英語語法一、概論1.1.1語法的內(nèi)容：詞法+句法詞法:研究詞形變化的部分;句法:研究句子結(jié)構(gòu)的部分一、概論1.1.2語法與詞匯語法指遣詞造句的規(guī)律，但它離不開詞匯。二者相互作用。一、概論1.2詞類(PartsofSpeech)名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞I’llwaitforyouatthestation’scoffeehouse.（名詞）Ihopeyou’llenjoyyourself.（代詞）Sheisanurse;sheworksinahospitalinthecity.（冠詞一、概論Theboatcost500ponds.(數(shù)詞)Hedrinksaglassofwater.（量詞）Shelooksverybeautifultoday.（形容詞）Herunsfast/quickly.（副詞）Iliveneartheschool.(介詞)Callmeafteryougethome.(連詞)Oh,Iforgetit.(感嘆詞）一、概論1.2.2限定詞：用在名詞前面幫助說明詞義的詞冠詞物主代詞用作定語的不定代詞：some,any用作定語的指示代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞等:this,which,whose一、概論1.2.3分清詞類至關(guān)重要。(看書上的success例子p3)1.2.4同一個詞可用作多種詞類。(看書上的例子p4)一、概論1.3.2句子成分主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語一、概論Thequestioniseasy.(主語)Hetoldusasecret.（謂語）Theyhopetogivehimagoodeducation.(賓語)Thisisagoodidea.(表語)Hermotherisateacher.（定語）Youarecompletelywrong.(狀語)ThisismysisterMary.（同位語）一、概論1.3.3句子種類陳述句、問句、祈使句、感嘆句、簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句1.3.4問句種類一般疑問句、特殊問句、選擇問句、反意問句

一、概論1.4單詞、短語和從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句定語從句狀語從句同位語從句1．詞法：名詞、冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連詞2．句法：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、語序、省略句、句型的轉(zhuǎn)換3．動詞：動詞種類、時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞、非謂語動詞、動詞句型第一部分：詞法第一節(jié)：名詞：人或事物的名稱。專有名詞名詞普通名詞個體名詞集體名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞A.個體名詞1.漢譯英練習(xí)1）這個地區(qū)有五座湖泊。2）她的父親是一名大學(xué)教授。3）他寫了一百多首歌曲。4）他喜歡撒謊。5）她的夢想是當舞蹈演員。參考答案1)Therearefivelakesinthedistrict(area).2)Herfatherisauniversityprofessor.3)Hecomposedoverahundredsongs.4)Heisfondoftellinglies.5)Herdreamistobecomeadancer.2.在下文的個體名詞下劃線Aboutonethirdofallmammalsaremeat-eatinganimals.Theyincludethecatfamily,fromtigerstocats,aswellasthedogfamily,includingwolvesandfoxes.Apartfromtheseanimals,manyothermammalsarealsoeatmeat.Dolphinspreyonfish.ThelargestbigcatisSiberiantigerofeasternAsia.Itgrowstoalengthofthreemetersandweighsmorethan300kg.Thepolarbearisevenbigger.Itstandsmorethen3meterstallandweighsover500kg.Thebiggestmeat-eatersisthebluewhale.Itreaches20metersinlengthand50tonesinweight.Aboutonethirdofallmammalsaremeat-eatinganimals.Theyincludethecatfamily,fromtigerstocats,aswellasthedogfamily,includingwolvesandfoxes.Apartfromtheseanimals,manyothermammalsarealsoeatmeat.Dolphinspreyonfish.ThelargestbigcatisSiberiantigerofeasternAsia.Itgrowstoalengthofthreemetersandweighsmorethan300kg.Thepolarbearisevenbigger.Itstandsmorethen3meterstallandweighsover500kg.Thebiggestmeat-eatersisthebluewhale.Itreaches20metersinlengthand50tonesinweight.B.集體名詞1．漢譯英練習(xí)1）他家是個大家庭。2）他全家人都好接近和相處.3）政府正在討論投資計劃。4）政府要求增加稅收。5）公眾不可能接受這項提議。6）公眾受到了政府的尊重。參考答案1）Hisfamilyisalargeone.2）Hisfamilyarealleasygoing.3）Thegovernmentarediscussingtheinvestmentplan.4）Thegovernmenthasaskedtoincreasetaxation.5）Thepublicwasunlikelytoaccepttheproposal.6）ThepublicwererespectedbythegovernmentB.集體名詞1．Thestaff_____（have）gonefortheirlunch．

