【英語】高三英語閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)解析版匯編一、高中英語閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1．犇犇閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

Anewstudyfrombrainresearchershelpsexplainhowthehumanbrainevolvedorchangedovertime,topermitpeopletospeakandwrite.

MichaelUllman,theleadresearcher,aprofessoratGeorgetownUniversityMedicalSchoolinWashington,D.C,hasbeenstudyinglanguagelearningformorethan20years.

Ullmansayshisresearchshowsthatthehumanbraindoesnothaveaspecialareaorsystemformakinglanguage.Overtimewehavesimplyreusedorco-opted(指派)partsofourbrainforlanguage.Andthoseparts,hesays,areancient-oldereventhanhumansthemselves.

"Thisstudyexaminesthetheoreticalframework(準(zhǔn)則)thatlanguageislearned,storedand'processedintwoancientlearningandmemorysystemsinthebrain."

Ullman,Hamrickandtherestoftheteamlookedatdatafrom16otherstudiesonlanguage.Theyfoundthatpeoplelearnlanguageusingtwomemorysystems:declarativeandprocedural.Memorizingvocabulary,forexample,isadeclarativememoryprocess.Butlearninggrammaris,mostly,aproceduralmemoryprocess.

"Declarativememory,inhumansatleast,iswhatwethinkofaslearningmemory',suchas,'Oh,rememberwhatyousaidlastnight'orthingslikethat.Andproceduralmotormemoryiswhatweoftencallmotormemory'suchashowyoulearntorideabicycle."Or,Ullmanadds,"Theseproceduralmemoryskillsbecomesodeeplyleanedthatwearenolongerawarethatwearedoingthem."

However,Ullmanexplainsthatthetwolong-termmemorysystemscansharetasks.And,headds,theadultbrainusesthesystemstolearnlanguageabitdifferentlythanachild'sbrain.

"Adultlanguagelearnersofasecondlanguagemayusetheirdeclarativememoryforusinggrammarpatterns.Theythinkaboutitpurposefully.Forachild,thegrammarmaycomemorenaturally.Theydon'thavetothinkaboutthegrammarrulesbeforespeaking."

Inadditiontolanguagelearners,Ullman'sstudycouldhelppeoplewhohaveabraininjurythataffectsspeakingandwriting.Thisknowledgecanalsohelpthosewhohavelearningdisabilitiessuchasdyslexia(閱讀障礙).Peoplewithdyslexiahavedifficultyrecognizingwordsandsymbolsaccurately.（1）HowdidUllmanstudyhuman'smemorysystems?A.

Byexaminingthebrainwithhisteam.B.

Bystudyinglanguagelearningoveryears.C.

Bycomparingdifferentlanguagesyearafteryear.D.

Byreferringtodatafromotherstudiesonlanguage.（2）Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof"motormemory"?A.

Learningtomakeamodelplane.B.

RememberingthegrammarpatternsC.

Repeatingwhatyouheard.D.

Memorizingwhatyouread.（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"referto?A.

Declarativememory.B.

Anadultlanguagelearner.C.

Usinggrammarpatterns.D.

Asecondlanguage.（4）What'sthemainideaofthetext?A.

Ullmanhasadvancedourlanguageunderstanding.B.

Anewresearchhelpspeoplelearnanewlanguage.C.

Learningmemoryismoreactivethanmotormemory.D.

