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PAGE1《游記中的幽默元素簡史》翻譯報告摘要:本文是一篇翻譯項目報告。翻譯項目原文由羅賓·賈維斯(RobinJarvis)于2023年夏發(fā)表在《旅行寫作研究》第二十六卷,第一期。作者在本文中重點分析了三個不同歷史時期的英語旅行文學,探討了幽默在旅行游記中的運用和效果的變化,填補了人們關(guān)于游記中幽默元素研究的空缺。不僅如此,選文對漢語旅游文本也具有一定借鑒作用。本翻譯報告共分為四部分。第一部分為引言,旨在對翻譯項目的背景、意義與報告結(jié)構(gòu)進行介紹。第二部分為原文分析,包括作者介紹、原文內(nèi)容介紹以及文體風格分析。第三部分為翻譯實踐分析,著重于翻譯難點與翻譯方法的闡釋,包括翻譯之前的準備工作,翻譯過程中遇到的問題、相應(yīng)的翻譯方法以及翻譯之后的修改過程。第四部分總結(jié)翻譯過程中的經(jīng)驗教訓以及個人的不足。關(guān)鍵詞:翻譯報告;游記研究;主被動轉(zhuǎn)換;詞性轉(zhuǎn)換;拆譯

AReportontheTranslationof“AShortHistoryofHumourinTravelWriting”(Excerpt)AbstractThisisatranslationprojectreportofwhichthesourcetextwaspublishedbyRobinJarvisinthesummerof2023inStudiesinTravelWriting,26:1.Inthisarticle,theauthoranalysesthreesnapshotsofAnglophonetravelwritingatdifferentstages.Heprobesintotheapplicationandeffectofhumourintravelwriting.Thispapermakesupforthedeficiencyofresearchon“humourintravelwriting”.ThetranslationvalueofthisexcerptisapttobeagoodreferenceforChineseTravelWriting.Thistranslationreportconsistsoffourparts.Thefirstpartaimstointroducethebackground,significanceandstructureofthetranslationproject.Thesecondpartistheanalysisoftheoriginaltext,includingthebackgroundoftheauthorandthelexical,syntacticandtextualstylesoftheoriginaltext.Thethirdpartillustratesthetranslationpractice,focusingonthedifficultiesandmethodsintranslationandthepreparationbeforetranslation,anddiscusseswithabundantexamplestheprinciplesandstrategiesappliedtothetranslation.Thefourthpartsummarizestheexperienceandlessonsintheprocessoftranslationandpersonaldeficiencies.Keywords:translationproject;researchontravelwriting;conversionofvoices;conversionofwordclasses;division

Contents中文摘要iAbstractiiAcknowledgementsiiiIntroduction1I.AnalysisoftheOriginalText3A.IntroductiontotheAuthor3B.IntroductiontotheContent3C.AnalysisoftheStyle41.LexicalFeatures42.SyntacticFeatures5II.AnalysisoftheTranslationPractice6A.TranslationDifficulties6B.TranslationTechniques71.ConversionofWordClasses72.DivisionofLongSentences83.ConversionofVoices9Conclusion12Notes13Bibliography15Appendix1:SourceText16Appendix2:TranslatedText26

PAGE14PAGEAReportontheTranslationof“AShortHistoryofHumourinTravelWriting”(Excerpt)IntroductionInmoderntimes,mostwritersdonottaketravelwritingseriously,andsomeevenshowcontemptforit.Theyattempttodistancethemselvesfromit.Onthecontrary,someacademicshavebeentryingtoexplorethepotentialofhumourintravelwritingformorethan200years,buttherehasstillbeenalackofin-depthandcriticalresearchinthisarea.Intheprocessoftravel,theremustbealotofmirth.Therefore,theauthorwantstobreakthisbottleneck,seriouslystudythenon-seriouspartsoftravelwriting,andanalysehowtravelwritinghasevolvedoverthepasttwohundredyears.Thearticlefocusesonafailedadventureinthreedifferentperiods,sothatthehumourinstorycanbemorecomparative.NoChineseversionofthepaperhasbeenfound.Thesignificanceofthetranslationprojectliesintwopoints.Firstly,amongthehistoryoftravelwritingbefore,travelwritinghasnottraditionallybeenagenreknownorcelebratedforitshumoureitherintheWestorintheEast.InChinaandabroad,moststudiesontravelwritingfocusonitsdevelopmentprocessandthedifferentperspectivefromtravellersofdifferentgenders.Amongthem,travelwritingandpost-colonialism,travelwritingandgenderidentityarethemainresearchhotspotsatpresent.Travelisacross-culturalactivity.Therefore,travelliteratureisfullofdescriptionsof“differentcultures”ontheonehand,andconstantlyreflectsonitselfthrough“others”ontheotherhand.Asenseofclasssuperioritycanbeexpressedthroughthecomiceffectcreatedbythemeetingoftwodifferentclassesofpeople.Thus,weEnglishlearnerscanhaveabetterunderstandingofAnglophoneliterature.Secondly,underthecircumstancesthatChineseliteraturelackstheanalysisofhumour,therecanbeacomparisonofhumourbetweenChineseandWesterntravelwriting.Forexample,howdosehumourinChineseliteratureshapefortheChinesehistory’slackofcolonizationorbeingcompletelycolonized.WhatisthespecialbackgroundorcultureinwhichhumourisshowninChinesetravelwriting?Thus,thetranslatorchoosestheessaytotranslate,hopingtobringhumourintravelwritingintonotices.Thistranslationproject,completedinSichuanInternationalStudiesUniversity,lastsformorethanfourweeks,duringwhichthetranslatorhasgonethroughseveralstepstobringaboutasatisfactorytranslation,includingtheselectionandreadingofthesourcetext,searchofbackgroundinformation,translationandtextmodificationwiththeassistanceofthesupervisor.Beginningwithanintroductionandendingupwithaconclusion,thereportiscomposedoftwomainchapters.Thefirstchapteristheanalysisofthesourcetext,includinganintroductiontotheauthor,thecontentandthestyleofthesourcetext.Thesecondchapterdemonstratesthedifficultiesmetandthemethodsusedinthetranslationproject,whichisthecorepartofthereport.=1\*ROMANI.AnalysisoftheOriginalTextA.IntroductiontotheAuthorRobinJarvis,teachesEnglishLiteratureattheUniversityoftheWestofEngland,Bristol,wherehespecialisesintheRomanticperiod.Hispublicationsinclude“RomanticWritingandPedestrianTravel”(1997),astudyoftherelationshipbetweenliteratureandwalking,and“RomanticReadersandTransatlanticTravel”(2012),whichexplorestheimpactoftravelbooksaboutNorthAmericaonthereadingpublic.InrecentyearshisresearchhasfocusedmoreonRomanticism'slinkswithBristolandtheSouthWest.Theauthor’slanguagestyleisfeaturedinmaturedeliberationwhichissupportedbythepreviousstudiesandformalgracewithwrittenlanguage,abundantpropernounsandthecombinationoflongandcomplicatedsentences.B.IntroductiontotheContentInthecontextoftravelwriting,thesourcetextprobesintothe200-yearevolutionofhumourintravelwritingthroughthreeworksfromdifferentperiods.Theexcerptcontainsonlyananalysisofthefirstwork.Humourtheoriescanbedividedintothreemainareas:thefirstisthesuperioritytheoryachievedbylaughingatothers,thesecondistherelieftheoryofreleasingourrepressedemotions,andthelastistheincongruitytheorycausedbytheinconsistencyofimaginationandpresentation.Inthefirstwork,JohnRoss,theauthorofthework,presentedthecomedybyreflectingthesuperiorityoftheseafarersandtheignoranceandbackwardnessofthenatives.Howeverlaterreadersincreasinglyabandonedthisapproach,becauseitcouldnotcauseeveryonetofeelfunnyandoffendtheaborigine.Thisprojectdealswiththetranslationoftheexcerptedpaperof3511words.C.AnalysisoftheStyleAccordingtoPeterNewmark’sclassification,thefunctionsofatextcanbedividedintothreeparts,namely,expressivefunction,imformativefunctionandvocativefunction.1Theessayfullyanalysesthedetailedaspectoftravelwriting.Therefore,thesourcetextbelongstoinformativetext.Inordertomakethemunderstandclearlytheshorthistoryoftheresearch,theauthoruseslargeworksandessaystodemonstratethedevelopmentsuchasthosefromWilliamDalrymple,JohnRoss,etc.Asaresearchpaperofliterature,thesouretextlargelyimpactedbytheselectedliteratureanditsauthor’sreceivedknowledge.Thesedistinctlexical,syntacticandtextualfeatureswillbeanalysedinthistranslationreportasfollow.LexicalFeaturesThesourcetextisfeaturedbyliterarynouns.ItiswidelyacceptedthatEnglishwordsareflexiblewithwiderangeofmeaningswhich,toalargeextent,aredependentonthecontext.2Asapaperofliteratureresearch,thetexthasalargenumberofwordswiththeirimpliedmeaningsorsignifiedmeanings.Notonlythat,influencedbytheauthor’sreceivedknowledge,severaldifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesamething.Forexample,asfortheactionofexploration,heusesrelatedwordssuchas:expedition,quest,exploitetc.Therefore,theauthor’swritingstyleismuchinlinewithWesterners’dislikeofrepeatingwords.Moreover,thetextiscomposedoftheanalysesofhumourfromdifferentperiods,sotherearemanywordswhichareindicativeoftime.Forinstance,theprefixeslikepre-andpost-arefrequentlyusedinthetext,suchas“post-touristictravelstance”.Thetranslatorneedstofigureouttheexacttimeorthemeaningconveyedbythesewordsbasedonthedevelopmentoftravelwriting,travel,andtheirculturalbackgrounds.SyntacticFeaturesGiventheselectedmaterialisinformativeandcoversliteraturearea,thelanguageismuchmoreconciseandexplanatory.Therefore,thesourcetextisdottedwithlongandcomplexsentences.EugeneA.Nida,acelebratedAmericantranslationtheorist,said“Translationisthereproductionofthesourceinformationfromsemanticstostylisticswiththemostappropriateandnaturalequivalentlanguage”.3Therefore,thetargettextmustfaithfullyreproducetheinformationofthesourcelanguage.Therearemanysubordinatesentencesandprepositionsintheselectedmaterial.Forexample,Intheearlyevolutionofthemoderngenretherewasadrivetodissociatetravelandexplorationnarrativesfromearlierformsofimaginarytravelandthenotoriousunreliabilityoftravellers’tales,andtoestablishthecredibilityofsuchwritingonrobustEnlightenmentprinciplesofempiricalobservationandfactualaccuracy,authenticatedthroughaplainstyledevoidofrhetoricalartifice.4GivenChineseismoreparatacticandprefersshortsentences,techniqueslikeconversion,divisionandreconstructionareappliedtomakethetargettextmorereadableandcoherent.

II.AnalysisoftheTranslationPracticeA.TranslationDifficultiesThefirstdifficultythetranslatormetinthetranslationprojectistosortoutthestructureoftheessayandunderstanditsmainidea.Ittakeslotsoftimeandeffortstofigureouttheclearstructurebasedonthecitedliteraryworksandeassys.Ifitisnecessary,thetranslatorneedstounderstandwhattheeassysareabout.Itwouldbeagreathelptounderstandthesourcetext.Intermsofwordsusedinthepaper,theauthorpreferstousetheverbswhichcannotbetranslatedintothecommonmeanings.Forinstance,“invites”in“colonial-erawritinginvitesreaderstoshareacomicsuperiorityoversimple-mindedindigenes”shouldnotbetranslatedinto邀請.Hence,thetranslatorneedstofindtheappropriateChineseaccordingtotheconnotedmeaningoftheword.ItisimperativetoconsiderthecharacteristicsofChinesewordsandsentencesandmakenecessaryadaptationstothetranslationtoachievefaithfulnessandcoherence.5What’smoretroublingisthestructureoflongsentences.Andtherearemultiplesubordinateclausesinacomplexsentence.Theirrelationshipmaybeencompassing,orparallel.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontocomponentsandstructuresofthecomplexsentencesandvarioussubordinateclausestomakethetargettextmorelogical.Inthetranslationofcomplexsentences,thesourcetextisnotthelimitedframeworkthatthetranslatorshouldstrictlyfollow.Necessaryconversion,reconstructionanddivisionareneeded.Moredetailswillbediscussedinthefollowingparts.Thirdly,thetranslatorfindsthatonemustbeverycarefultoavoidcolloquialphrasesandsentencesinthetranslation.Thesourcetextisapaperofliteratureresearch.Thus,thelanguageoftargettextshouldbeasliteraryandlogicalasthesourcetext.Inaddition,inaccordancewiththeliterarytoneinthesourcetext,thetranslatorshouldhaveadeeperunderstandinginliteratureandemphasisetheacademicessence.B.TranslationTechniquesSeveraltranslationstrategiesandtechniquesserveasagreathelptotackleforegoingtrickyproblems.ConversionofWordClassesInmostcases,itishardforatranslatortokeeptheoriginalpartofspeechintheprocessoftranslationduetothesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.6InEnglishsyntax,thereisusuallyonesinglefiniteverbinasimplesentence.Prepositions,abstractnounsandgerunds,sometimes,areusedasverbs.InChinese,twoormoreverbsareusedinonesentence.BasedonthedifferencesofpartofspeechclassificationbetweenChineseandEnglish,thetranslatorshouldnotfollowthesamewordclassesfullyasthesourcetext.Forexample:BruceChatwin’sinsistenceonhavingTheSonglinesremovedfromtheshortlistfortheThomasCookTravelAwardismerelythebest-knownexampleofauthorialreluctancetobeassociatedwiththegenre.7布魯斯·查特溫(BruceChatwin)堅持將《歌之版圖》(TheSonglines)從托馬斯·庫克(ThomasCook)旅游獎的候選名單中剔除,原因就是他不愿與這類作品聯(lián)系在一起,這只是諸多例子當中大家最熟知的一例。