專(zhuān)題三英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)基本知識(shí)英語(yǔ)中的單詞可以分為十大詞類(lèi)：名詞n.teacher,book等。代詞pron.we,me,he等。數(shù)詞num.two,fifth等。動(dòng)詞v.work,study,live等。形容詞adj.good,big,beautiful等。副詞adv.fast,quickly等。冠詞art.a,an,the等。介詞prep.in,on,by,with等。連詞conj.and,but等。感嘆詞interj.Oh,ah等。一、名詞名詞分類(lèi)普通名詞個(gè)體名詞表示人或物的個(gè)體，如：teacher,pen,hand集體名詞表示個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family,team,police物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的固體、液體、氣體等實(shí)物，如：ice,water,gas抽象名詞表示抽象概念的，如性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、情感等的名詞，如：sadness,happiness,work專(zhuān)有名詞人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、事物、組織、概念、節(jié)日等。名詞復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)律規(guī)則變化①一般直接在名詞后加-s②以字母-s,-sh,-ch,-x結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es③以字母-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，把-f/-fe改為-v，再加-es④以-0結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)多數(shù)加-es⑤以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，要把y改為i，再加-es不規(guī)則變化①改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母②單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，如：sheep,deer,fish,means③表示某國(guó)人的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式因習(xí)慣不同而各異a.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同（多以ese結(jié)尾），如：Chinese,,Swissb.詞尾加-s（多以-an結(jié)尾），如：Americans,Koreans,Indiansc.將man變成men，將woman變成women，如：Englishman-Englishmen④其他形式，如：mouse—mice,child-children名詞所有格加-’s/-s’①名詞單數(shù)形式,用-’s,表示,如:thegirl’sbooks②復(fù)數(shù)形式,用s’表示,如Teachers’books注：所有格后所接名詞表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)候，地點(diǎn)名詞可省略。如：thedoctor’s③復(fù)合名詞在最后的名詞后加’s，如brother-in-law’sbooks④表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、國(guó)家、城市，地點(diǎn)無(wú)生命的名詞也可用’s形式來(lái)表示其所有關(guān)系，如：threedayswalk借助介詞of無(wú)生命的物體的名詞所有格常用of表示。如：thecoverofthebook雙重所有格由’s所有格和of所有格組合修飾名詞，如：anoldfriendofTom’s二、代詞種類(lèi)人稱(chēng)人稱(chēng)代詞物主代詞反身代詞第一人稱(chēng)I,we,me,usmy,our,mine,oursmyself,ourselves第二人稱(chēng)youyour,yoursyourself,yourselves第三人稱(chēng)we,he,she,ithis,her,its,hers,theirshimself,herself,itself,themselves指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,thesame不定代詞all,both,neither,none,either,each,many,few,little,another,much,one,ones,some,any以及no-/some-/any-/every-+body/one/thing疑問(wèn)代詞who,whom,whose,what,which相互代詞each,other,one,another,eachother’s,oneanother’sExercises:1.Hereisthethathisyoungerbrotherlovesbest.（A）A.coffeecupB.coffee’scupC.cupofcoffeeD.coffeeofcup2.Mr.Tonyalwayshastotellhisstudentsatthebeginningofhislectures.（B）A.somegoodpiecesofnewsB.somepiecesofgoodnewsC.somegoodpieceofnewsD.somepieceofgoodnews3.Asabusinessman,Mr.LigainedhisbysellingfamousofEnglishandAmericanwriters.(B)A.wealth;workB.wealth;worksC.wealths;worksD.wealths;work4.Heisakind-heartedman.Peoplecangetonwellwithhim.(C)A.FewB.AlittleC.QuiteafewD.Little5.Thepostofficeisn’tfarfromhere.It’sonlybicycleride.(D)A.halfanhours’B.anhourandahalfC.halfanhourD.halfanhour’s6.ThepopulationofShanghaiverybigandmostofitspopulationnativepeople.(D)A.are;isB.is;isC.are;areD.is;are7.—Wouldyouliketohave,Tom?(B)—No,thanks,lhavehadenough.A.anymoreorangeandapplesB.somemoreorangesandapplesC.anymoreorangesandapplesD.somemoreorangesandapple8.—Whichdoyouprefertodrink,orcoffee?