Humanbeingslearnlanguageinprehumanareaofbrain.【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）C（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，講述MichaelUllman和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究稱人類大腦前區(qū)的為語言學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)，由此解開了人類大腦進(jìn)化過程之謎。在最古老的大腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶區(qū)域，陳述性記憶和運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶分工合作，來完成語言學(xué)習(xí)。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段中的“Ullman,Hamrickandtherestoftheteamlookedatdatafrom16otherstudiesonlanguage.”可知，該團(tuán)隊(duì)通過研究其他語言學(xué)習(xí)的成果，得出的結(jié)論，故選D。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第六段中的"Andproceduralmotormemoryiswhatweoftencallmotormemory'suchashowyoulearntorideabicycle."可知，程序性運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶就是我們常說的運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶，比如學(xué)習(xí)騎自行車等技能，故選A。（3）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Adultlanguagelearnersofasecondlanguagemayusetheirdeclarativememoryforusinggrammarpatterns."可知，成年語言學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)第二語言時(shí)，是刻意地在使用語法句式。所以it是指代usinggrammarpatterns，故選C。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ullmansayshisresearchshowsthatthehumanbraindoesnothaveaspecialareaorsystemformakinglanguage.Overtimewehavesimplyreusedorco-opted(指派)partsofourbrainforlanguage.”以及全文可知，人類的語言學(xué)習(xí)是由大腦前區(qū)完成的，該區(qū)域早于人類本身。所以選D。【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測，推理判斷和主旨大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。2．犇犇閱讀理解

IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica-andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplastic-wrappedsnacks,theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroyster,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.

Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste,asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin-thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.

Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeckaUniversityofGeorgiaengineeringprofessor,caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimatebetween5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.

Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine(海洋的）animalseveryyear.Nearly700species,includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplas-tics,thebitssmallerthanone-fifthofaninchacross.

"Thisisn'taproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis,"saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage."Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle."It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinparagraph1?A.

Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.B.

Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.C.

TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.D.

Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.（2）What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A.

Lackingprotection.

B.

Beingstuckbyplastics.C.

Beingcaughtbyhumans.

D.

Treatingplasticsasfood.（3）WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A.

Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutionofplasticswaste.B.

Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.C.

It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.D.

Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Abiologytextbook.

B.

Atravelbrochure.C.

Anenvironmentalreport.

D.

Alifestylemagazine.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.

”他們的塑料廢物很可能在四百年后仍會(huì)存在，可知作者提到thePilgrims是為了說明塑料廢物對海洋有持久的影響，故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.”一些明顯受到傷害，被塑料制成的廢棄物品卡住了?？赡苡懈嗟娜耸艿綗o形的傷害?？芍xB。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”他說最好在海洋變成塑料湯之前建立一個(gè)必要的機(jī)構(gòu)和制度的問題，可推知選C。（4）考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，本題介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。是一篇環(huán)境保護(hù)類閱讀，因此選C?！军c(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。3．犇犇閱讀理解

KaitlinWoolleyandAyeletFishbachreportinPsychologicalSciencethatamealtaken"family-style"fromacentralplatecangreatlyimprovetheoutcomeoflaternegotiations.

Havingconductedpreviousresearchin2017revealingthateatingsimilarfoodsledtopeoplefeelingemotionallyclosertooneanother,DrWoolleyandDrFishbachwonderedwhetherthewayinwhichfoodwasservedalsohadapsychologicaleffect.Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.

Forthefirsttesttheyrecruited100pairsofparticipantsfromalocalcafe,noneofwhomkneweachother.Theparticipantswereseatedatatableandfedtortillachipswithsalsa.Halfthepairsweregiventheirownbasketof20gramsofchipsandabowlof25gramsofsalsa,andhalfweregiven40gramsofchipsand50gramsofsalsatoshare.Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.

Thegameaskedtheparticipantstonegotiateanhourlywagerateduringafictionalstrike.Eachpersonwasrandomlyassignedtorepresenttheunionormanagementandfollowasetofrules.

Theresearchersmeasuredcooperationbynotingthenumberofroundsittooktoreachanagreement,andfoundthatthosewhosharedfoodresolvedthestrikesignificantlyfaster（in8.7rounds）thanthosewhodidnot（13.2rounds）.Asimilarexperimentwasconductedwith104participantsandGoldfishcrackers（餅干）,thistimenegotiatinganairline'srouteprices.Theresultsweremuchthesame,withthefood-sharersnegotiatingsuccessfully63.3%ofthetimeandthosewhodidnotsharedoingso42.9%ofthetime.（1）Whatdoesthe"family-style"mealinthereportreferto？A.

Amealtakenathome.

B.

Amealsharedwithothers.C.

Amealconsumedbyoneself.

D.

Amealtakeninafamilyatmosphere.（2）Forwhatpurposedidtheresearcherscarryoutthepresentexperiments?A.

Toshowthewayfoodisserved.B.

Toprovesharingfoodincreasescompetition.C.

Toconfirmsharingfoodcanpromotecooperation.D.

Tofindoutwhethersharingfoodcangetpeoplecloseemotionally.（3）Whywereparticipantsaskedtoeatupthesnackbeforethegame?A.

Toaddtotheirenergy.

B.

Torewardthemfortheirparticipation.C.

Tohidetheintentionoftheexperiment.

D.

Toavoidthedistractionduringthegame.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了外交宴席的心理學(xué)

，研究表明，從中間菜采取的“家庭式”餐，可以大大改善后續(xù)談判的結(jié)果。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Theytheorizedthat,ontheonehand,sharingfoodwithotherpeoplemightindicatefoodscarcity（短缺）andincreaseafeelingofcompetition.However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.”他們形成了一套理論，認(rèn)為一方面，與他人一起吃飯可能表明糧食短缺，并加強(qiáng)了競爭的概念。然而，他們還推斷，這種方式可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們更加了解他人的需求，從而推動(dòng)合作性的行為。可知family-style指的是與別人一起用餐，故選B。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“However,theyalsoreasonedthatitcouldinsteadleadpeopletobecomemoreawareofothers'needsanddrivecooperativebehaviorasaresult.Curioustofindout,theydidaseriesofexperiments.”

然而，他們還推斷，這種方式可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們更加了解他人的需求，從而推動(dòng)合作性的行為。出于好奇心，他們做了一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)?？芍xC。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Asacoverfortheexperiment,allparticipantsweretoldthissnackwastobeconsumedbeforethegamebegan.”作為實(shí)驗(yàn)的掩護(hù)，所有受試者都得告在游戲開始前就要吃完這些零食。可知選C。【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并結(jié)合題目要求，從而選出正確答案。4．閱讀理解

In2015,amannamedNigelRichardsmemorized386,000wordsintheentireFrenchScrabbleDictionaryinjustnineweeks.However,hedoesnotspeakFrench.Richards'impressivefeatisausefulexampletoshowhowartificialintelligenceworks—realAI.BothofRichardandAItakeinmassiveamountsofdatatoachievegoalswithunlimitedmemoryandsupermanaccuracyinacertainfield.

ThepotentialapplicationsforAIareextremelyexciting.BecauseAIcanoutperformhumansatroutinetasks—providedthetaskisinonefieldwithalotofdata—itistechnicallycapableofreplacinghundredsofmillionsofwhiteandbluecollarjobsinthenext15yearsorso.

ButnoteveryjobwillbereplacedbyAI.Infact

fourtypesofjobsarenotatriskatall.First,therearecreativejobs.AIneedstobegivenagoaltooptimize.Itcannotinvent,likescientists,novelistsandartistscan.Second,thecomplex,strategicjobs—executives,diplomats,economists—gowellbeyondtheAIlimitationofsingle-fieldandBigData.Thentherearetheas-yet-unknownjobsthatwillbecreatedbyAI.

Areyouworriedthatthesethreetypesofjobswon'temployasmanypeopleasAIwillreplace?Nottoworry,asthefourthtypeismuchlarger:jobswhereemotionsareneeded,suchasteachers,nanniesanddoctors.Thesejobsrequirecompassion,trustandsympathy—whichAIdoesnothave.AndevenifAItriedtofakeit,nobodywouldwantarobottellingthemtheyhavecancer,orarobottobabysittheirchildren.

SotherewillstillbejobsintheageofAI.Thekeythenmustberetrainingtheworkforcesopeoplecandothem.Thismustbetheresponsibilitynotjustofthegovernment,whichcanprovidefunds,butalsoofcorporationsandthosewhobenefitmost.（1）Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph1?A.

Tointroducethetopic.B.

TomentionNigel'sfeat.C.

Tostresstheimportanceofgoodmemory.D.

TosuggesthumansgobeyondAIinmemory.（2）Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"outperform"underlinedinparagraph2?A.

Besuperiorto

B.

Beinferiorto

C.

Besimilarto

D.

Berelatedto（3）Whichofthefollowingjobsisthemostlikelytobereplaced?A.

Thewriter.

B.

Theshopassistant.

C.

Thebabysitter.

D.

Thepsychologist.（4）WhichofthefollowingsuggestionscantheauthorgiveaboutjobreplacementofAI?A.

LimittheapplicationofAItoacertaindegree.B.

Getmoresupportfromthegovernment.C.

Applyforthedonationfromcompanies.D.

Upgradepeople'sprofessionalskillsallthetime.【答案】（1）A（2）A（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，人工智能有取代人類工作的潛力,但是,并非所有工作都會(huì)被人工智能取代,有四種類型的工作完全沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,在人工智能時(shí)代人類仍然會(huì)有工作,關(guān)鍵必須是對勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn),這樣人們才能從事這些工作。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段可知一個(gè)名叫奈杰爾·理查茲（NigelRichards）的人在短短九周內(nèi)記住了《法國拼字游戲詞典》中的386,000個(gè)單詞。但是,他不會(huì)說法語。其展示了人工智能是如何工作的。而后文主要與人工智能有關(guān),由此推斷作者寫第一段的目的是引出人工智能這個(gè)話題。故選A。（2）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第二段中的“BecauseAIcanoutperformhumansatroutinetasks—providedthetaskisinonefieldwithalotofdata”可知AI可以在日常任務(wù)中outperform人類（前提是該任務(wù)在一個(gè)涉及到大量數(shù)據(jù)的領(lǐng)域中；以及“itistechnicallycapableofreplacinghundredsofmillionsofwhiteandbluecollarjobsinthenext15yearsorso.”可知從技術(shù)上講,人工智能具有在未來大約15年里取代成千上萬的白領(lǐng)和藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作的能力。結(jié)合下文推斷人工智能能夠具有取代人類的工作是因?yàn)锳I在日常任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)超過了人類,劃線詞的意思是"勝過,超過",故選A。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“First,therearecreativejobs.AIneedstobegivenagoaltooptimize.Itcannotinvent,likescientists,novelistsandartistscan.”可知四種類型的工作完全沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。首先,有創(chuàng)造性的工作。人工智能不可能像科學(xué)家,小說家和藝術(shù)家那樣進(jìn)行發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。也就是作家和科學(xué)家不會(huì)被取代。排除A；再根據(jù)第四段中的“asthefourthtypeismuchlarger:jobswhereemotionsareneeded,suchasteachers,nanniesanddoctors.”可知需要情感的工作,例如老師,保姆和醫(yī)生也不大可能被取代,因此排除C和D。故選B。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“SotherewillstillbejobsintheageofAI.Thekeythenmustberetrainingtheworkforcesopeoplecandothem.”可知作者認(rèn)為在AI時(shí)代仍然會(huì)有工作,關(guān)鍵必須是對勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn),這樣人們才能從事這些工作。進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)是為了得到專業(yè)技能,由此推斷作者會(huì)給出一直提升人們的專業(yè)技能的建議,故選D?！军c(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科技類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

IfAmericanwaterwayshadeverbeenvotedontheyearbook,theBuffaloRivercouldeasilyhavebeennamedUgliest.Itcouldbehardtofindhopethere.Ittookdecadesforpublicperceptionoftherivertoshift.Butactivistcitizens,whocollaboratedwithindustry,government,andenvironmentgroupsnevergaveupontheirpollutedriver—theBuffaloRivergraduallywentfrombeingconsideredalostcausetoaplaceworthfightingfor.Andbynowthecleaned—upwaterisoneofBuffalo'Sbiggestattractions.

