth9shistory.

Thegeologicalrecordcanalsobeusedtoassesstheaccuracyofcomplexnumericalmodelsusedtopredict

futureclimateanditsimpactonEarth'shabitability.Geologyhasimprovedourunderstandingofglobalwarming

andhopefullywillhelpustoreduceit.

Thereisanironytothat,givengeologistsplayaroleinlocatingandexploitingclimate-heatingfossilfuels.

Now,morethanever,ourdisciplineneedstofullyadopttheconceptof"sustainablegeoscience^^.

Thisisn'tanewideaandnorisitlimitedtoclimatechange.Themanyandvariedhistoricalcontributionsof

geologytotacklingsomeofourgreatestsocietalchallengescanbeseenbylookingattheUnitedNations

SustainableDevelopmentGoals.Tonamejustacoupleofexamples,geologistsstudytheorigin,natural

transportationandbehaviourofpollutantslikearsenicandlead,criticaltotheprovisionofsafeandreliablewater

supplies,andtheyexploretheoriginofnaturalhazardssuchaslandslidesandearthquakes,andsohelpstrengthen

communitiesacrosstheworld.

Butgeologistsmustredoubletheirengagementwithotherscientistsandpoliticianstodevelopandultimately

helpapplysolutionstothemanyenvironmentalandresourcechallengesweface.Studentsofgeologyshouldbe

madeawareofthebroadercontributionstheirmultidisciplinaryskillsetcanmaketoglobalwell-being,beyondjust

energyprovision——althoughensuringenergysupply,weshouldnotforget,underpinsmanyoftheSustainable

DevelopmentGoals.

1.Theexamplesofvolcaniceruptionsandtheweatheringofrocksareintendedto.

A.demonstratewhatgeologicalactivitiesgeologistsmainlystudy

B?highlighttheimportanceofstudyingvolcanicactivityingeology

C.illustratetheenormousanddestructivepowerofgeologicalprocesses

D.showthedynamicinteractionsbetweengeologicalactivitiesandclimate

2.Inthesentence"Thereisanironytothat”,theironyrefersto.

A.theprofession^roleinbothcausingandsolvingglobalwarming

B.sustainablegeoscience'sunexpectedpopularityacrossvariousfields

C.thedisagreementbetweengeologicalrecordsandcurrentclimatemodels

D.geologists5focusonenergyprovisionwhichgoesagainsttheiroriginalgoal

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Energysupplyisincriticalshortage.

B.Geologistsareabletoworkacrossvariousfields.

C.Pollutantsspreadfarandwideduetomoderntransportation.

D.Fossilfuelexploitationdoesnotcontributetoclimatechange.

4.Whatisthemainpointtheauthorismakinginthepassage?

A.GeologistsprimarilystudyrockstounderstandEarth'sclimate.

B.Climatemodelsareofteninaccuratewithoutthegeologicalrecord.

C.Geologyiscrucialforaddressingglobalchallengesbeyondthestudyofrocks.

D.Thefieldofgeologyfocusesonexploitingfossilfuelsandstudyingclimatechange.

Passage2

【上海市七寶中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期第一次月考英語(yǔ)試題】

Inthecollege-admissionswars,weparentsarethetruefighters.We'repushingourkidstogetgoodgrades,

takeSATpreparatorycoursesandbuildresumestotheycangetintothecollegeofourfirstchoice.Fvetwicebeen

tothewars,andasIsurveythebattlefield,somethingdifferentishappening.Weseeourkids'collegebackground

asaprizedemonstratinghowwellwe'veraisedthem.Butwecan'tacknowledgethatourobsessionismoreabout

usthanthem.Sowe'vecomeupwithvariousjustificationsthatturnouttobehalf-truths,prejudicesormyths.It

actuallydoesn'tmattermuchwhetherAaronandNicolegotoStanford.

