PAGEiAbstractThisthesisattemptstomaketheresearchonZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPekingfromNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory.ThispaperanalyzesaseriesoftranslationstrategiesadoptedinZhang'sversion,andstudiestheguidingsignificanceofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheoryinthetranslationpracticeofMomentinPeking.AstherepresentativeworkofLinYutang,MomentinPekinghasagreatinfluenceontheliteraryworld.OfthemanyMomentinPeking’stranslations,onlyZhangZhenyu'sversionhasbeensoldinsideandoutside,andiswidelyknown.Basedonthetheoryoffunctionalequivalence,thisstudydiscusseshowtorealizethefunctionalequivalencebetweenthetranslatedtextandtheoriginaltextbyanalyzingwords,sentences,anddiscourses.Thevocabularylevelincludesthetranslationofthenameofpeople,theculturally-loadedwordandthechoicefour-characterstructures.Thetranslationofsentencelevel,whichconsistsofthelongsentencesandadages.Thediscourselevelincludesthetranslationofdialoguesandpsychologicalactivity.Afterstudying,wecanfindoutthattheZhang'sversionisrichinliterarytranslationcolor,andthetranslatoradoptstranslationmethodssuchasliteraltranslation,transliteration,subtractionandfreetranslationwithoutcompromisingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Atthesametime,throughexampleanalysis,theauthorfindsthatdeficienciesandprovidesexperienceforthetranslationofsuchnovelsinthefuture.Keywords:functionalequivalence;Nida;MomentinPeking;ZhangZhenyu摘要本文在尤金·奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等理論的指導(dǎo)下，以張振玉版本的《京華煙云》譯本為研究對(duì)象，分析了張譯本中采用的一系列的翻譯策略，探討了奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等理論在《京華煙云》翻譯實(shí)踐中的指導(dǎo)意義?！毒┤A煙云》作為林語堂的代表作品，在世界文壇上有很大的影響。在眾多《京華煙云》譯本中，只有張振玉版本一直暢銷海內(nèi)外、廣為人知。本研究以功能對(duì)等理論為理論基礎(chǔ)，通過分析詞、句和篇章去探討張譯本是如何實(shí)現(xiàn)譯文與原文的功能對(duì)等。從詞匯層面上以人名、文化負(fù)載詞和四字詞的翻譯為主，句法層面主要是長句和俚語的翻譯，篇章層面主要由對(duì)話及人物的心里活動(dòng)描寫的翻譯組成。最后得出結(jié)論：張振玉版本的譯本文學(xué)翻譯色彩濃厚,譯者在不損害原文意義的前提下，采用直譯、重譯、減譯和意譯等翻譯方法，實(shí)現(xiàn)了功能對(duì)等的原則，在準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)了原文的內(nèi)容的同時(shí)，也實(shí)現(xiàn)了功能對(duì)等。本研究為《京華煙云》譯本研究提供了一個(gè)新視角，同時(shí)通過實(shí)例分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)不足并為今后翻譯此類小說提供借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn)。關(guān)鍵詞：尤金·奈達(dá)功能對(duì)《京華煙云》張振玉1Introduction1.1BackgroundoftheStudyMomentinPekingwaspublishedin1939,whichwaswritteninEnglishbutdescribedtheChineselifefrom1901yearto1938year.MomentinPekingbecameverypopularamongreadersimmediately.MomentinPekinghasaveryimportantvalueintheliteratureandbuildsamodelinintroducingChineseculturetothewesternworldsuccessfully.Thewriterdidanexcellenteffectoftheculturalexchange.SeveraltranslatorshavetranslatedtheworkintoChinese,butthemostwelcomeoneisZhang’sversion.ZhangZhenyu,aprofessoratTaiwanUniversityreducedthelimitationsofformalequivalencethroughusingthehigh-levellanguageskillsandtranslationskills,andtookthereaders’responseintoconsideration.Theequivalencetheory,whichwasadvocatedbytranslationtheoristEugeneA.Nidainthe1960s.Theroleofreaderresponseintranslationisveryimportantinthestudyoffunctionalequivalence.Equivalencetranslationtheoryemphasizesthatthetargetreaderscanhavebasicallythesimilarreadingreflectionastheoriginalreaders,whichisalsoagoodcriteriontojudgethetargettext.Intheelaborationof"functionalequivalence",thecoreistheflexibilityofequivalence,andtwolevelsofequivalenceareproposed:thefirstoneisthehighestlevelofequivalence,andthesecondoneisthelowestlevelofequivalence.Thehighestlevelreferstotheabilityofthetargetreadertounderstandthetranslationfirst,andthentoappreciatethetranslationjustliketheoriginalreader.Butitisonlytheidealstatepursuedbytranslator.Thelowestlevelreferstotheabilityofthetargetreaderimaginestheoriginalreader'sunderstandingandappreciationofthework.Functionalequivalencetheoryisusefulintranslation,andbyapplyingittothetranslationpractice,thefidelityofthetranslationcanbeensuredtothegreatestextent.Atthesametime,thedeepstructureofthesentenceneedstobetransformedfirst.Onlyinthisway,thesurfacestructureofthetranslationcanbeexpressedfreely.Thiscanensurethesmoothnessofthetranslationasmuchaspossible.Italsohaspracticalsignificancetoguidethetranslationpractice.1.2PurposeandSignificanceoftheStudyMomentinPeking,whichisanEnglishnovelwrittenbyLinYutangandmainlyintroducesturbulentChinainearly20thcenturytothewesternreaders.LinYutangusedaccurateandfluentEnglishinthebook,andintroducedtothewesternreadersthesplendidandlong-standingcultureoftheChinesenationthousandsofyearsago.Therefore,whentranslatingsuchworks,translatorsshouldbeabletoconsiderbothlinguisticissuesandculturalissues.Inmanyversionsofthetranslation,onlyZhangZhenyu'sversionhasbeensoldonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsformanyyears,andithasbecomethemostpopularversion.InZhang’sversion,thetranslatorreplacedsomewordswithBeijingdialectandusedaseriesoftranslationmethodswhentranslatingMomentinPeking,suchasliteraltranslation,freetranslation,semantictranslationandsoon,whichmakesthetranslationclosertotheoriginaltext,andisalsoanexcellentwork.Itrealizestheprinciplesoffunctionalequivalence,makesagooddealwiththespecialitemofculture,andmakesiteasierforreaderstoaccept,soitismorepopularamongreaders.Functionalequivalencetheoryproposesthattheformalequivalence,semanticsinnaturalandidiomaticlanguage,andculturallyfavorsanaturalizedtranslationstrategytoeliminatebarrierstounderstandingcausedbyculturaldifferences.Therefore,usingfunctionalequivalencetostudythetranslationstrategiesofZhangZhenyu'sversionhasaprofoundsignificanceforourfuturetranslationpractice.1.3ResearchQuestionsandHypothesesThestudyaimstoanswerthefollowingquestions:1WhythefunctionalequivalencetheoryisappliedtoguidethetranslationofMomentinPeking？2HowtoapplytheprinciplesofFunctionalequivalenceinthetranslationofZhangZhenyu'sversion?3WhatkindoftranslationstrategiesareusedinZhangZhenyu'sversion?Thehypothesis:Functionalequivalencecansolvemanytranslationproblemsandplayanimportantroleintheliterarytranslationanalysis.AndthestudysuggeststhatZhangZhenyu'sversionfollowstheprinciplesoffunctionalequivalence,suchaslexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,andspeechequivalence,whichensuresthepopularityofZhang’sversion.1.4MethodologyThisthesisadoptsthequantitativeandqualitativeresearchmethods.Throughstudyingtheprinciplesoffunctionalequivalencetheory,therearetwelveexamplesinthecaseanalysisarecollectedfromthetext,thentheresearcheranalyzesthetwelveexamplesonthelevelofword,sentenceanddialogue.TheresearcherfindsthatZhang'sversioncompliedtheprinciplesoffunctionalequivalencetheory,andmanytranslationstrategies,suchasliteraltranslation,amplification,omission,retranslation,andfreetranslationareusedinthetranslationpractice.1.5TheStructureoftheThesisThethesisisdividedintofivechapters.Chapteroneisanintroduction,whichmainlystatesthebackgroundofthestudy,thepurposeandsignificanceofthestudy,theresearchquestionsandhypotheses,themethodologyandthestructureofthethesis.Chaptertwoisaboutliteraturereview.Atfirst,ananalysisreviewspreviousstudiesonFunctionalEquivalencetheory.Itisdividedintoathomeandabroad.Thenextpart,whichisabouttheformerstudiesonMomentinPeking.AndthelastpartisthestudiesonZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPeking.ChapterthreeisthetheoreticalframeworkofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.ThebeginningisabriefintroductiontoFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.Andthen,theauthorwillexplainthemeaningsofthelexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,andspeechequivalence.Chapterfouristousethefunctionalequivalencetheorytoanalyzesomeexamplesofthetranslation.Thischapterconsistsofthelevelofword,sentenceanddiscourse.Onthelevelofworditfocusesontranslationofthenamesofpeople,theculturally-loadedwordsandthefour-characterstructures.Onthelevelofsentenceitmainlyconsistsofthelongsentenceandadage.Andthelevelofdiscourseithastwopart:oneisthetranslationofthedialogue,andanotheroneisthetranslationofpsychologicalactivity.Chapterfiveconsistsofthreeparts:themajorfindings,thelimitationsoftheresearchandthesuggestions.2.1StudiesonFunctionalEquivalenceTheory2.11StudiesonFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryAbroadNida.EugeneA.isaoutstandinglinguistandtranslatorintheUnitedStates.Hehasmanyexcellentbooksinhislifeandhasachievedmanyacademicachievements.Nida.EugeneA.isamasterofmulti-nationallanguages,andhiscentraltheoryis“functionalequivalence”.In1964,Nidafirstputforward"FormalEquivalence"and"DynamicEquivalence"intheTowardsaScienceofTranslating,andheparticularlyemphasizeonthelatterone.Hebelievedthatthesignificantdifferencesbetween"FormalEquivalence"and"DynamicEquivalence"liesintheformandcontentofvariouslanguages.Thetranslationof"formalequivalence"isnoteasytorealize.The"dynamicequivalence"ismoreaboutpursuingtheclosestequivalenceintranslation,andmakethereadingexperienceoftheoriginalandtargetreadersasconsistentaspossible.However,somepeoplethinkthatthistheoryisonlyanidealbutnotreality.The"functionalequivalence"theoryfacesmanydoubts.Andthen,NidapointedoutintheLanguage,CultureandTranslating(1993:118)thatmanyfactorsandvariablesinvolvedintranslation,suchastheoriginalreliability,texttype,readerobject,andtranslationpurpose,etc.Theequivalenttranslationinallaspectsisimpossible,anditdoesnotexistinpractice.Therefore,twolevelsof"functionalequivalence"areproposed:oneisthehighestlevelofequivalence,anotheroneisthelowestlevelofequivalence.Thehighestlevelofequivalence,whichisthetargetreadercanunderstandthetranslationatfirst,andthentheycanappreciateitjustliketheoriginalreader.Thisisonlytheidealrealmoftranslationpursuit.Especiallywhenthelanguagesandculturesintwocountriesaresodifferent,thisisnoteasytodoandhopeless.Thelowestlevel,whichreferstotheabilityofthetargetreaderimaginestheoriginalreader'sunderstandingandappreciationofthework,andalsoneedstounderstandthemeaningthroughthetranslation.InTheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation(Nida,2004),Nidadefines,“dynamicequivalenceisthereforetobedefinedtothedegreetowhichthereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguagerespondtoitinthesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage.”,andtheword"dynamic"iseasilymisunderstoodastranslationthatonlyhasinfluence,sothatmanypeoplethinkthatifatranslationisquitegreatinfluencethatitmustcanbethe"dynamicequivalence."Soastolessenmisperceptions,Nidaemphasizedtheconceptof"function"latter.IntheIntroducingTranslationStudies：TheoriesandApplications(JeremyMunday,2005:42),basedonNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,thewriterpointsthattranslationmustmeetthefollowingfourbasicrequirements:conveyinginformation;conveyingthespiritandstyleoftheoriginalwork;languagefluency,abidingbythegrammarrulesandlanguagehabitsoftranslation;readerresponsesimilar.Inconclusion,webelongtoaculturalcircle,readersmusthavecommoncharacteristics,sothereader'sresponsecanbeusedasacriterionfortranslation.Althoughthelowestlevelofequivalenceisdifficulttoachieve,itdoesnotpreventusfrommakingitasagoal.2.12StudiesonFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryatHomeChina'sscholarshavedonemoreresearcheswithNida'stranslationthoughtsthanmanyothercountriesintheworld.Throughoutitshistory,ithasexperiencedthefollowingstages:Inthefirststage,inthe1970s,thedomesticresearchonNida'stranslationthoughtswasbasicallyinthestageoftranslation,evaluationandtheoreticalcomparison.Inthesecondstage,inthe1990s,thisstageofresearchwasastageinwhichpositivediscourseandnegativediscoursecoexisted,anditwasthe“contentionperiod”ofresearch.Thethirdstage,about2000s,thedomesticresearchonNida'stranslationtheoryismostlyaperiodofcriticaldiscourse.InadditiontostillstudyingacertainpointoracertainaspectofNida'stranslationtheory,morescholarsarefromthepost-structuralismperspective(especiallybasedonDerrida'stheory)tocriticizeNida'stranslationtheory,whichissharperthanthe20thcentury.UptonowsomemonographshavebeenpublishedinChina,forexample:LiZhengquan(2004),BiWencheng(2004),ZhaoWei(2009),WangHua(2010),ZhaoDandan(2011),WangZongmingandHuiWei(2018)whoseessaiesonstudingtheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.2.2StudiesonMomentinPekingInrecentyears,manyscholarshavedonesomeresearchesonMomentinPeking.WangXue(2004),whousedtheadaptationtheorytostudythetranslationoffolktranslationsofMomentinPeking,fullycreatethefolkculturevalueofMomentinPeking.MaLili(2010),usingtheconflictingdiscoursetoanalyzethediscourseinMomentinPeking,andprovidingreaderswithacomprehensionofconflictingdiscoursetoanalyzetheliterarywork.Itisalsoagoodcaseforliterarycreatorstobetterunderstandconflictingdiscourseintheoryinthefuture.ZhengLing(2010),throughtheoryandconnectionwiththereality,usedtheadvantagesofSkoposTheoryandcombinedwithsomecaseanalysistofindLinYutang'sEnglishworksforculturaltranslation,especiallytheinspirationofChineseculture.Insummary,therearenumerousresearchesonMomentinPeking,butusingthefunctionalequivalencetheorytostudyonthetranslationofMomentinPekingiscurrentlyless.AndfewscholarsspecializedinZhangZhenyu'sversionuseoffunctionalequivalenceintranslatingMomentinPekinginthepast.Therefore,theauthorwilluseNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheorytoexplorethefunctionalequivalencephenomenoninZhangZhenyu'sVersionofMomentinPeking.2.3StudiesonZhangZhenyu'sVersionofMomentinPekingTherearefewresearchesonthestudiesonZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPeking.ChenHongrong(2011),throughadetailedcomparativeanalysisofLinYutang'soriginalworkandZhangZhenyu'sversion,whoconcludesthatthetranslator'ssubjectivityexpressesintheselectionoftheoriginaltext,theliteraryformofthetranslationandtheChinesetitle,theuseofvarioustranslationmethodsandtheextensiveuseoffour-characteridioms.ZhaoYe(2013),analysedtheZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPekingfromthePerspectiveofTranslationasAdaptationandSelection,andfoundthattheoriginaltexthasitsparticularities,suchasthemisuseofChineseEnglish,alargenumberofChineseproverbs,poetryreferences,andsomeexplanatoryEnglishdiscourseswhichareaddedfortheunderstandingbyWesternreaders.WangCunlian(2014),throughanalysingtheZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPekingfromthePerspectiveofDomesticationandForeignization,shefoundoutthatthetranslatormainlyadoptsDomesticationandForeignizationtranslationstrategiesintotheZhangZhenyu'sversionofMomentinPeking.3.TheoreticalFramework3.1FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryNida.EugeneA.isaoutstandinglinguistandtranslatorintheUnitedStates.Hehasmanyexcellentbooksinhislifeandhasachievedmanyacademicachievements.Atthesametime,histranslationachievementshaveachievedahugeinfluenceontheChinesetranslationindustry.Nida's"functionalequivalencetheory"includes"dynamicequivalence"and"formalequivalence.""Equivalence"emphasizesthereader'sresponse,whichisthetargetreaderhassimilarresponsewiththeoriginalreader.The"equivalence"referredtohereisnotacompleteequivalence.“Equivalence”referstoafunctionalone-to-onecorrespondencebetweentwolanguages.Although"equivalence"isnotabsolutelyaccurate,itemphasizesthatthe"functionalequivalence"theoryoftheoriginalInida's"functionalequivalence"theoryreferstothefactthatthetranslationandtheoriginaltextshouldachieveaninfinitelyclosedegreeinfunctionasmuchaspossible.Itisamatterofdegree,notabsoluteequivalence.Thefunctionalequivalencetheorysupportsthatwecanusesomemethodstocompleteandadjusttheinformation,soastoachievefunctionalequivalencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettextwhenwearetranslating.Whatwemeanbyfunctionalequivalenceisnotexactlyword-for-wordorsentence-for-sentenceequivalence.Functionalequivalencetheoryisakindofobjectivetranslationtheory,whichpursuestheeffectofthetargettextandemphasizesthatthetargetreaderscanhavebasicallythesimilarreadingreflectionastheoriginalreaders,whichisalsoagoodcriteriontojudgethetargettext.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,translatorsneedtofocusonthemeaningandspiritoftheoriginaltext,butnotthelanguagestructureoftheoriginaltext.ThisiswhatNidahasalwaysadvocated:contentfirst,formsecond.Whilerealizingtheequivalenceofinformationcontent,formalequivalenceisalsorequiredasmuchaspossible.In1964,Nidaproposed"FormalEquivalence"and"DynamicEquivalence"intheTowardsaScienceofTranslating(1964:24)atthefirsttime.Itsequivalenceincludesfouraspects:thefirstoneislexicalequivalence;thesecondoneissyntacticequivalence;thethirdoneisspeechequivalence,andthelastoneisstylisticequivalence.3.2ThePrinciplesofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory3.21LexicalEquivalenceLexicalequivalencereferstotheabilitytofindthecorrespondingexpressionsinthetargetlanguage.Theyareresponsibleforconveyingthecontentofthework,expressingtheauthor'sthoughts,andevenhighlightingtheartisticstyleofthework.