Englishisasyntheticlanguagemarkedwithinflections,whileChineseisananalyticlanguagewithoutanyinflection.8Intheparagraphabove,theEnglishnoun“insistence”istranslatedinto堅持andanothernoun“reluctance”into不愿toexpressthemeaninginidiomaticChineseway.Whatfollowsisanotherexample:Theclearestevidencethattravelwritinghasaproblemwithhumouristhat,afterthirtyyearsormoreofgrowthinacademictravelwritingstudies,thereisnosignificantbodyofcriticism–almostnothingatall–addressingthisfacetofthegenre.9游記在幽默方面存在著一個非常突出的問題,即:學術(shù)性的游記研究經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展,至今都沒有或者幾乎沒有一個有影響力的文學批評學者針對這一類型的做出研究。Inthiscase,“afterthirtyyearsormoreofgrowth”canbetranslatedinto在30多年的發(fā)展之后.ButitdoesnotfollowtheidiomaticChinese.Therefore,thetranslatormakes“after”moredynamic.Thefinalresultis經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展tocatertothenativeChinesehabitofexpressing.DivisionofLongSentencesChineseandEnglishenjoytwoverydifferentcultureswhichmakeahugegapbetweentheirlanguages.Englishsentencescanbeverycomplex,whilescatteredsentencesfeatureprominentlyinChinese.10Consideringthedifference,somelongsentencesinEnglishshouldbedividedintoseparateclausesorshortsentencestomakethetargettextmoreidiomatic.Thattranslationtechniqueisknownasdivision.Generallyspeaking,itcanbeconsideredtothedivisionwheretheoriginalsentenceislongandcomplex,andthetranslationcannotbecompletedinonego.11Forinstance:Intheearlyevolutionofthemoderngenretherewasadrivetodissociatetravelandexplorationnarrativesfromearlierformsofimaginarytravelandthenotoriousunreliabilityoftravellers’tales,andtoestablishthecredibilityofsuchwritingonrobustEnlightenmentprinciplesofempiricalobservationandfactualaccuracy,authenticatedthroughaplainstyledevoidofrhetoricalartifice.12研究證明:在現(xiàn)代題材的早期演變中,游記和探險故事,這兩者與虛幻旅行的早期形式和旅行者憑空捏造的故事截然不同,并且,這兩種寫作在經(jīng)驗觀察的指導(dǎo)原理和事實準確性上具有一定可信度。Inthisexample,therearetwophrasesfollowing“drive”.Iftheyaretranslatedtogether,thetargettextwillbetoolongtobeidiomatic.Therefore,thetranslatordividedthemintotwopartsastwoseparateindependentsentences.Tomakethetranslationmorefluent,theadverbialshouldbetransposedfromtheendtothebeginning.Inaddition,toshortentheexpressionof“travelandexplorationnarratives”,thetranslatorusesaChinesepronoun這兩種寫作toavoidthelengthinessinChinese.Asdifferencementionedabove,divisioncanhelpbetterunderstandthemeaning.Hereisanotherexample:Althoughthehumourinthispassagemightplausiblybeexplainedintermsofincongruity–amismatchbetweentheGreenlanders’responsetoWesterngoodsandthebanalityofthereader’simpliedresponse–theepisodeasawholeresonatesmorewiththesuperioritytheoryofhumouroutlinedabove:readersareencouragedtoenjoytheirfeelingsofsuperiorityoverthesimple-mindedandcredulousnatives,whoappeartooeasilypleasedwithsuchinsufficientobjects.13而這段話中的幽默似乎表現(xiàn)得不太協(xié)調(diào),因為格陵蘭人面對西方稀奇事物的反應(yīng)與讀者內(nèi)心庸俗的設(shè)想大相徑庭,但從整體上看,這段插曲更符合上文概述的幽默優(yōu)越論,讀者通過這些土著人去享受一種優(yōu)越感,因為這些人愚昧落后,容易上當受騙,小恩小惠便讓他們心滿意足。Itiseasytofigureoutthattherearemanycomponentsinthissentence,suchasparenthesis,complement,appositiveclauseandattributiveclause,andthereareseveralaction-relatedwords(explain,encourage,appear),whichmakeitnecessarytodividethesentenceintothescattered.Therefore,thetranslatorcutthesentenceintoseveralcomparativelyshortsentencesandconvertsomeofthepartofspeechtomeettheChinese.3.ConversionofVoicesThepassivevoiceisusedbothinEnglishandChinesetexts.However,duetothedifferencesinculturalandthinkingmodesbetweentheEastandtheWest,thereisabigdifferenceintheuseofpassivevoicebetweenEnglishandChinese.14EnglishpassivesentencesareexpressedbythemorphologicalchangeofverbswhichisutilizedmorecommonlythaninChineseexpressions.Englishsentencesgenerallyadoptthefront,whileChinesetheback.Thatisthereasonleadingtothedifference.15Theapplicationof被isrelativelynarrow,anditisonlyusedinspecialtimes,orespeciallyinthepast,toindicatemisfortuneorbadthings.Chineseispronetoexpresstheactivevoicethroughnotionalpassive.EnglishandChinesesentencesaredifferentinthepositionofinformationfocuses.Therefore,mostexpressionsofpassivevoiceinEnglishcanbeturnedintoactiveonesinChinese.Forexample:Evennowsuchworkstypicallysitatthelowerendofthemarketandmaybetreatedwithdisdainorindifferencebythosepreparedtodefendso-called“l(fā)iterary”travelwriting.16但即使是現(xiàn)在,這類作品通常也處于市場的低端,還可能會受到那些想要捍衛(wèi)所謂“文學”游記的人的蔑視或漠視。Chineseusuallyhasanagent,whileEnglishisrelativelyobjectiveandoftendescribesthingsfromtheperspectiveoftherecipient.Inviewofthis,thetranslatorshouldfirstconsiderChineseactivesentenceswhentranslatingEnglishpassivesentencesintoChinese.17Whatfollowsisanotherexample:Perhapsbecausehisexpeditionwastruncatedandsounproductiveofgenuinenewgeographicaldiscoveries,Rosselaboratedontopicsthatmightneverthelessaddsomethingtothesumofhumanknowledgeaswellasappealingtothegeneralreader.18或許是因為羅斯縮短了探險之旅,所以缺少真正的地理新發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是他詳細地描述了一些新穎的內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容可能會給人類帶來新的認知,吸引到大量讀者。Therearetwoexampleswithandwithouttheagentrespectivelyintheexpressiveofpassivevoiceinthesourcetext.IntheChineseversion,thepassivevoicesoundsemotionallynegative,i.e.被.Therefore,thetranslatortriestoavoiduse被inChinesebyusingotherwell-acceptedChinesepassivewordsandanalysingwhetheritisnotionalpassiveornot.Insummary,whentranslatingsentencesfromEnglishtoChinese,ConversionofWordClassesandVoicesandDivisionofLongSentencescanbeappliedtoeffectivelyconveytheoriginalmeaning.Especiallyforthetranslationofresearchstudies,thetranslatorneedstoavoidanymisunderstandings.Atthesametime,thosetechniquesarecrucialtoensurethereadabilityofthetargettext.

ConclusionTranslatorsshouldunderstandtranslationprinciplesandutilizetranslationtechniquescorrectly.Thatmustbeagreatchallenge.Generallyspeaking,translationisaprocessofunderstandingandreproductionfromalanguagetoanotherlanguage.UnderthefunctionalequivalenceputforwardbyEugeneA.Nida,thetranslationgoesonalittlemoresmoothly.Accordingtopragmatics,translatorsshouldpayattentiontotheenvironmentofthesourcetextandgraspthespecialmeaningandintentionofthediscourse,soastoobtainpragmaticequivalence.19Therefore,thetranslatordoesnotsticktotheframeworkofthesourcetext.Inaddition,thetranslator’understandingtothesourcetextalsocounts.Tobefreeoflessenedtranslation,itisneedfultoreadthesourcetextcarefullytograsptherelationshipsbetweenwordsandkernelsentences.Someactionrelatedwordshavedifferentlevelsofimportanceinasentence,andsomeevenexpressthesamemeaning.Therefore,itisnecessarytosortouttheactionthatshouldbeemphasizedthroughthetranslator’sfamiliaritywiththesourcetext.Inthetranslationandreport,therearestillsomedeficiencies.First,duetosomepreconceivedideasandestablishedwaysofspeaking,thetargettextisnotidiomaticenoughandisstilltranslationese.Second,duetothelackofresearchonliteratureandphilosophy,someexpressionsmaynotbeasprofessionalandliteraryasthesourcetext,especiallyforsometranslationofliteraturework.Last,someofthetranslationsmaystillbeinformalbecauseofthecolloquialexpressions.Lastbutnotleast,thetranslationprojectpresentsarealitytothetranslatorthattherearestillsomeneedstoimprovebothEnglishandChineselanguagesandcultures.Translationcriticismisanimportantlinkbetweentranslationtheoriesandpractice.18Inaddition,skillsandabilitiesoftranslationshouldbeenhancedtobecomeamoreprofessionaltranslator.Althoughtherewillbealongtimetomakeprogress,itisaworthygoaltostrivefor.