(C)—,please.A.teas;TwoteaB.tea;TwoteaC.tea;TwoteasD.teas;Twoteas9.ltwasreallytogetapresentfromhimonherbirthdaypartythatshecouldn’tbelieveit,lookingathimin.(B)A.suchbigsurprise;asurpriseB.suchabigsurprise;surpriseC.sobigsurprise;asurpriseD.suchbigsurprise;surprise10.Thesearebikes.Thetwinbrotherslikethemverymuch.(A)A.Jack’sandJerry’sB.Jack’sandJerryC.Jack’sandJerryB.JackandJerry’s11.—Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?—.You’dbettercometofetchanotherbottle.(D)A.AlittleB.NothingC.NooneD.None12.Billworksharderthaninhisclass.Heisthemostexcellentstudentlhavemet.(A)A.theotherboysB.otherboysC.anyboyD.anotherboy三、形容詞（1）在句子中所充當(dāng)成分成分例句定語(yǔ)OneofthemostcommonlanguagesusedforcreatingwebpagesiscalledHTML.Whoisthegreatestwomanwriteraliveintheworld?表語(yǔ)Aftergettingherhaircut,shelookedevenmorebeautiful賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Withthewindowopen,manythingsintheshopwerestolenatnight.狀語(yǔ)Thebirdfellontotheground,dead.（2）級(jí)的變化此外，初中還安排了形容詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)。其變化規(guī)則如下表：規(guī)則原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)單音節(jié)形容詞在詞尾加-er；-esthighfewhigherfewerhighestfewest以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞在詞尾加-r；-stlargewidelargerwiderlargestwidest以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的形容詞，末尾只有一個(gè)元音字母加一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，應(yīng)先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，然后加-er；-estthinbighotthinnerbiggerhotterthinnestbiggesthottest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，須先將y變成i，然后加-er；-esthappyfunnyhappierfunnierhappiestfunniest多音節(jié)形容詞前加more變比較級(jí)；加themost變最高級(jí)beautifulinterestingmorebeautifulmoreinterestingthemostbeautifulthemostinteresting部分不規(guī)則的形容詞變化如下表：原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)goodbetterbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest（3）、具體用法1、只能修飾形容詞原級(jí)的詞very,quite,so,too.例如：Heistootiredtowalkon.他太累了以至不能再繼續(xù)走了。MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.我弟弟跑得那么快以至我跟不上他。2、含有as…as（與…一樣）的原級(jí)表達(dá)句式。例如：TomisasoldasKate.湯姆和凱特年齡一樣大。TomistwiceasoldasKate.湯姆的年齡是凱特的兩倍。TomrunsasfastasMike.湯姆和邁克跑得一樣快?！咀⒁狻?、否定形式notas…as也可以用成notso…as“不如……不及……?！崩纾篐edoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.他走路不像你那樣慢。Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.這個(gè)房間不如那個(gè)大。2、可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞much,alot,agreatdeal,far,byfar(……得多)，alittle,abit(……一點(diǎn)兒)，even(甚至)，still(仍然)，any(用于否定、疑問(wèn)句中)。例如：LessonOneismucheasierthanLessonTwo.第一課比第二課容易得多。Tomlooksevenyoungerthanbefore.湯姆甚至比以前更年輕。Thistrainrunsmuchfasterthanthatone.這輛火車(chē)比那輛跑得快。Shedrivesstillmorecarefullythanherhusband.她開(kāi)車(chē)仍然比她丈夫還認(rèn)真?！镜湫屠}】1、Theexperimentwaseasierthanwehadexpected.A.moreB.muchmoreC.muchD.moremuch答案C。much可修飾比較級(jí)，easier本身已是比較級(jí)，不能再用more.2、最高級(jí)表示三者及三者以上事物間的比較，常與of…，in…連用。例如：TheYangtzeRiveristhelongestriverinChina.長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。→TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.長(zhǎng)江比中國(guó)其他任何一條河都長(zhǎng)。Ofalltheplanets,theMercuryisthenearesttothesun.在所有的行星中，水星離太陽(yáng)最近。3、“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越……”。例如：Heisgettingtallerandtaller.他長(zhǎng)得越來(lái)越高了.Theflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.花兒越來(lái)越漂亮。4、“the+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)”表示“越……，就越……”。