項(xiàng)目四：肥料分析任務(wù)一：固體樣品采樣方法固體樣品采樣工具與采樣方法課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask1:SamplingmethodforsolidsamplesSamplingtoolsandmethodsforsolidsamplesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish

一、固體樣品采樣工具固體存在形態(tài)粉末狀顆粒狀表面堅(jiān)硬的固體固體一般均勻性較差，存在形態(tài)不同，使用的采樣工具也有差異，同時(shí)注意取樣有代表性中文

一、SamplingtoolsforsolidsamplesTheformofsolidexistencethestateofsomethingwhichlikepowdergraininessAsolidwithahardsurfaceSolidsgenerallyhavepooruniformity,andthesamplingtoolsusedduringsamplingmayvaryduetotheirdifferentshapes.Atthesametime,itisimportanttoensurethatthecollectedsamplesarerepresentativeEglish可采集粉末狀、小顆粒狀、塊狀固體樣品，一般從物料堆表面采集樣品取樣鏟中文Thesamplingshovelcancollectpowder,smallparticle,andblocksolidsamples,usuallycollectedfromthesurfaceofthematerialpileSamplingshovelEglish取樣探子適用于粉末、小顆粒、小晶體等固體化工產(chǎn)品采樣，可深入樣品內(nèi)部采集樣品。采樣探子分為末端開口的采樣探子、末端封閉的采樣探子、窗口關(guān)閉式采樣探子和布袋式采樣探子。末端封閉式布袋式可封閉式中文SamplingprobeThesamplingprobeissuitableforsamplingsolidchemicalproductssuchaspowders,smallparticles,andsmallcrystals,andcancollectsamplesdeepinsidethesample.Samplingprobesaredividedintoendopeningsamplingprobes,endclosedsamplingprobes,windowclosedsamplingprobes,andbagsamplingprobes.endclosedsamplingprobebagsamplingprobewindowclosedsamplingprobeEglish取樣鉆：由金屬圓筒和旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆頭組成，適用于較堅(jiān)硬的固體采樣中文Samplingdrill:composedofametalcylinderandarotatingdrillbit,suitableforsamplinghardersolidsEglish3、確定采取樣品的方法一般采樣程序?yàn)椋?、確定采取的樣品數(shù)2、確定采取的樣品量

二、采樣方法中文3.DeterminethemethodoftakingsamplesThegeneralsamplingprocedureis:1.Determinethenumberofsamplestobetaken2.Determinethesamplesizetobetaken

二、SamplingmethodEglish1、采樣單元數(shù)的確定（1）單元物料

采樣單元數(shù)n的確定(N為總件數(shù)）:

單元數(shù)＞500時(shí)，按n=3×單元數(shù)＜500時(shí)，按照規(guī)定件數(shù)取樣中文1.Determinationofthenumberofsamplingunits（1）UnitmaterialDeterminationofthenumberofsamplingunitsn(Nisthetotalnumberofpieces):Whenthenumberofunits>500,