Notes1PeterNewmark,ApproachestoTranslation(Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001),15.2劉宓慶,《文體與翻譯》,北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1986年,第100頁。3EugeneA.Nida&CharlesR.Table,TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation(Shanghai:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2004),69.4RobinJarvis,“AShortHistoryofHumourinTravelWriting,”StudiesinTravelWriting26,no.1(22June2023),1.5孫致禮,《新英漢翻譯教程》,上海:上海外語教育出版社,2003年,第81頁。6許建平,《英漢互譯實踐與技巧》,北京:清華大學出版社,2000年,第72頁。7RobinJarvis,2.8許建平,第243頁。9RobinJarvis,2.10彭長江,《英漢—漢英翻譯教程》,長沙:湖南師范大學出版社,2004年,第38頁。11吳文智,“‘拆譯法’在科技英語漢譯時的應(yīng)用”,《上??萍挤g》,1987(05),第19頁。12RobinJarvis,2.13Ibid.,7.14錢偉,“英語被動語態(tài)的對比研究及翻譯技巧”,《英語廣場》,2023(227),第27頁。15陳安定,《英漢比較與翻譯》,北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1991年,第223頁。16RobinJarvis,2.17錢偉,第28頁。18RobinJarvis,5.19周蕾、劉潔,“論英漢習語互譯中的語用等值”,《南昌大學學報(人文社會科學版)》,2008(6),第170頁。20PeterNewmark,146.

BibliographyJarvis,Robin.“AShortHistoryofHumourinTravelWriting.”StudiesinTravelWriting26,no.1(22June2023),1-7.Newmark,Peter.ApproachestoTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.Nida,EugeneA.andCharlesR.Table.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation.Shanghai:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2004.陳安定《英漢比較與翻譯》,北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1991年。劉宓慶《文體與翻譯》,北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1986年。彭長江《英漢—漢英翻譯教程》,長沙:湖南師范大學出版社,2004年。錢偉“英語被動語態(tài)的對比研究及翻譯技巧”,《英語廣場》,2023(227),第27-28頁。孫致禮《新英漢翻譯教程》,上海:上海外語教育出版社,2003年。吳文智“‘拆譯法’在科技英語漢譯時的應(yīng)用”,《上??萍挤g》,1987(05),第19頁。許建平《英漢互譯實踐與技巧》,北京:清華大學出版社,2000年。周蕾、劉潔“論英漢習語互譯中的語用等值”,《南昌大學學報(人文社會科學版)》,2008(6),第170頁。

Appendix2:TranslatedText游記中的幽默元素簡史羅賓·賈維斯(RobinJarvis)摘要游記直至現(xiàn)在才以一種帶有幽默元素的題材而聞名。迄今為止,只有19世紀初的游記演變最清晰地展示出幽默在文化和歷史中的相關(guān)性。本文將著重討論三個失敗的旅行故事,探究兩百多年以來幽默元素在游記寫作中大致的發(fā)展軌跡。約翰·羅斯(JohnRoss)對北極探險之旅的敘述體現(xiàn)了殖民時期的寫作方式,讀者可以從中感覺到探險者面愚昧無知的原住民體現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)越感,以此達到喜劇的效果。從20世紀中期開始,埃里克·紐比(EricNewby)的作品就逐漸呈現(xiàn)出一種自諷自嘲的趨勢,因此幽默常被用作一種反抗殖民征服的修辭手法。當代寫作逐漸體現(xiàn)出形式與內(nèi)容的不一致,并且也顯現(xiàn)出與旅行后思想發(fā)展相一致的其他寫作技巧,比爾·布萊森(BillBryson)的作品最終也具有這些特點。