例如：Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.你越認(rèn)真，犯的錯(cuò)誤就越少?！镜湫屠}】childrenthereareinafamily,theirlifewillbe.A.Theless,thebetterB.Thefewer,thebetterC.Fewer,richerD.More,poorer答案B。由句意得知“家里孩子越少，生活會(huì)越好?！眂hildren是可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)用few來(lái)修飾。（4）形容詞與不定代詞的搭配連用當(dāng)形容詞和不定代詞something,anything,noting,everything連用時(shí)，這些代詞應(yīng)放在前面，形容詞在后面。例如：Doyouhaveanythinginterestingtotellusalltoday?今天有啥有趣的事情跟我們大家說(shuō)說(shuō)嗎？Takeiteasy.Thereisnothingseriouswithyourdisease,whichisjustacold.別緊張，你的病無(wú)大礙，只是感冒而已?！镜湫屠}】Ihavetodotoday.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething答案B。形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)應(yīng)放在其后面。故排除C、D。句意是“我今天有重要的事情要做”，表示肯定用something.（5）形容詞與enough的搭配連用當(dāng)形容詞enough和不定代詞連用時(shí)，形容詞放在前面，enough在后面。例如：CharliewasluckyenoughtohavebeentakentotheLochNesswithfamilies.查理足夠幸運(yùn)地被家人帶著去過(guò)尼斯湖。【注意】1.只能用作定語(yǔ)，不能用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞：little,wooden,golden,many,elder…不能說(shuō)Theboyislittle.Thewatchisgolden/wooden.2.只能作表語(yǔ)，不能用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞：well,ill,alone,content,unable,worth,afraid,alive,asleep,ashamed,awake,aware…例如：anillboy,analonevillage就是用錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ)?？梢哉f(shuō)anillidea“壞點(diǎn)子”，ill當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)是轉(zhuǎn)義，不是“有病的”了。3.英語(yǔ)形容順序當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，形容詞該如何排列？為什么不能說(shuō)ablacknewpen,而是說(shuō)成anewblackpen?這里面有無(wú)規(guī)則可循？如果你記住下列口決：好美小高狀其新，顏色國(guó)料特別近。那你就能掌握英語(yǔ)中系列形容詞做前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)的排列問(wèn)題?！昂谩贝碓u(píng)價(jià)性的形容詞，如nice,good,kind等；“美”指描述物體給人的心理感受的形容詞，如beautiful,pretty,handsome,ugly,good-looking,lovely等；“小”指描述物體大小的形容詞，如small,big,large,little等；“高”指描述物體的高低/矮的形容詞，如tall,high,short,deep,wide,shallow,thick等；“狀”指描述物體形狀的形容詞。如round,square,narrow等;“其”是整個(gè)口訣中的語(yǔ)氣詞，無(wú)含義?！靶隆敝该枋鑫矬w新舊的形容詞。如new,oldyoung等?！邦伾本褪莚ed,green,blue,pink,black,yellow,purple這類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)?！皣?guó)”也就是描述國(guó)籍類(lèi)的形容詞。如Chinese,Germany,Russian,Spanish等?！傲稀敝该枋鑫矬w制成所用的材料。如plastic,metal,wood,aluminum,wool,cotton,glass,steel等。英語(yǔ)中這六類(lèi)形容詞連用時(shí)就按上述先后順序排列，如anicelongnewblackBritishplasticpen當(dāng)然，實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用中不可能出現(xiàn)這么多形容詞連用的情況。4.英語(yǔ)同源形容詞的區(qū)別在英語(yǔ)中某些詞有兩種或兩種以上的形容詞形式，它們?cè)~形相近，但詞義不同，容易用錯(cuò)。v-ing表示事物的特征v-ed表示人的心理感受frightening令人恐懼的Frightened對(duì)……感到恐懼delightingdelightedannoyingannoyedexcitingexcited【典型例題】Theboyonthetreeaskedinavoice,“AreyousureI’mgoingtolandonthemat？”A.happyB.frightenedC.frighteningD.embarrassing答案B。樹(shù)上的孩子害怕地問(wèn)道：“你們確信我會(huì)落到墊子上嗎？”afrightenedvoice,表明樹(shù)上的孩子心理很恐懼。5.“定冠詞the+形容詞”表示一類(lèi)人或物，用做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：theyoung年青人theweak弱者thestrong強(qiáng)者thedisabled殘疾人theold/aged老年人theinjured受傷人員E.g:Theinjuredinthetrafficaccidenthavebeenrushedtothenearesthospital.交通事故中受傷的人員已經(jīng)被迅速送到最近的醫(yī)院去了。6.“not+比較級(jí)”并不表示否定，而是表示正面的肯定。例如：Icouldn’tagreemore.我絕對(duì)贊同。Youcouldn’thavechosenabettergiftforme.你挑選給我的是最好的禮物。7.并非所有的形容詞都有比較級(jí)。如：superior,senior,junior,similar,different,necessary,impossible等形容詞沒(méi)有比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的用法?！