Whenthenumberofunitsislessthan500,takesamplesaccordingtothespecifiednumberofpiecesEglish總體物料單元選取的最少單元總體物料單元選取的最少單元1~10全部單元182~2161811~4911217~2541950~6412255~2962065~8113297~3432182~10114344~39422102~12515395~45023126~15116451~50024152~18117采樣單元數(shù)的規(guī)定中文OverallmaterialunitOverallmaterialunitMinimumunitsselectedMinimumunitsselectedTotalunitsRegulationsonthenumberofsamplingunitsEglish當(dāng)物料量少于2.5t，采樣量為7個(gè)單元（或點(diǎn)）當(dāng)物料量為2.5~80t時(shí)，采樣量單元為當(dāng)物料量大于80t，采樣為40個(gè)單元（2）散裝物料中文Whenthematerialquantityislessthan2.5t,thesamplingquantityis7units(orpoints)Whenthematerialquantityis2.5-80t,thesamplingunitisWhenthematerialquantityisgreaterthan80t,thenumberofsamplingunitsis40（2）bulkmaterialsEglish對采得的樣品如需要制樣處理時(shí)，必須滿足加工處理的需要2、樣品量的確定滿足以下要求滿足三次重復(fù)檢測用量當(dāng)需要留存?zhèn)淇紭悠窌r(shí)，滿足備考樣品量中文Ifsamplepreparationandprocessingarerequiredforthecollectedsamples,theymustmeettheprocessingrequirements2、DeterminationofsamplesizeMeetthefollowingrequirements:SatisfytheusageofthreerepeatedtestsWhenitisnecessarytoretainpreparationsamples,theamountofpreparationsamplesmustbemetEglishT-采樣的質(zhì)量間隔Q-樣品批量，tn-采樣的單元數(shù)3、采樣方法的確定（1）從物料流中采樣用合適采樣器隨機(jī)或按一定時(shí)間間隔采樣，如按時(shí)間間隔采樣，采樣的質(zhì)量間隔T為：中文T-qualityintervalforsamplingQ-thetotalamountofabatchofsamples,tn-numberofsampledunits3、Determinationofsamplingmethod（1）SamplingfrommaterialflowWhensamplinginthematerialflow,useasuitablesamplertorandomlyoratacertaintimeintervalforsampling.Ifsamplingisdoneatatimeinterval,thequalityintervalTforsamplingis:Eglish布點(diǎn)時(shí)首末兩個(gè)點(diǎn)距車角至少1米，其他點(diǎn)平均布置取樣點(diǎn)布置在運(yùn)輸工具的對角線上，可以用三點(diǎn)法、五點(diǎn)法布置采樣點(diǎn)。三點(diǎn)法五點(diǎn)法（2）從運(yùn)輸工具中采樣中文Whenarrangingpoints,thefirstandlasttwopointsshouldbeatleast1meterawayfromthecornerofthecar,andtheotherpointsshouldbeevenlyarrangedonthediagonalThesamplingpointsarearrangedonthediagonalofthetransportationvehicle,andcanbearrangedusingthethree-pointmethodorthefivepointmethod.three-pointmethodfivepointmethod（2）SamplingfromtransportationvehiclesEglish（3）從物料堆中采樣根據(jù)物料堆的形狀和子樣的數(shù)目，將取樣點(diǎn)分布在堆的頂部、腰部、底部（底部距地面0.5m）采樣時(shí)先除去0.2m的表層再采樣中文（3）SamplingfrommaterialpileAccordingtotheshapeofthematerialpileandthenumberofsubsamples,distributethesamplingpointsatthetop,waist,andbottomofthepile(0.5

mfromthegroundatthebottom)Remove0.2

mofsurfacelayerbeforesamplingEglish項(xiàng)目四：肥料分析任務(wù)一：固體樣品采樣方法樣品制備及縮分課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask1:SamplingmethodforsolidsamplesPreparationandReductionofSamplesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish當(dāng)從大量的原始試樣中采取一定量樣品供分析檢測時(shí)，如樣品顆粒較大，取樣時(shí)一般經(jīng)過如下操作：一、樣品制備方法中文Whentakingacertainamountofsamplesfromalargenumberoforiginalsamplesforanalysisandtesting,ifthesampleparticlesarelarge,thefollowingoperationsaregenerallycarriedoutduringsampling:一、SamplepreparationmethodcrushscreenmixshrinkCrushthesampleintopowderusingahammer,etcMakethesampleparticlesmeetcertainrequirementsMixallsamplesevenlytoachieveuniformpropertiesTakeacertainamountofsamplesfromalargenumberofsamplesforanalysisandtestingEglish二、樣品縮分方法實(shí)際工作中，取的原始樣品量是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過分析需要量的，必須對取的樣品進(jìn)行合適的縮分，只保留供分析和留樣所需的量。常用的縮分樣品方法有：四分法、分樣器法中文二、SamplereductionmethodInpracticalwork,theamountoforiginalsamplestakenfarexceedstheamountrequiredforanalysis.Itisnecessarytoappropriatelyreducethesizeofthesamplestakenandonlyretaintheamountrequiredforanalysisandretention.Thecommonlyusedsamplereductionmethodsinclude:

QuadruplemethodandsamplermethodEglish1、四分法縮分樣品中文1、UsingthequarteringmethodtoreducesamplesizeTheprocessofmixingthesampleevenlywithadividingtemplateandthendividingthesampleinaratioof2/4iscalledthequarteringmethod.Eglish四分法分樣的實(shí)際操作中文TheactualoperationprocessofusingthequarteringmethodtodividesamplesStep1pourthesampleontoasmoothandflattabletoporglassplate.Eglish步驟二中文步驟二Step2mixthesampleevenlyusingasampleplate.Eglish中文Step3:Spreadthesampleintoequallythicksquares.Eglish中文Step4Useadividingtemplatetodrawtwodiagonallinesonthesampleanddivideitintofouropposingtriangles.Eglish中文Step5:Takeoutsamplesoftwoopposingtriangles.Eglish中文Step6:Mixtheremainingsampleswellandthendividethemrepeatedlyaccordingtotheabovemethoduntiltheamountoftheremainingtwoopposingtriangularsamplesapproachestherequiredsampleweight.Eglish以四分法的原理，使樣品通過分樣器后被均勻地分成兩份，依次縮分直到所需量。2、用分樣器縮分樣品中文Accordingtotheprincipleofquartering,thesampleisevenlydividedintotwopartsafterpassingthroughthesampler,andthenreducedinsequenceuntiltherequiredamountisreached.2、UseasamplertoreducethesamplesizeEglish三、采樣記錄的填寫中文三、FillingoutsamplingrecordsSampleregistrationnumberSampleNameSamplinglocationSamplingquantitySamplingtimeSamplinglocationSamplingdatePackagingsituationSamplerRecipientSamplingrecordtableEglish項(xiàng)目四：肥料分析任務(wù)二：磷肥分析肥料種類及磷肥制樣方法課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask2:PhosphatefertilizeranalysisFertilizertypesandphosphorusfertilizersamplingmethodsCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、肥料種類及取樣方法

植物生長，幾乎需要所有的化學(xué)元素，但最主要的是N、P、K三要素。肥料的作用？肥料是促進(jìn)植物生長，提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量的重要物質(zhì)之一。

N、P、K由何而來呢？植物生長的三要素？肥料中文一、Fertilizertypesandsamplingmethods

Plantgrowthrequiresalmostallchemicalelements,butthemostimportantonesareN,P,andK.Whatisthefunctionoffertilizer?Fertilizerisoneoftheimportantsubstancesthatpromoteplantgrowthandincreasecropyield.

N、P、KWherediditcomefrom?Whatarethethreeelementsofplantgrowth?fertilizerEglish磷肥的作用促進(jìn)籽粒飽滿；促使棉花、瓜類、茄果類蔬菜及果樹的開花結(jié)果，提高結(jié)果率；增加甜菜、甘蔗、西瓜等的糖分；油菜籽的含油量。近年來世界磷肥工業(yè)逐漸復(fù)蘇，生產(chǎn)能力增長較快，中國、美國及印度成為世界三大磷肥生產(chǎn)國。中文TheroleofphosphatefertilizerPhosphatefertilizercanpromoteplumpgrains;Promotethefloweringandfruitingofcotton,melons,eggplantvegetables,andfruittrees,andimprovethefruitingrate;Increasethesugarcontentofsugarbeets,sugarcane,watermelons,etc;Increasetheoilcontentofrapeseed.Inrecentyears,theworld'sphosphatefertilizerindustryhasgraduallyrecoveredandproductioncapacityhasgrownrapidly.China,theUnitedStates,andIndiahavebecometheworld'sthreelargestphosphatefertilizerproducingcountries.Eglish

以礦物、空氣、海水等為原料，經(jīng)化學(xué)和機(jī)械加工方法制造，能供給農(nóng)作物營養(yǎng)及提高土壤肥力的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。肥料包括自然肥料和化學(xué)肥料。中文

Chemicalfertilizersarechemicalsmadefromminerals,air,seawater,andotherrawmaterialsthroughchemicalandmechanicalprocessingmethods,whichcanprovidenutrientstocropsandimprovesoilfertility.Fertilizersincludenaturalfertilizersandchemicalfertilizers.ClassificationofchemicalfertilizersDividedbynutritionalelementsnitrogenfertilizerphosphatefertilizerpotashfertilizerCompoundfertilizerTraceelementfertilizerEglish

有效成分含量，磷肥以有效五氧化二磷的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)表示。氮肥以氮元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)表示。鉀肥以氧化鉀的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)表示。微量元素以該元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)表示。

化學(xué)肥料的分析項(xiàng)目包括水分含量，有效成分含量和雜質(zhì)含量等分析?；瘜W(xué)性質(zhì)酸性肥料:硫酸銨中性肥料:尿素堿性肥料:碳酸氫銨中文Theeffectiveingredientcontentisexpressedasthemassfractionofeffectivephosphoruspentoxideinphosphorusfertilizer.Nitrogenfertilizerisexpressedasthemassfractionofnitrogenelement.Potassiumfertilizerisexpressedasthemassfractionofpotassiumoxide.Traceelementsarerepresentedbytheirmassfraction.Theanalysisitemsofchemicalfertilizersincludemoisturecontent,activeingredientcontent,andimpuritycontent.化學(xué)性質(zhì)Acidfertilizer:ammoniumsulfateNeutralfertilizer:ureaAlkalinefertilizer:ammoniumbicarbonate