Wehaveafull-blownprestigepanic;weworrythattherewon'tbeenoughprizestogoaround.Fearful

parentsurgetheirchildrentoapplytomoreschoolsthanever.Underlyingthehysteria（歇斯底里）isthebeliefthat

scarceelitedegreesmustbehighlyvaluable.Theirgraduatesmustenjoymoresuccessbecausetheygetabetter

educationanddevelopbettercontacts.Allthatisplausible—andmostlywrong.Wehaven,tfoundanyconvincing

evidencethatselectivityorprestigematters.Selectiveschoolsdon'tsystematicallyemploybetterinstructional

approachesthanlessselectiveschools,Ontwomeasures-professors?feedbackandthenumberofessayexams

selectiveschoolsdoslightlyworse.

Bysomestudies,selectiveschoolsdoenhancetheirgraduates5lifetimeearnings.Thegainisconsideredat

2-4%forevery100-pointincreaseinaschool'saverageSATscores.Buteventhisadvantageisprobablya

statisticalfluke（偶然）.Awell-knownstudyexaminedstudentswhogotintohighlyselectiveschoolsandthenwent

elsewhere.Theyearnedjustasmuchasgraduatesfromhigher-statusschools.

Kidscountmorethantheircolleges.GettingintoYalemaysignifyintelligence,talentandambition.But

ifsnottheonlyindicatoranditssignificanceisdeclining.Thereason:somanysimilarpeoplegoelsewhere.

Gettingintocollegeisnotlife'sonlycompetition.Inthenextcompetition—thejobmarketandgraduateschool-the

resultsmaychange.Old-boynetworksarebreakingdown.PrincetoneconomistAlanKruegerstudiedadmissionsto

onetopPh.D.program.HighscoresontheGREhelpedexplainwhogotin;degreesofprestigiousuniversities

didn't.

So,parents,lightenup.Thestakes（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）havebeenvastlyexaggerated.Uptoapoint,wecanrationalize

（合理化）ourpushiness.Americaisacompetitivesociety;ourkidsneedtoadjusttothat.Buttoomuchpushiness

canbedestructive.TheveryambitionweimposeonourchildrenmaygetsomeintoHarvardbutmayalsosetthem

upfordisappointment.Onestudyfoundthat,otherthingsbeingequal,graduatesofhighlyselectiveschools

experiencedmorejobdissatisfaction.Theymayhavebeensoconditionedtobeingontopthatanythingless

disappoints.

5.Whydoestheauthorsaythatparentsarethetruefightersinthecollege-admissionswars?

A.Theyhavethefinalsayinwhichuniversitytheirchildrenaretoattend.

B.Theyknowbestwhichuniversitiesaremostsuitablefortheirchildren.

C.Theycaremoreaboutwhichcollegetheirchildrengotothanthechildrenthemselves.

D.Theyhavetocarryoutintensivesurveysofcollegesbeforechildrenmakeanapplication.

6.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"kidscountmorethantheircolleges^^Line1,para.4?

A.Continuingeducationismoreimportanttoaperson'ssuccess.

B.Kids'actualabilitiesaremoreimportantthantheircollegebackground.

C.Aperson'shappinessshouldbevaluedmorethantheireducation.

D.Whatkidslearnatcollegecannotkeepupwithjobmarketrequirements.

7.WhatdoesKrueger'sstudytellus?

A.GettingintoPh.D.programsmaybemorecompetitivethangettingintocollege.

B.GraduatesfromprestigiousuniversitiesdonotcaremuchabouttheirGREscores.

C.Connectionsbuiltinprestigiousuniversitiesmaybesustainedlongaftergraduation.

D.Degreesofprestigiousuniversitiesdonotguaranteeentrytograduateprograms.

8.Accordingtothepassage,onepossibleresultofpushingchildrenintoeliteuniversitiesisthat.