镜湫屠}】Afterwecomparethetwo,wefindthisdesignisthatone.A.moresuperiortoB.farsuperiorthanC.moresuperiorthanD.farsuperiorto答案D?！皩?duì)比之后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這款設(shè)計(jì)比那一款要優(yōu)越”。形容詞superior沒(méi)有比較級(jí)形式，選項(xiàng)A.C.用了比較級(jí)，故錯(cuò)誤；superior與to搭配連用，故B也錯(cuò)。8.連系動(dòng)詞seem,feel,sound,appear,remain,look,go,turn,get,become常接形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Thewitnessremainedsilentoverthematterforsomereasons.出于某些原因，目擊者對(duì)此事保持沉默。Yourproposalsoundsverypractical.你的提議聽(tīng)起來(lái)很實(shí)用。Exercises:1.Severalhourslater,withthehelpofthepolice,thestudentsmanagedtoescapefromthedangerousplace,.(A)A.hungryandfrightenedB.hungrilyandfrighteningC.hungryandfrighteningD.hungrilyandfrightened2.lfeelevennow.(C)A.badB.wellC.worseD.worst3.Shewasveryhappy.Sheranofalltherunners.(A)A.fastestB.thequickestC.slowestD.quickly4.Keepquiet,please.It’snoisyhere.(C)A.manytooB.toomanyC.muchtooD.toomuch5.—Haveyouspokentoaforeigner?—No,(B)A.already;neverB.ever;neverC.yet;alreadyD.ever;ever6.Heistallerthaninhisclass.(C)A.anyboyB.anyC.anyotherboyD.someotherboys7.EnglishisasasChinese.Youshouldlearnitwell.(A)A.importantB.moreimportantC.themostimportantD.muchmoreimportant8.Musicisnotsousefulasscience.It’susefulthanscience.(B)A.fewerB.lessC.moreD.alot9.We’veneverheardofstorybefore.(A)A.suchastrangeB.suchstrangeC.soastrangeD.sostrange10.Youmustwearglasses.Theycankeepyoureyes(B)A.softB.safeC.safelyD.safety11.Theboxisheavyforthegirlcarry.(A)A.too;toB.to;tooC.so;thatD.no;to12.AsfarasI’mconcerned,educationisaboutlearningandthemoreyoulearn,.(B)A.themoreforlifeareyouequippedB.themoreequippedforlifeyouareC.themorelifeyouareequippedforD.youareequippedthemoreforlife四、副詞（1）在句子中的成分1、作狀語(yǔ)Weshouldlistentotheteacherscarefullyinclass.我們?cè)谡n上應(yīng)該仔細(xì)聽(tīng)講。（副詞修飾動(dòng)詞）Youarequiteright.你相當(dāng)正確。（修飾形容詞）Heparkedthecarveryeasily.他很容易地把汽車(chē)停放好了。(修飾副詞)Iusuallygotoschoolat6:40everymorning.我通常每天6點(diǎn)40去上學(xué)。（修飾整個(gè)句子）2、作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)少數(shù)地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可以作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾詞的后邊。Peoplethereusedtodrinkorusethewaterintheriver.過(guò)去那兒的人們飲用那條河里的水?！咀⒁狻扛痹~作定語(yǔ)時(shí)和介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一樣，一律后置。3、作表語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)的副詞多數(shù)是表示位置的，如in,out,on,back,down,up,off,away,upstairs.Heisin.他在家。What’sonthisevening?今晚演什么節(jié)目？Imustbeoffmow.我現(xiàn)在必須走了。4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Letthemin.讓他們進(jìn)來(lái)。Wesawherofftwodaysago.兩天前我們?yōu)樗托?。?）副詞在句中的位置1、在形容詞之前。It’sextremelyhottoday.Windisakindofenvironmentallyfriendlyenergy.2、在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。I’mterriblysorryforwhatIhavedonetoyou.Englishiswidelyusedallovertheworld.3、多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。但須注意：①大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.我們能清晰地看到一束奇怪的光在我們的前頭。②方式副詞well,badly（糟、壞），hard等只放在句尾。HespeaksEnglishwell.4、地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末?！咀⒁狻康攸c(diǎn)副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置，不屬于這種情況。I’llwaitforyouhere.我將在這兒等你。（地點(diǎn)副詞）I’llmeethimatthestationtomorrow.明天我將去車(chē)站接他。（時(shí)間副詞）TomorrowI’llmeethimatthestation.Theboywrotethehomeworkquickly.這個(gè)男孩子寫(xiě)作業(yè)很快。（方式副詞）Theydidtheirexperimentscarefullyinthelabyesterday.