關(guān)鍵詞幽默;喜??;不協(xié)調(diào);約翰·羅斯;埃里克·紐比;比爾·布萊森毋庸置疑,我們在尋常的旅行和旅游途中會發(fā)生很多有趣的事。我們經(jīng)常會說:“去哪里的時候發(fā)生了一件很有趣的事”,可能是因為有趣的人或者有趣的事。然而,就其更加受到關(guān)注的不同形式而言,游記無論在什么時候都不是一種傳統(tǒng)意義上以幽默著稱或因幽默收到稱贊的體裁。研究證明:在現(xiàn)代題材的早期演變中,游記和探險故事,這兩者與虛幻旅行的早期形式和旅行者憑空捏造的故事截然不同,并且,這兩種寫作在經(jīng)驗觀察的指導(dǎo)原理和事實準確性上具有一定可信度。本著這種精神,1615年,弗朗西斯·培根(FrancisBacon)提議旅行者可以培養(yǎng)寫日記的習慣,并且還提供了一份可以幫助信息收集整理的類別清單,他還告誡歸來的旅行者“寧可在自己的回答中得到建議,也不要急于去講故事”。在游記的發(fā)展過程中,浪漫主義以其更偉大的內(nèi)在價值在這種體裁中留下了它的印跡。芭芭拉·科爾特(BarbaraKorte)認為,從18世紀下半葉開始,游記的主題就轉(zhuǎn)變成了旅行。然而克洛伊·查德(ChloeChard)卻認為“浪漫主義的旅行觀”將旅行視為一種“個人冒險的形式,并且強烈渴望在旅行途中發(fā)現(xiàn)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)自我”?;趦扇藢β眯胁煌目捶ǎ谑钱a(chǎn)生了一種新的衡量標準來衡量作者對個人印象和主觀經(jīng)驗的忠實度,并且在很大程度上不會給游記帶來本質(zhì)上的無趣感。在19世紀和20世紀,各種形式的科學論述(地理學、人類學、植物學、氣象學等)曾經(jīng)與游記共存,并且還給予了游記額外的分量,但隨著職業(yè)專業(yè)化的出現(xiàn)以及學術(shù)科目初見雛形,他們便分離開來了。游記在這過程當中幸免于難,并與時俱進,但是游記作家卻面臨了新的挑戰(zhàn),他們希望得到應(yīng)有的重視。而事實上,許多游記作家并沒有認真對待自己的寫作內(nèi)容,還有些作家拒絕游記作家的標簽或者將他們的游記文本認作商業(yè)價值低的作品,他們同樣也不喜歡將游記文本同自己其他豐富多彩的文學作品作比較。布魯斯·查特溫(BruceChatwin)堅持將《歌之版圖》(TheSonglines)從托馬斯·庫克(ThomasCook)旅游獎的候選名單中剔除,原因就是他不愿與這類作品聯(lián)系在一起,這只是諸多例子當中大家最熟知的一例。在這種情況下,將幽默看得比游記的其他元素(如對地點的描述和社會報道)都重要,可能會進一步降低此類作品的地位,并造成不必要的名譽損害。當然,在過去的兩個世紀里,人們也一直在努力挖掘游記有趣的潛力。在早期的作品中,《科里亞特莽言》(Coryat’sCrudities)中的“滑稽情節(jié)”就結(jié)合了幽默與細節(jié)描寫,因此威廉·達爾林普爾(WilliamDalrymple)對這部作品贊賞有加。斯特恩(Sterne)《令人感傷的旅程》(ASentimentalJourney)中極致的嘲諷和偶爾淫穢的幽默在接下來的一個世紀中脫穎而出。杰羅姆·K·杰羅姆(JeromeK.Jerome)的《三人同舟》(ThreeMeninaBoat)和伊夫林·沃(EvelynWaugh)在20世紀30年代寫的游記對很多人來說也非常熟悉。然而,像這樣的作品仍在出售,并且有些讀者希望作者可以產(chǎn)出新的作品,盡管這是一個值得炫耀現(xiàn)象,但也發(fā)生的幾率也屈指可數(shù)。只有近年來,喜劇旅行日志這種主要用來娛樂讀者而不是給予知識的題材才受到重視,但即使是現(xiàn)在,這類作品通常也處于市場的低端,還可能會受到那些想要捍衛(wèi)所謂“文學”游記的人的蔑視或漠視。游記在幽默方面存在著一個非常突出的問題,即:學術(shù)性的游記研究經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展,至今都沒有或者幾乎沒有一個有影響力的文學批評學者針對這一類型的做出研究。卡爾·湯普森(CarlThompson)的《勞特利奇游記寫作指南》(RoutledgeCompaniontoTravelWriting)在“關(guān)鍵辯論”和“風格、模式、主題”部分沒有表現(xiàn)出對幽默的感興趣?!秳蛴斡泴懽髦改稀罚═heCambridgeCompaniontoTravelWriting)中也幾乎沒有提到幽默,索引中只列出了少量關(guān)于幽默和喜劇的參考文獻。直到斯科特·卡朋特(ScottCarpenter)在《游記寫作研究關(guān)鍵詞》(KeywordsforTravelWritingStudies)中簡短的提到了幽默元素,才讓這一主題受到了關(guān)注,但他自己也承認“缺乏關(guān)于這個主題的批評性文章”,這是對游記總體狀態(tài)最準確的反映。這篇文章將嚴肅地探討游記幽默的一面。