A.theyexperiencemorejobdissatisfactionaftergraduation

B.theyearnlessthantheirpeersfromotherinstitutions

C.theyturnouttobelesscompetitiveinthejobmarket

D.theyoveremphasizetheirqualificationsinjobapplication

Passage3

【上海市復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試英語(yǔ)試題】

Emotionalmanipulation（情感操控）hasbeenreferredtoasthedarksideofemotionalintelligenceby

psychologicalscientistElizabethAustinattheUniversityofEdinburgh.Butwhatdoesthatmean?Austinandher

colleaguescreatedtheEmotionalManipulationScalein2007.Accordingtothescale,peoplewhoarehighon

emotionalmanipulationsayyestobehavinginwaysthathavenoobviousnegativeconsequencessuchas“Iknow

howtoembarrasssomeonetostopthembehavinginaparticularway",and"Iknowhowtoplaytwopeopleoff

againsteachother”.

Lessobviouslynegativebehaviourscanalsoresultinahighscore,includingagreeingwithstatementslike"I

canpaysomeonecomplimentstogetintheirgoodbooks",and"Iamgoodatreassuringpeoplesothatthey're

morelikelytogoalongwithwhatIsay”.TheresearchersalsofoundthatthehigherpeoplescoredontheEmotional

ManipulationScalethehighertheyscoredonMachiavellianism,atraitthatincludesbeingcold,morallyindifferent,

andmanipulative.

Framingmanipulationasabadthingthatisonlydonebybadpeopleis,however,incorrect.Therearemany

reasonswhypeoplewanttomassageasocialsituationsothatitworksoutwellforthemselvesthatdon'tresultin

negativeconsequencesforothers.Self-interestcanagreewiththeinterestofothersandcanleadtoprosocial（親社

會(huì)的）behaviour.Forexample,sometimesIdothingstomakeotherpeoplefeelgoodbecauseIknowitwillmake

mefeelgood.Ifswin-win.

ThiscomplexityisalsowhatAustinandcolleaguesshowcasedwhenin2013theycreatedtheManagingthe

EmotionsofOthersScaleonthebasisoftheiroriginalscale.

Movingfromtheterm“manipulation"to"managing“encouragesadifferentwayoftalkingaboutthistype

ofbehaviour.ThemostrecentshortversionoftheManagingtheEmotionsofOthersScalewaspublishedin2018

byAustinandcolleagues.Itbreaksdownthediversityofwaysinwhichpeopletrytoemotionallymanagepeople

intofivetypes.Thefirsttwoaregenerallyprosocial,thethirdandfourtharenon-prosocial,andthefifthis

consideredneutral.

Enhancing:strategicallyofferinghelp,reassurance,orshowingunderstandingtoimprovesomeone'smood.

Diverting:beingpositiveorusinghumourtoimprovesomeone'smood.

Worsening:usingcriticismornegativecomments,underminingconfidence,orbeingangrytogain

something.

Beinginauthentic:flatteringsomeone,sulkingorguilt-trippingtogetwhatyouwant.

Concealing:hidinghowyoureallyfeel,particularlyhidingnegativeemotions.

9.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimaryfocusoftheEmotionalManipulationScale?

A.Measuringthemoralimplicationsofemotionallymanipulativebehaviors.

B.Definingtheprosocialaspectsofemotionalmanipulationinamodemway.

C.Identifyingbehaviorsassociatedwithmanipulatingothers5emotionspositively.

D.Assessingtendenciestowardemotionalmanipulationthroughcertainbehaviors.

10.WhatcanbelearnedaboutthosescoringhighontheEmotionalManipulationScale?

A.Theyaremorelikelytoshowtheirsympathy.

B.Theymaywelllackasenseofmoralconcern.

C.Theymaywellfocusprimarilyonprosocialbehavior.

D.Theyarelikelytoavoidusinghumorinsocialinteractions.

11.WhydidAustinandcolleaguescreatetheManagingtheEmotionsofOthersScalein2013?

A.Toshifttoabroaderunderstandingofemotionalinfluence.

B.Toreplacethepreviousscalewithamoreaccuratemeasure.

C.Toemphasizethenegativeconsequencesofemotionalmanipulation.

D.Toleadpeopletopaymoreat