ClassifiedbychemicalpropertiesEglish

取樣時(shí)，將取樣探子由袋口的一角沿對角線插入袋內(nèi)的1/3～3/4處，旋轉(zhuǎn)180°后抽出，刮出鉆槽中物料作為一個(gè)子樣。取樣探子

對于袋裝化肥，通常規(guī)定50件以內(nèi)抽取5件；51～100件，每增10件，加取1件；101～500件，每增50件，加取2件；501～1000件以內(nèi)，每增100件，加取2件；1001～5000件以內(nèi)，每增100件，加取1件。將子樣均勻地分布該批物料中，然后用采樣工具進(jìn)行采集。二、肥料的取樣中文Whensampling,insertthesamplingprobediagonallyfromonecornerofthebagopeninginto1/3to3/4ofthebag,rotate180°,andthenextractit.Scrapeoutthematerialinthedrillinggrooveasasubsample.samplingprobe

Forbaggedfertilizers,itisusuallyrequiredtoextract5pieceswithin50pieces;51-100pieces,foreveryadditional10pieces,anadditionalpiecewillbetaken;101-500pieces,foreveryadditional50pieces,anadditional2pieceswillbetaken;Within501-1000pieces,foreveryadditional100pieces,anadditional2pieceswillbetaken;Within1001-5000pieces,foreveryadditional100pieces,anadditionalpiecewillbetaken.Distributethesubsamplesevenlyamongthebatchofmaterials,andthencollectthemusingsamplingtools.二、SamplingoffertilizersEglish

在分析之前，應(yīng)將所采的一瓶樣品粉碎至規(guī)定粒度(一般要求不超過1~2mm)，混合均勻，用四分法縮分至100g左右，置于潔凈、干燥瓶中，作質(zhì)量分析之用。

將每批所選取的樣品合并在一起充分混勻，然后用四分法縮分至不少于500g，分裝在兩個(gè)清潔、干燥并具有磨口塞的廣口瓶或帶蓋聚乙烯瓶中，貼上標(biāo)簽。注明生產(chǎn)廠家、產(chǎn)品名稱、批號(hào)、采樣日期和采樣人姓名。一瓶供試樣制備，一瓶密封保存2個(gè)月以備。中文

Beforeanalysis,thecollectedsamplesshouldbecrushedtothespecifiedparticlesize(generallynotexceeding1-2mm),mixedevenly,andreducedtoabout100gusingthequarteringmethod.Theyshouldbeplacedinacleananddrybottleforqualityanalysis.

Combinetheselectedsamplesfromeachbatchandmixthoroughly.Then,usethequarteringmethodtoreducethemtonolessthan500g.Dividethemintotwoclean,drywidemouthedbottlesorcappedpolyethylenebottleswithgroundstoppers,andlabelthem.Indicatethemanufacturer,productname,batchnumber,samplingdate,andnameofthesampler.Onebottleisforsamplepreparation,andonebottleissealedandstoredfor2monthsforpreparation.Eglish三、磷肥制樣方法1、磷肥分類分類

自然磷肥：磷礦石、骨粉及骨灰等化學(xué)磷肥：以自然礦石為原料，經(jīng)化學(xué)加工處理的含磷肥料中文三、Samplepreparationmethodforphosphatefertilizer1、ClassificationofphosphatefertilizersClassificationNaturalphosphatefertilizer:phosphaterock,bonemeal,andboneash,etcChemicalphosphorusfertilizer:afertilizercontainingphosphorusobtainedthroughchemicalprocessingusingnaturaloresasrawmaterialsEglish