2．Thecrewsofseveralships__（be）inport．

3．Thepresentgovernment，whichhasn’tbeeninpowerlong，____（be）tryingtocontrolinflation．4．Thegovernment，who__________（be）lookingforaquickvictory，arecallingforageneralelectionsoon．

5．Thejury______（be）dividedinopinion．

6．Thecommittee_____（have）helditsfirstmeeting．

7．Almosteveryfamilyinthisvillage___（have）amaninthearmy．

8．Thewholefamily__________（be）intearsC.物質(zhì)名詞1）她要我和她一起去滑冰。我要兩份巧克力冰激凌。2）你喜歡啤酒嗎？請來兩杯啤酒。3）我買半公斤茶葉。給我兩杯茶，一杯咖啡。4）我們沒有牛奶了。再給我來杯牛奶。參考答案1)Sheaskedmetogoskatingontheicewithher.Twochocolateicesforme.2）Doyoulikebeer?Threebeers,please.3）Iboughthalfakilooftea.Givemetwoteasandacoffee.4）We’reoutofmilk.Givemeanothermilk.5）我要喝點西紅柿湯。他們又各式各樣的湯。6）岸上有沙。孩子們在沙灘上玩。7）他要了一杯冰水。魚在陌生的水域里經(jīng)常會死。8）開始下雪了。那里的積雪從不融化。9）我的課桌是木制的。咱們在樹林里散一會兒步吧。5）I’llhavesometomatosoup.Theyhavevarioussoups.6）Thereissandontheshore.Thechildrenareplayingonthesands.7）Heaskedforaglassofcoldwater.Thefishoftendieinthestrangewaters.8）Snowbegantofall.Theresnowsnevermelt.9）Mydeskismadeofwood.Let’stakeawalkinthewoods.D.抽象名詞1）他所追求的是真理。2）知識就是力量。3）今天天氣怎樣？4）對我來說，健康比金錢更重要。5）我佩服她的勇氣。參考答案1）Whatheseeksistruth.2）Knowledgeispower.3）Howistheweathertoday?4）Healthismoreimportanttomethanmoney.5）Iadmireherforhercourage.6）她有足夠的錢過舒服的日子。

對她年邁的父親來說，她是一種安慰。7)他沒有受過教育。他受過良好的教育。8)我沒有教學(xué)經(jīng)驗。

來這里的路上我有一段神奇的經(jīng)歷。

9）失敗是成功之母。他感到他的婚姻是失敗的。6)Shehadenoughmoneytoliveincomfort.shewasacomforttoheroldfather.7)Heneverhadanyeducation.Hereceivedagoodeducation.8)Ihavenoexperienceinteaching.Ihadastrangeexperienceonmyjourneyhere.9)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Hefeltthathismarriagewasafailure.E.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞

1．用名詞的適當形式填空：1)a____ofbread2)a____ofpaper3)a____oftoothpaste4）a____ofmilk5）a____ofsoap6）a____ofjam7）alarge____ofmoney8）a____ofanger9）a____ofclothes10）a____ofhope11）a____ofrice12）a____ofthread13）a____ofsand14）a____ofice15）a____oftea16）a____ofgold1)a____ofbread(slice/loaf)2)a____ofpaper(piece/sheet)3)a____oftoothpaste(tube)4）a____ofmilk(bottle/glass/carton)5）a____ofsoap(cake/bar)

6）a____ofjam(jar)7）alarge____ofmoney(sum)