Bythe1960s,theriverwasseenasoneoftheworstsourcesofpollutionpouringintotheGreatLakes.TheBuffaloRiverhadcaughtfiremanytimes.Thesurfacehadanoilylayer,andanyfishcaughttherewerenoteatable.

Thewaterway'sfatestartedshiftinginthemid-1960s.StanleySpisiakwasalocalPolish—Americanjewelerbyday,butbyeveninghewasthekindofguywho'dchasedowndumpers(垃圾車)hespottedontheBuffaloRiver.By1966hefoundhimselfwinningtheNationalWildlifeFederation's"WaterConservationistoftheYear"award.Andbeforelonghegotanickname:"Mr.BuffaloRiver."Buttherewasonlysomuchhecoulddo—theriverwasstilldeclaredbiologicallydeadin1969.

JillSpisiakJedlickaishisgreat-grandniece.Shepicksupwhereheleftoffbydirectingtheriver'sprotectororganization,BuffaloNiagaraWaterkeeper.ProfessorSchneeklothandsevenfriendsfoundedtheorganizationasanall-volunteernonprofitin1989,afterorganizingthefirstrivercleanupthatyear.Todaythegroupemploys27full-timeworkersandhashelpedoverseetheBuffaloRiver's$100millionrestoration.

Sofar,theBuffaloRiver'swaterqualityhasrestored,butitisstillanongoingissue,assewage(污水)canoverflowintotheriverafterstorms.Habitatrestorationcontinuesaswell;fishandplantingsarestillbeingsampledtomeasurehowwellit'sgone.（1）WhatdidtheBuffaloRiverusetobe?A.

Awaterwayontheyearbook.

B.

Ariverheavilypolluted.C.

AgreatattractionofBuffalo's.

D.

Aplaceworthfightingfor.（2）WhywasMr.Spisiaknamed"Mr.BuffaloRiver"?A.

Becausehisfateshiftedinthe1960s.B.

BecausehespotteddumpersontheRiver.C.

Becausehesparednoeffortstoprotecttheriver.D.

Becausetheriverwasdeclaredbiologicallydead.（3）Howlongdidittakefortherivertorestore?A.

Morethanhalfacentury.

B.

Justfourdecades.

C.

About30years.

D.

Only27years.（4）Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthistext?A.

TherestorationoftheBuffaloRiver

B.

StanleySpisiak:The"Mr.BuffaloRiver"C.

ThefutureoftheBuffaloRiver

D.

Riverprotection:Alongwaytogo【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）A（4）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了被污染的theBuffaloRiver的恢復(fù)。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的”nevergaveupontheirpollutedriver—theBuffaloRivergraduallywentfrombeingconsideredalostcausetoaplaceworthfightingfor.“；第二段中的”Bythe1960s，theriverwasseenasoneoftheworstsourcesofpollutionpouringintotheGreatLakes.TheBuffaloRiverhadcaughtfiremanytimes.Thesurfacehadanoilylayer，andanyfishcaughttherewerenoteatable.“可知，theBuffaloRiver過去是一條被嚴(yán)重污染的河。故選B。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的”StanleySpisiakwasalocalPolish—Americanjewelerbyday，butbyeveninghewasthekindofguywho'dchasedowndumpers(垃圾車)hespottedontheBuffaloRiver.By1966hefoundhimselfwinningtheNationalWildlifeFederation's"WaterConservationistoftheYear"award.Andbeforelonghegotanickname:‘Mr.BuffaloRiver.’"可知，Mr.Spisiak被稱為“Mr.BuffaloRiver”是因?yàn)樗贿z余力地保護(hù)這條河。故選C。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Ittookdecadesforpublicperceptionoftherivertoshift.”公眾對這條河的看法改變花了幾十年的時(shí)間；第二段中的“Bythe1960s，theriverwasseenasoneoftheworstsourcesofpollutionpouringintotheGreatLakes.”到了20世紀(jì)60年代，這條河被認(rèn)為是五大湖最嚴(yán)重的污染源之一。；以及最后一段中的“Sofar，theBuffaloRiver'swaterqualityhasrestored，”到目前為止，布法羅河的水質(zhì)已經(jīng)恢復(fù)”可知，這條河花了多半個(gè)世紀(jì)才恢復(fù)。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。第一段和第二段說明了theBuffaloRiver嚴(yán)重受污染的情況，第三、四段介紹了為改變污染狀況所做的努力，以及最后一段中的“Sofar，theBuffaloRiver'swaterqualityhasrestored，butitisstillanongoingissue，assewage(污水)canoverflowintotheriverafterstorms.Habitatrestorationcontinuesaswell；fishandplantingsarestillbeingsampledtomeasurehowwellit'sgone.”是其現(xiàn)狀。綜上可知，本文講述的是被污染的theBuffaloRiver的恢復(fù)。故選A。【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，要求考生準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，概括歸納，從而選出正確答案。6．閱讀理解

It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.Butthiscommonknowledgeturnsoutwrong.

Anewstudyfindsthatthewomaninthepaintingisactuallylookingoutatananglethat's15.4degreesofftotheobserver'sright-welloutsideoftherangethatpeoplenormallybelievewhentheythinksomeoneislookingrightatthem.Inotherwords,saidthestudyauthor,Horstmann,"She'snotlookingatyou."Thisissomewhatironic,becausetheentirephenomenonofaperson'sgaze(凝視)inaphotographorpaintingseemingtofollowthevieweriscalledthe"MonaLisaeffect".Thateffectisabsolutelyreal,Horstmannsaid.Ifapersonisillustratedorphotographedlookingstraightahead,evenpeopleviewingtheportraitfromananglewillfeeltheyarebeinglookedat.Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.

Thisisimportantforhumaninteractionwithon-screencharacters.Ifyouwantsomeoneofftotherightsideofaroomtofeelthatapersonon-screenislookingathimorher,youdon'tcutthegazeofthecharactertothatside-surprisingly,doingsowouldmakeanobserverfeellikethecharacterisn'tlookingatanyoneintheroomatall.Instead,youkeepthegazestraightahead.

Horstmannandhisco-authorwerestudyingthiseffectforitsapplicationinthecreationofartificial-intelligenceavatars(虛擬頭像)whenHorstmanntookalonglookatthe"MonaLisa"andrealizedshewasn'tlookingathim.

Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.TheysetarulerbetweentheviewerandthescreenandaskedtheparticipantstonotewhichnumberontherulerintersectedMonaLisa'sgaze.TocalculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeasshelookedattheviewer,theymovedtherulerfartherfromorclosertothescreenduringthestudy.Consistently,theresearchersfound,participantsjudgedthatthewomaninthe"MonaLisa"portraitwasnotlookingstraightatthem,butslightlyofftotheirright.

Sowhydopeoplerepeatthebeliefthathereyesseemtofollowtheviewer?Horstmannisn'tsure.It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.Ormaybethepeoplewhofirstcoinedtheterm"MonaLisaeffect"justthoughtitwasacoolname.（1）Itisgenerallybelievedthatthewomaninthepainting"MonaLisa"

.A.

attractstheviewerstolookback

B.

seemsmysteriousbecauseofhereyesC.

fixeshereyesonthebackoftheviewers

D.

looksattheviewerswherevertheystand（2）WhatgazerangeinapaintingwillcausetheMonaLisaeffect?A.

B.

C.

D.

（3）Theexperimentinvolving24peoplewasconductedto

.A.

confirmHorstmann'sbeliefB.

createartificial-intelligenceavatarsC.

calculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeD.

explainhowtheMonaLisaeffectcanbeapplied（4）Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.

Horstmannthinksit'scooltocointheterm"MonaLisaeffect".B.