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldconsidertheword’srealmeaninginthespecificcontextoftheoriginaltext,andalsotakeintoaccountthemessagetheoriginalauthorwantstoconvey,andexpressitinanaturaltranslationtohelpthetargetreaderbettercomprehendtheoriginaltext.Translatingthemeaningofawordrequiresknowtherealcontext,thatis,functionalequivalenceatthelexicallevel.3.22SyntacticEquivalenceComparedwithsyntacticequivalenceandlexicalequivalence,theformerismorecomplextoachieve.EnglishisdrasticallydifferentfromChinese,andoneofthemostapparentfeaturesbetweenEnglishandChineseisthatthecategoryofsingularandplural.Forexample,thereisgenerallynoclearlanguagemarkforthepluralinChinese,butcomparedtoEnglish,thepluralforminEnglishwillhaveaclearmanifestation.Ontheotherhand,grammaticallabelssuchaspart-of-speechandtensealsoshouldbeconsideringthetenseconsistencywhentranslated.Inconclusion,thetranslatorshouldfirstunderstandwhetherthereissuchanexpressionstructureinthetargetlanguage,andthenunderstandthefrequencyofuseofsuchstructure.Sometimes,vocabularydifferencesalsocausetranslationalbarrierstosyntacticequivalence.Forexample,Chinesedoesnothaverelationalpronouns.Therefore,wemustfirstfullyconsidertheorderandcombinationofattributiveclauseswhentranslating.BecauseChineseattributivesareplacedinfrontofsentences,whichalsomakessyntacticstructurerecombinationmorecomplicatedintranslation.Therefore,wecanfindthatChinesesentencesarealwaysshorterthanEnglish.3.23SpeechEquivalenceThetranslationprocessisaone-wayprocessthroughanalyzingthesourcelanguage,andthentransformingitintothetargetlanguage.(Catford,1965:20)“Definitely,thepurposeofthetranslationistomakethetargetlanguageequivalenttothesourcelanguageonthebasisofthespeechinthespecificcontext.”Therefore,whenconductingtextanalysis,weshouldanalyzethelanguageitselftoseehowthelanguagereflectsitsmeaningandfunctioninaspecificcontext.Speechequivalenceconsistsofthreelevels,thefirstoneiscontextualcontextthattherealmeaningofwordsorsentencesinthetextcanbedeterminedbyreasoningfromthecontextofthetext.Thenextoneissituationalcontext,whichmeansthatdeterminingtherealmeaningofthesomewordsorsentencesthroughsomefactorssuchasevents,participants,andcommunicationmethodsthatoccurinsituation.Thethirdoneisculturalcontext,whichmeansthatintheprocessoftranslation,theculturalfactorsoflanguageuseshouldbefullyconsidered.Therefore,ifweonlyusetheup-downtranslationmethodtotranslatethesourcelanguagetobeequivalenttothetargetlanguagegrammaticallyandlexically,thetargetlanguagewilleasilydeviatefromthesourcelanguageinwritingstyleandtheme.Speechequivalenceneedustofullyunderstandthecontext,thencombinedwiththecontext,tomakeacorrectunderstandingoftheoriginaltext.4.TheApplicationofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryintheTranslationofZhangZhenyu'sVersionofMomentinPeking4.1LexicalequivalenceintheTranslationofZhangZhenyu'sVersionofMomentinPeking4.11TheTranslationoftheNameofPeopleinMomentinPekingMomentinPeking,whichisanEnglishnovelwrittenbyLinYutangandmainlyintroducesturbulentChinainearly20thcentury.ItswriterisLinYutangwhogrewupinChina,sohiswritingstylewillinevitablyhaveChinesecharacteristics.Afterobservingtranslationofpeople’snameinMomentinPeking,wefindthatallthetranslationsofpeople’snameinMomentinPekingarenotdifficulttoread,whichliketheordinaryChinesepeople'snames.Thetranslatoralsomakesthenametranslationaccuratelyandvividly,withstrongliterarycolor.SomeofthenamesintheoriginaltextaredirectlytranslatedfromChinesepinyin,suchas：Mulien(目蓮),Mulan(木蘭),Lota(羅大),Tijen(體仁),YuanShihkai(袁世凱),Mochow(莫愁),Lotung(羅東),TaAko(大阿哥),Taitai(太太),Laoyeh(老爺)LiYíma(李姨媽),Poya(博雅),TsaoLihua(曹麗華),elderbrothers（大師兄）andsoon.Indealingwiththetranslationofpeople’snames,thetranslatorisfamiliarwiththeChinesepronunciationandhasrichknowledgeofChineseculture.Therefore,hetranslatedthesenamesaccurately,whichalsoshowshishighdegreeoftranslationability.Atthesametime,thetranslatoralsousestheoliteraltranslationmethodtotranslatethenameofaperson,suchas:Coral（珊瑚),Silverscreen（銀屏),SnowBlossom(雪花),Bluehaze（青霞）,Frankincense（乳香）,Dimfragrance(暗香)，LittleJoy(小喜兒)，Phoenix(鳳凰)andsoon.Thetranslationistrueandtruthful,andthecontentandstyleoftheworkaremaintainedbypreservingtheoriginalfeatureinthetranslationprocessof,ZhangZhenyugaveprioritytothemeaningofthewordinthespecificcontextoftheoriginaltextwithChinesestyleandaccuratelyexpressedtheinformationtheoriginalauthorwantedtoconvey.Hisnaturaltranslationhelpsreadersbetterunderstandtheoriginaltext,whichisworthourcontinuouslearninginthesubsequenttranslation.4.12TheTranslationoftheCulturally-loadedWordTherearemanyculturally-loadedwordsinMomentinPeking.Forthetranslationofculture-loadedword,thetranslatorshouldhavesuperblanguageskillsandtheencyclopedicknowledgestructure.Culturally-loadedwordshaveveryobviousculturalcharacteristics.Theculturalfactors,includinghistory,religionandsoon,affecttranslationandoftencausedifficultiesintranslationandunderstanding.However,functionalequivalencetheorycansolvethoeseproblemsbyconnectingtheresponseoftheoriginalreaderwiththeresponseofthetargetreader,payingattentiontothetargettext,andstudyingthetargetreaderandtargetculture.Whendealingwithculturally-loadedwords,manytranslationmethodsareusedinthetranslationpracticebyZhangZhenyu,whichmakesthetranslationmoreconsistentwiththelanguagehabitsofthetargetreader.ZhangZhenyuaccuratelyandcompletelyconveytheLin’srealmeaningofthenovel.Example1:Shehadsmallfeetandexquisitejet-blackhairdoneinaloosecoiffure...(Lin,p5)他進(jìn)去之后，隨后走出來一個(gè)美麗的少婦，一雙金蓮兒…(Zhang,p6)Afterobservingthesentence，thetranslatortranslates“smallfeet”directlyinto“金蓮兒”.“金蓮兒”meansthat“三寸金蓮”,whichisacorruptcustomsoffootbindinginoldChina.Chineseancientwomenregardthesmallfeetaselegance.Inordertobecomemorebeautiful,womenwraptheirfeettightlywithstepstomaketheirdeformitiessmaller.Intheprocessoftranslation,ZhangZhenyutranslated“smallfeet”intotheword“金蓮兒”withChineseculturalflavor,anditisnota“wordforword”translationbytranslating“smallfeet”into“小腳”directly.Whenthetranslatoradoptedtheculturally-loadedword"金蓮兒",theimageofanoldtraditionalChinesefeudalwomancameout.Inconclusion,whenweareintranslation,it’sveryimportantforustofullyunderstandtheculturalbackgroundoftheoriginaltextandachievethegreatestpossibleequivalence,inordertomakethereadingexperienceoftheoriginalandtargetreadersasconsistentaspossible.Example2:ThespiritthatpossessedthemandenteredtheirbodieswastheMonkeySpirit,SunWukung,celebratedìnthereligiousepicHsiyuchi.(Lin,p22)來附體的神仙是齊天大圣孫悟空。(Zhang,p9)Byobservingthissentence,theauthortranslatesitinto“來附體的神仙是齊天大圣孫悟空”.Forsomedetails,thetranslatordidnottranslatethem.Suchas“MonkeySpirit(猴精)”.ThisisbecauseSunWukongisalegendaryfigureinHsiyuchi,whichiswellknowntotheChineseandisaculturally-loadedword,soevenifyoudon’tneedtotranslateitindetail,Chinesealsocanknowwhattheoriginalmeaning.Here,thetranslatormakesfulluseofhisprofoundknowledgeintheprocessoftranslation,usingomissiontodeletetheredundantinformation,soastomakethetranslationconcise.Itconformedtothefunctionalequivalenceprincipleofthelevelofwords,whichisalsoworthyofourlearning.4.13TheTranslationoftheFour-characterStructuresTheuseoffour-characterwordsisacommonlinguisticphenomenoninChinese.Theyareoftenusedinwrittenexpressions,andisverypopularamongscholarsandwriters.Thefour-characterstructuresishighlygeneralized.Itincludesnotonlythefour-characteridiomsthatare