8）a____ofanger(fit)9）a____ofclothes(suit)10）a____ofhope(ray)11）a____ofrice(bowl/grain)12）a____ofthread(piece)13）a____ofsand(grain)14）a____ofice(cube)15）a____oftea(pot)16）a____ofgold(bar)2.用名詞的適當形式填空：1）Beforeliberationhecouldhardlyliveonhis____.(wage)2)Onehastobeespeciallycarefulundersuch___.(circumstance)3)Ourinstituteisinthewestern____(suburb)ofBeijing.4)Theschool____(authority)willtakecareofit.5)Thestudentsaremaking____(preparation)forthecomingfestival.6)Haveyoumade_____(arrangement)foryourtriptoQingdao?7)Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto____(ash)duringthewar.8)Whenareyoureportonyour___(finding)?9)Heismakingastudyoffreshwater____(fish).10)Nowpeopleareeatingmore____(fruit)thantheydidbeforeliberation.11)Various___(fruit)areonsalenow.12)Pleasetellusaboutyour____(experience)inTibet.13)Everyonewasinhigh____(spirit)thatday.14)thetreearenowinfull____(blossom).15)Thetreewascoveredwith____(blossom).

答案1）Beforeliberationhecouldhardlyliveonhis____.(wages)2)Onehastobeespeciallycarefulundersuch___.(circumstances)3)Ourinstituteisinthewestern____(suburbs)ofBeijing.4)Theschool____(authorities)willtakecareofit.5)Thestudentsaremaking____(preparations)forthecomingfestival.6)Haveyoumade_____(arrangements)foryourtriptoQingdao?7)Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto____(ashes)duringthewar.8)Whenareyoureportonyour___(findings)?9)Heismakingastudyoffreshwater____(fishes).10)Nowpeopleareeatingmore____(fruit)thantheydidbeforeliberation.11)Various___(fruits)areonsalenow.12)Pleasetellusaboutyour____(experiences)inTibet.13)Everyonewasinhigh____(spirits)thatday.14)thetreearenowinfull____(blossom).15)Thetreewascoveredwith____(blossoms).II名詞復(fù)數(shù)

1.給出名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：baby,branch.Tax,city,mouse,bush,place,inch,cat,reef,tooth,phenomenon,goose,dish,lake,prince,ox,mass,butterfly,handkerchief,success,holiday,house,knife,map,shelf,piano,glass,tomato,hero,month,mouth,bridge,brother-in-law,gentleman,commander-in-chief,grow-up,woman,worker,analysis,index,erratum,mediumbabies,branches.Taxes,cities,mice,bushes,places,inches,cats,roofs,teeth,phenomena,geese,dishes,lakes,princes,oxen,masses,butterflies,handkerchiefs,successes,holidays,houses,knives,maps,shelves,pianos,glasses,tomatoes,heroes,months,mouths,bridges,brothers-in-law,gentlemen,commanders-in-chief,grow-ups,women,workers,analyses,indexes/indices,errata,media2.漢譯英練習(xí)1．他是一個優(yōu)秀的青年。他年輕時彈過鋼琴。2.他住在親戚家。他們之間是什么關(guān)系？3.大國舉行了一次國際會議。要善于運用權(quán)力。4.他們給我們提供了日用必需品。沒有必要弄得匆匆忙忙。答案：1．Heisagoodyouth.Heplayedthepianoinheryouth.2.Heisstayingwithhisrelatives.Whatistherelationbetweenthem?3.ThegreatPowersheldaninternationalconference.Powershouldbeusedwisely.4.Theyprovideourdailynecessity.Thereisnonecessitytohurry.Ⅲ名詞所有格1．漢譯英練習(xí)1）她是我妻子的妹妹。2）她是我嫂子的母親。3)教師閱覽室在哪里？4）他們以蝸牛的速度前進。5)他們春節(jié)有一個禮拜的假。6）我買了十美元的郵票。7）從這開車去大約需要兩個小時。8）他在北京大學(xué)英語系任教。9）我們這樣做完全是為了友誼。10）在我心目中仍然可以看到她慈祥的面孔。1）She’smywife’scousin.2）Sheismysister-in-law’sfather.3)Whereis