酸法磷肥(速效磷肥)：用無機(jī)酸加工處理磷礦石所制造的，如過磷酸鈣，重過磷酸鈣，因其中含有易溶于水的磷化物，植物易吸收，故又稱為“速效磷肥”。

熱法磷肥(遲效磷肥)：磷礦石和其他配料(如白云石、滑石等)或不加配料，經(jīng)高溫煅燒分解所制造的磷肥。如鈣鎂磷肥、鋼渣磷肥等。因其所含磷化物難溶于水，施用后經(jīng)長時(shí)間后可被土壤中有機(jī)弱酸緩慢溶解而被植物吸收，故又稱為“遲效磷肥”。化學(xué)磷肥根據(jù)加工方法不同可以分為：中文Acidbasedphosphatefertilizer:Fertilizermadebyprocessingphosphaterockwithinorganicacids,suchascalciumsuperphosphateandheavysuperphosphate,isalsoknownas"quickactingphosphatefertilizer"becauseitcontainswater-solublephosphidesthatareeasilyabsorbedbyplants.Thermalphosphatefertilizer:phosphaterockandotheringredients(suchasdolomite,talc,etc.)orphosphatefertilizerproducedbyhigh-temperaturecalcinationanddecompositionwithoutingredients.Suchascalciummagnesiumphosphatefertilizer,steelslagphosphatefertilizer,etc.Duetoitsinsolublephosphidesinwater,itcanbeslowlydissolvedbyorganicweakacidsinthesoilandabsorbedbyplantsafterlong-termapplication,henceitisalsoknownas"delayedactingphosphatefertilizer".Chemicalphosphorusfertilizercanbedividedinto:Eglish

磷肥的組成較為復(fù)雜，往往一種磷肥中同時(shí)含有幾種不同性質(zhì)的含磷化合物。磷肥的主要成分是磷酸的鈣鹽，有的還含有游離的磷酸。磷肥組成不一樣，溶解性不一樣，制樣方法也是有差異的。中文

Thecompositionofphosphorusfertilizerisrelativelycomplex,oftencontainingseveralphosphoruscontainingcompoundswithdifferentpropertiesinonetypeofphosphorusfertilizer.Themaincomponentofphosphatefertilizeristhecalciumsaltofphosphate,someofwhichalsocontainfreephosphate.

Thecompositionofphosphorusfertilizervaries,andthesolubilityandsamplepreparationmethodsalsovary.Eglish

檢驗(yàn)中是指被檸檬酸銨溶液或2%檸檬酸溶液溶解的含磷化合物。中文WatersolublephosphoruscompoundsPhosphoricacid,calciumdihydrogenphosphate(alsoknownasmonocalciumphosphate)[Ca(H2PO4)2]Calciumsuperphosphateandheavysuperphosphatemainlycontainwater-solublephosphoruscompounds,sotheyarealsocalledwater-solublephosphorusfertilizers.CitricacidsolublephosphoruscompoundsThephosphoruscompoundsthatcanbedissolvedbyacidicsubstancessecretedbyplantrootsandabsorbedandutilizedbyplantsarecalledlemonsolublephosphoruscompounds.Suchascrystallinecalciumhydrogenphosphate,alsoknownasdicalciumphosphate(CaHPO4

·2H2O)ortetracalciumphosphate(Ca4P2O9

or4CaO·P2O5).Citricacidsolublephosphoruscompoundsrefertophosphoruscontainingcompoundsdissolvedinammoniumcitratesolutionor2%citricacidsolutionduringtesting.Eglish全磷：磷肥中所有含磷化合物中含磷量的總和。

不論是全磷還是有效磷僅是制備試液的方法不同，其測定方法相同。有效磷：水溶性磷化物和檸檬酸溶性磷化合物中的磷。中文Totalphosphorus:Thetotalphosphoruscontentofallphosphoruscontainingcompoundsinphosphorusfertilizer.Whetheritistotalphosphorusoreffectivephosphorus,themethodofpreparingthetestsolutionisdifferent,andthedeterminationmethodisthesame.Effectivephosphorus:phosphorusinwater-solublephosphidesandcitricacidsolublephosphoruscompounds.InsolublephosphoruscompoundsPhosphoruscontainingcompoundsthatareinsolubleinorganicweakacids,suchastricalciumphosphate[Ca3(PO4)2],ironphosphate,aluminumphosphate,etc.,arecalledinsolublephosphoruscompoundsEglish

稱取過磷酸鈣約1.5g或重過磷酸鈣約0.8g（含P2O5約200-300毫克）于小乳缽中，加水約25mL，小心研磨5-10分鐘，靜置待澄清。以慢速濾紙傾瀉過濾于已經(jīng)預(yù)先注有1：1硝酸5mL的250mL容量瓶中。向乳缽內(nèi)的殘?jiān)校偌铀s25mL，繼續(xù)研磨、澄清、過濾，共三次。最后一次，將殘?jiān)哭D(zhuǎn)移于濾紙上。充分洗滌至容量瓶內(nèi)溶液的體積約230mL左右。稀釋至刻度，混合均勻，供測定水溶性磷。例如：（1）水溶性磷的提取2、磷肥制樣方法中文