昨天他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)真地做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間)【注意】有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間，也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首。Lastweekthestudentsallworkedwellhere.這些學(xué)生上周在這里都做得很好。5、頻度副詞在句子位置有以下兩種：①在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。例如：Sheisalwayskindtous.她對(duì)我們總是很好。（動(dòng)詞）Icanneverforgettheday.我永遠(yuǎn)也不能忘掉這一天。（情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）Theworkhasneverbeendone.這件工作永遠(yuǎn)也做不完。②在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。例如：Heoftengoestoschoollate.（3）副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)規(guī)則副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式與形容詞基本上一樣的，這里不再贅述。僅舉幾例：hard—harder—hardestfast—faster—fastestlate--later--latestearly–earlier–earliest不規(guī)則副詞well–better--bestmuch–more–mostbadly–worse--worstlittle–less–least但是，派生類(lèi)副詞即以后綴-ly結(jié)尾的副詞不能像形容詞那樣加-er或-est，如quickly--morequickly--mostquicklyquietly--morequietly--mostquietly【注意】early中的ly不是后綴，故可以把y變i再加-er和-est（4）副詞的排列順序1、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。Let’smakeit8:30tomorrowmorning.2、方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3、多個(gè)不同副詞排列，程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞【注意】副詞very可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。（錯(cuò)）IverylikeEnglish.(對(duì))IlikeEnglishverymuch.【注意】副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。Idon’tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.（5）副詞的構(gòu)成除了often,seldom,always,already,ever,fast,straight等副詞外，一般情況下，在形容詞末尾加上-ly就成了副詞，一些以-l結(jié)尾的形容詞變副詞時(shí)須雙寫(xiě)l,然后加-ly。如：slow–slowly,quick–quickly,clear–clearly,obvious–obviouslyphysical–physically,mental–mentally,peaceful–peacefully另外少數(shù)-le結(jié)尾的形容詞變副詞時(shí)，-le直接換成-ly。Terrible–Terriblygentle–gentlycomfortable–comfortablytrue–truly但需注意：下列-ly結(jié)尾的詞多用做形容詞。friendly,deadly,lovely,lively,likely,lonely,weekly,monthly,orderly,warmly（6）come,go,head,arrive等動(dòng)詞與下列副詞連用時(shí)，不用介詞。drivedowntown駕車(chē)去商業(yè)區(qū)goupstairs上樓comedownstairs下樓liveabroad住在國(guó)外stayindoors呆在室內(nèi)playoutdoors在戶(hù)外玩gohome回家getthere去那兒arrivehere到這兒銜接學(xué)習(xí)：1、否定副詞(no,hardly,scarcely,seldom,rarely,little,few等)置于句首用部分倒裝。例如Hardlyhadthecriminalarrivedattheairportwhenthepolicemenarrestedhim.罪犯一到機(jī)場(chǎng)就被警察抓住。Seldomdoesmyfatherdrinkunlesstherecomesagoodfriend.我父親很少飲酒，除非有好朋友來(lái)。UndernocircumstanceswillMarygiveuptheideaofgoinggocollege.任何情況下瑪麗都不會(huì)放棄上大學(xué)的想法2、當(dāng)副詞here,there,now,out,in,up,down,away,then,back,off等放在句首時(shí)，須用完全倒裝句式。Herecomesthebus!公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了。Nowcomesyourturn!現(xiàn)在輪到你了。Thedooropened,andincameMrWan.門(mén)開(kāi)了，萬(wàn)先生進(jìn)來(lái)了。Astrongwindblewandawaywenthishat.一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)刮來(lái)，他的帽子飛走了。3、高中有這些詞如：strangely,unfortunately,obviously,clearly,additionally,hopefully常用于句首修飾整個(gè)句子，對(duì)整個(gè)句子做評(píng)注。Unfortunately，thevillagewascoveredbyaheavymudstorm.很不幸地，這個(gè)村莊被泥石流給埋沒(méi)了。Obviously,theyhavealreadyknowntheresultoftheinterview.顯然他們已經(jīng)知曉面試的結(jié)果。Hopefullytheproblemwillbesolvedsoon.這個(gè)問(wèn)題有望很快得到解決。4、兼有兩種形式的副詞(1)close與closelyclose意思是“近”;closely意思是“仔細(xì)地“。例如：Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.(2)late與latelylate意思是“晚”；lately意思是“最近”。