在上面的段落中,我已經(jīng)概述了為什么游記在其存在的大部分時間里可能與幽默有著令人擔憂的關(guān)系,接下來我將分析這種關(guān)系在過去200年里的日新月異。游記作家與讀者之間存在著隱含的契約,這種契約讓一些情境、偶遇和觀察妙趣橫生、耐人尋味,而隱含的契約是如何隨著時間的推移而改變的呢?在這篇文章中,我將以三個英語游記在文體演變中的不同階段的例子,這也會作為一些初步分析結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)。這些例子與保羅·福塞爾(PaulFussell)在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間進行的游記研究中確定的三個歷史時期大致相符,即探險時代、旅行時代和旅游時代。這種粗略的周期劃分存在許多問題,但它為我接下來的分析提供了一個便利的框架。我之所以選擇這三篇例子,部分原因是它們都圍繞著一個相似的故事,即:一次失敗的探索,這讓幽默技巧和效果對比起來更容易,也更有成效。我并不想夸大這些例子在多大程度上代表了它們所處的時代,尤其考慮到人們通常認為游記文本充滿了讓人困惑的多樣性。盡管如此,正如我在細讀文本中所期待的那樣,我相信它們都以某種方式代表了他們的歷史時刻。并且它們的作者擁有不同程度的文化和經(jīng)濟實力,他們的特權(quán)意識在某些程度上會影響他們對幽默情境和效果的塑造。我們?yōu)槭裁磿Γ豪碚撊腴T這個話題可能需要放到某種理論背景中進行討論。人們普遍認為幽默理論可以分為三個主要板塊。首先是優(yōu)越論,這通常概括為托馬斯·霍布斯(ThomasHobbes)的觀察結(jié)果:“對歡笑的熱情并不代表什么,只不過是一種突如其來的榮耀,這來自于我們自身的某種優(yōu)越感,這種優(yōu)越感可以是與他人的弱點相比得來的,或者與我們自己的過去相比得來的”。換句話說,笑是一種力量的表達,是我們對他人優(yōu)越感的表達:當我們找到理由嘲笑別人時,我們會自我感覺處于優(yōu)越的一方。(霍布斯的理論中有嘲笑自己的情況出現(xiàn),從某種意義上說,你在笑的那一部分已經(jīng)與你被嘲笑的那一部分分離了。)這是最古老的理論,直到18世紀都受到廣泛的認可;現(xiàn)在仍有人支持這種說法。幽默是建立在嘲笑或奚落的基礎(chǔ)上的,并且還需要一個笑柄,這個笑柄可以是人也可以是社會群體。這一觀點與許多當代喜劇脫口秀產(chǎn)生了共鳴,尤其是比較前衛(wèi)的那一類,盡管目前圍繞政治正確、言論自由和取消文化的爭議讓情況變得錯綜復(fù)雜。同樣,我們可以輕而易舉發(fā)現(xiàn)許多幽默的例子,包括許多涉及語言幽默的例子,并不是建立在優(yōu)越感的基礎(chǔ)上,還有許多荒謬的情景,我們覺得很有趣,但沒有人成為嘲笑的對象。第二種是發(fā)泄論。這與優(yōu)越論有一些相似之處,但不同之處在于發(fā)泄論更多地關(guān)注與笑相關(guān)的生理學或心理動力學。從本質(zhì)上講,該理論認為,笑可以發(fā)泄突然被壓抑的神經(jīng)能量,或者發(fā)泄突然變得多余或消極的能量。這一理論在早期就已經(jīng)受到大家關(guān)注,例如赫伯特·斯賓塞(HerbertSpencer)在作品中就提到過幽默的發(fā)泄論,但與其相關(guān)的著名現(xiàn)代作品當屬弗洛伊德(Freud)的早期著作《詼諧及其與無意識的關(guān)系》(JokesandtheirRelationtotheUnconscious)。弗洛伊德認為,笑意味著精神能量的釋放,這種能量通常會抑制我們?nèi)粘R庾R中內(nèi)心拒絕的心理活動;我們抑制的性或挑釁的想法和情緒通過笑話表達了出來,因為笑話的工作機制(類似于夢中使用的機制)讓它們遵循了我們內(nèi)心的想法。但是一些評論家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了弗洛伊德提出的精神支出經(jīng)濟概念存在一些問題,這個現(xiàn)象與本文研究無關(guān),我就不再贅述。從廣義上來說,當發(fā)泄論應(yīng)用于某些類型的笑話時,它似乎就是合理的,但與其他形式的幽默相比,它的相關(guān)性就不那么明確。針對其他形式的幽默,弗洛伊德單獨進行了簡略的研究。他還認為,幽默“是消耗感情中省出來的”,節(jié)省出的是一種情感能量,比如憐憫。我們會突然意識到,我們所處的情境并不需要這些情感能量。雖然這種“發(fā)泄”在文學幽默中明顯并不存在,但歡笑發(fā)泄功能的廣泛意義在某些情況下肯定是相關(guān)的。幽默理論的第三個主要板塊是失協(xié)論。這項理論更側(cè)重于認知過程,而不是感覺或情緒。在過去的幾個世紀里,這一理論受到許多杰出作者的擁護,比如布萊茲·帕斯卡(BlaisePascal),他在自己的作品中寫道:“人們所期望的與實際所看到的之間巨大的差異往往是最好笑的”;以及阿瑟·叔本

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