TheMonaLisaeffectcontributestothecreationofartificialintelligence.C.

FeelingbeinggazedatbyMonaLisamaybecausedbythedesireforattention.D.

Thepositionoftherulerintheexperimentwillinfluencetheviewers'judgement.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）A（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，眾所周知列奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇最著名的畫作中的女人，無論站在房間的哪個(gè)角落，似乎都會(huì)回頭看著觀察者，用她的眼睛跟隨他們。一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這一常識(shí)是錯(cuò)誤的，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人們有被蒙娜麗莎凝視的感覺可能是因?yàn)槿藗兛释魂P(guān)注。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.”眾所周知，列奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇最著名的畫作中的女人，無論站在房間的哪個(gè)角落，似乎都會(huì)回頭看著觀察者，用她的眼睛跟隨他們?？芍藗兤毡檎J(rèn)為，《蒙娜麗莎》中的女人無論站在哪里都會(huì)看著觀眾。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.”只要這個(gè)人的凝視角度不超過5度左右，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)蒙娜麗莎效應(yīng)?？芍灰暯嵌炔怀^5度左右，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)蒙娜麗莎效應(yīng)。故選B。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.”為了確保不僅僅是他，研究人員讓24個(gè)人在電腦屏幕上觀看"蒙娜麗莎"的

圖像?？芍芯咳藛T對24人進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了證實(shí)霍斯特曼的觀點(diǎn)。故選A。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.”他說，人們有被注視的欲望是可能的，所以他們認(rèn)為女人在直視他們?？赏浦藗冇斜幻赡塞惿暤母杏X可能是因?yàn)槿藗兛释魂P(guān)注。故選C?！军c(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀理解

OnDecember26,2004,hundredsoftouristsrelaxedonSriLanka'sYalaNationalPark'sbeaches.Butatmid-morningthepark'selephantsbegancryingwildlyandrunningawayfromtheoceanandupanearbyhill.Thepuzzledkeeperscouldtelltheanimalswereworriedaboutsomethingbutwhat?

Whatthekeepersdidnotknowwasthata30-footwallofwaterwasheadedstraighttowardthem.Thistsunami(海嘯)hadbeencausedbyanearthquakemorethan1,000milesawayintheIndianOcean.Whenthehugewavehitthecoast,itcausedseveredamage.Manypeopledied.Theelephants,however,werenotsweptawaybythewater.Theystoodsafelyonthehill.

Scientistshavelongsuspectedthatanimalssensenaturaldisastersbeforehumansdo.Peoplehavetoldstoriesofdogsrefusingtogooutsideandsharksswimmingtodeeperwatersbeforeahurricane.Afterthe2004tsunami,peoplesaidtheysawtigers,monkeys,andwaterbuffaloescapingtohighergroundbeforethewatersrushedin.Eveninthehardest-hitareasofsouthernAsia,therewerefewanimaldeaths.

It'sunlikelythatananimal'sso-calledsixthsensecomesfromsomemagicalpowertoseeintothefuture.Expertsbelievethatanimalsmaybemoresensitivethanhumanstochangesintemperatureandotherenvironmentalconditionsthattakeplacebeforeanaturaldisaster.TheelephantsinSriLanka,forexample,mayhavepickedupvibrationsfromwithintheEarth,asignthatearthquakewascoming.Becausevibrationsinthegroundtravelmuchfasterthananoceanwave,theelephantsmayhavefelttheearthquakethatcausedthetsunamiwellbeforethetsunamiitselfcametothecoast.

Afewscientistsarecallingforasystemtotrackreportsofstrangebehaviorinpeople'spets,hopingthatthesereportscanserveasawarningsystemthatanaturaldisasterisabouttohappen.ButMarinaHaynes,ananimalbehaviorscientistatthePhiladelphiaZoo,says,"Itwouldbeanunreliablewaytopredictdisasters.Itcanbedifficulttoknowwhatananimalisdo