例如：Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?(3)deep與deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示空間深度；deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”。例如：Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.(4)high與highlyhigh表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much.例如：Theplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.(5)wide與widelywide表示空間寬度；widely意思是“廣泛地”，“在許多地方”，例如：Heopenedhismouthwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.(6)free與freelyfree的意思是“免費(fèi)”;freely的意思是“無(wú)限制地”。例如Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely,saywhatyoulike.5、有些副詞如：however,therefore,nevertheless,thus,meanwhile等用在句中，起前后過(guò)度作用。例如：Thereislittlechancethatwewillsucceedinchangingthelaw.Nevertheless,itisimportantthatwetry.我們幾乎沒(méi)有可能改變法律。不過(guò)，重要的是我們努力爭(zhēng)取。Exercises:1.—Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?—ltwasterrible.Itrainedsothatpeoplecouldgoout.(C)A.hardly…h(huán)ardB.hardly…h(huán)ardlyC.hard…h(huán)ardlyD.hard…h(huán)ard2.Threeyears,hebecameadriver.(B)A.lateB.laterC.latelyD.morelately3.—Doyouthinkthefishtastes?(D)—Shecookedit,lthink.A.good,goodB.well,goodC.well,wellD.good,well4.Sheplayedthepianothanwehadthought.(D)A.successfulB.successfullyC.moresuccessfulD.moresuccessfully5.l’llgoandvisityounextweek.(D)A.sometimeB.sometimesC.sometimesD.sometime6.—Youdon’tseetheprofessorfromSingaporequiteoften,doyou?—No,weonlymeet.(C)A.eventuallyB.constantlyC.occasionallyD.frequently7.ThekeyEnglishwellistoreadmorewhen(D)A.tolearn;possibleB.oflearning;possiblyC.oflearning;waspossibleD.tolearning;possible8.hadtheyleftthetraintheyrealizedtheyhadlefttheirbaginthecar.(A)A.Hardly…whenB.Hardly…thanC.Nosooner…whenD.Nosooner…then9.lcouldn’tfindmyEnglish-Chinesedictionary.(D)A.somewhereB.everywhereC.nowhereD.anywhere10.—ldon’tstandachanceofgettingthejob.—Don’tbesilly,youmustn’tputyourself.(A)A.downB.upC.offD.away11.—Doyouthinkthattheeveningpartywasasuccess?—Yes,!It’scouldn’tbe.(B)A.relatively;betterB.absolutely;betterC.approximately;moreperfectD.fortunately;moreexcellent12.OnTeachers’Day,Weallwenttoschooltoseeourteachers.(B)A.especiallyB.speciallyC.particularlyD.attentively五、動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類(lèi)：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（NotionalVerb）系動(dòng)詞（LinkVerb）助動(dòng)詞（AuxiliaryVerb）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（ModalVerb）1、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語(yǔ)，可分為兩類(lèi)，分別是：及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞，英語(yǔ)縮寫(xiě)形式分別為vt.和vi.。說(shuō)明：同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：Shecandanceandsing.（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。）ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。）2、系動(dòng)詞亦稱(chēng)聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞

用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay,3）表像系動(dòng)詞

用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,4）感官系動(dòng)詞

感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste5）變化系動(dòng)詞

這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become,get3、助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（AuxiliaryVerb）。最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等Exercise：1．Janelaughsloudlyandlaughsalot，whichenablesustoknowhercomingbeforeshe________．A．turnsup B．turnsaroundC．turnsback D．turnsaway【答案】A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。句意：Jane大笑并多次大笑，這使我們能夠在她還沒(méi)到時(shí)就知道她來(lái)了。turnup出現(xiàn)，露面；turnaround轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)，翻轉(zhuǎn)；turnback往回走，反悔；turnaway不準(zhǔn)……進(jìn)入。根據(jù)主句的loudly和alot判斷，是人未到聲先聞。故選A。2．Digitalteachinghas________ourwayoflearningandexcitedustofocusinclass.A．guaranteed B．transformedC．evaluated D．revealed【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：數(shù)字教學(xué)已經(jīng)改變了我們學(xué)習(xí)的方式，讓我們?cè)谡n堂上集中注意力。guarantee保證；transform轉(zhuǎn)換；evaluate估算；reveal暴露。根據(jù)題意選B。3．Ipreferatablethatcanbe________whennotusedsothatitmaysavealotofspace.A．clearedup B．foldedupC．fixedup D．takenup【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。句意：我喜歡不用的時(shí)候能夠被折疊的桌子，這樣它能節(jié)省許多空間。clearup清理，放晴，整理；foldup折疊；fixup安裝；takeup占用。根據(jù)sothat的從句內(nèi)容判斷。故選B。4．Theplansgot________intheapprovalprocess，soeveryonehadtostopandwaituntiltheapplicationformscamebackfromtheministry.A．struck B．occupiedC．stuck D．delivered【答案】C5．—DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?—No，________．A．Lookout B．ForgetitC．Goahead D．Takeiteasy【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。句意：——如果我打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)你介意嗎？——不介意，開(kāi)吧。lookout注意；forgetit忘記它；goahead口語(yǔ)中常用，表示同意；takeiteasy別著急。根據(jù)語(yǔ)意選C。6．IfeltIwouldnever________theshockofhisbeingworkedtodeath.A．getoff B．getthroughC．getby D．getover【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。句意：我感覺(jué)我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)從他勞累致死的震驚中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)。getoff下車(chē)；getthrough接通；getby通過(guò)；getover恢復(fù)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)意選D。7．That’sallfortoday’sprogramme.Pleasestay________toCCTVInternational’sChineseChannelthistimenextweek.A．turnedB．tunedC．tonedD．tended【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：今天的節(jié)目就到這里。請(qǐng)下周這個(gè)時(shí)間繼續(xù)收聽(tīng)CCTV中文國(guó)際頻道的這個(gè)節(jié)目。A.turned轉(zhuǎn)變；B.tuned調(diào)頻；C.toned與……協(xié)調(diào)；D.tended趨向。staytuned繼續(xù)收看；繼續(xù)收聽(tīng)。故選B。8．Theonlywaytolivehappilywithothersisto________theirfaultsandadmiretheirvirtues.A．overlook B．justifyC．clarify D．a(chǎn)cknowledge【答案】A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：和其他人一起幸福生活的唯一方法就是忽略別人的缺點(diǎn)并贊美他們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。overlook忽略；justify證明；clarify分類(lèi)；acknowledge承認(rèn)。根據(jù)題意選A。9．—HowdidProfessorLi’slectureimpressyou?—Ijustheardhisvoicebutcouldn’t________whathewassaying.A．pickout B．makeoutC．thinkout D．squeezeout【答案】B10．Thetwoorganizationswillarrangeaone－yearseminarand________itwithareportontheirin－depthstudiesandresearchfindings.A．conclude B．summarizeC．deduce D．infer【答案】A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：兩個(gè)組織將安排一個(gè)年度的研討會(huì)，并以關(guān)于他們深度研究和研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的一份報(bào)告結(jié)束它。conclude得出結(jié)論，結(jié)束；summarize總結(jié)；deduce演義，推斷；infer推斷。concludesth.withsth.以……為結(jié)束。故選A。11．Whenhewasdrivinghome，hewasstoppedbythepolicemanandwas________ofspeeding.A．charged B．blamedC．warned D．a(chǎn)ccused【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：當(dāng)他開(kāi)車(chē)回家時(shí)，警察阻止了他，并被指控超速。chargesb.withsth.指“因犯較大錯(cuò)誤或重大罪行而進(jìn)行正式法律控訴”；blamesb.forsth.“因某事責(zé)備某人”；warnsb.ofsth.“警告某人某事