Weighabout1.5gofcalciumsuperphosphateorabout0.8gofheavycalciumsuperphosphate(containingabout200-300milligramsofP2O5)inasmallbowl,addabout25mLofwater,carefullygrindfor5-10minutes,andletitstandforclarification.Pourandfilterslowlywithfilterpaperintoa250mLvolumetricflaskprefilledwith5mLof1:1nitricacid.Addabout25mLofwatertotheresidueinthebowl,continuegrinding,clarifying,andfilteringthreetimes.Forthelasttime,transferalltheresidueontothefilterpaper.Washthoroughlyuntilthevolumeofthesolutioninthevolumetricflaskisabout230mL.Dilutetothemark,mixevenly,andusethissolutionformeasuringwater-solublephosphorus.example：（1）Extractionofwater-solublephosphorus2、SamplepreparationmethodforphosphatefertilizerEglish（2）檸檬酸溶性磷的提取中文（2）ExtractionofCitricAcidSolublePhosphorusUsinganammoniasolutionofammoniumcitrateora2%citricacidsolutionasanextractant,thephosphorusfertilizerresidueafterextractingwater-solublephosphorusisextracted.Theammoniasolutionofammoniumcitrate,alsoknownasPetermannreagent,iscomposedof173gofunweatheredmonohydratecitricacidand51gofammoniain1LofsolutionEglish在測定全磷時(shí)，通常直接用鹽酸和硝酸混合酸溶，鹽酸是溶解難溶性磷化合物，硝酸主要是防止磷被還原成PH3而揮發(fā)損失。（3）難溶性磷的提取中文Whenmeasuringtotalphosphorus,amixtureofhydrochloricacidandnitricacidisusuallyusedtodissolvephosphorusfertilizerdirectly.Hydrochloricaciddissolvesinsolublephosphoruscompounds,whilenitricacidmainlypreventsphosphorusfrombeingreducedtoPH3andcausingvolatilizationloss.（3）ExtractionofinsolublephosphorusinsolublephosphorusisgenerallydissolvedinstrongacidssuchashydrochloricacidEglish項(xiàng)目四：肥料分析任務(wù)二：磷肥分析磷肥中有效磷的測定課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask2:PhosphatefertilizeranalysisDeterminationofavailablephosphorusinphosphatefertilizersCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、磷肥分析方法

磷肥中磷的測定方法通常有：

磷鉬酸銨容量法、重量法；磷鉬酸喹啉容量法、重量法；釩鉬酸銨分光光度法其中磷鉬酸喹啉重量法為國家規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仲裁方法。結(jié)果均用P2O5表示。中文一、AnalysismethodsforphosphatefertilizersThedeterminationmethodsforphosphorusinphosphatefertilizersusuallyinclude:Ammoniumphosphomolybdatevolumetricandgravimetricmethods;Phosphomolybdatequinolinevolumetricmethodandgravimetricmethod;VanadiummolybdateammoniumspectrophotometricmethodTheweightmethodofquinolinephosphomolybdateisastandardarbitrationmethodstipulatedbythestate.TheresultsareallrepresentedbyP2O5.EglishG4水洗，濾180oC恒重(重量法)磷鉬酸喹啉黃色(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O1、磷鉬酸喹啉法測定磷的原理磷肥(磷化物)酸H3PO4MoO42-H+H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O磷鉬雜多酸C9H7N一定量過量(容量法)水洗NaOH溶解+剩余NaOHHCl標(biāo)液滴定V有機(jī)堿喹啉二、磷鉬酸喹啉法測定磷中文G4washwithwater,filterate180oCconstantweightgravimetricmethodQuinolinephosphomolybdateyellow(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O1、TheprincipleofusingquinolinephosphomolybdatemethodtodeterminephosphorusphosphatefertilizeracidH3PO4MoO42-H+H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2OPhosphomolybdateheteropolyacidC9H7NexcessiveVolumetricmethodwashwithwaterNaOHPrecipitationdissolution,remainingNaOHTitratewithHClstandardsolutionquinoline二、Determinationofphosphorus

byquinolinephosphomolybdatemethodEglish容量法：(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+26OH-=HPO42-+12MoO42-+3C9H7N+15H2OH3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+3C9H7N=(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O具體反應(yīng)：H3PO4+12MoO42-+24H+=H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+11H2O中文Volumetricmethod：(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+26OH-=HPO42-+12MoO42-+3C9H7N+15H2OH3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+3C9H7N=(C9H7N)3H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2OChemicalreactionsinvolved：H3PO4+12MoO42-+24H+=H3(PO4.12MoO3).H2O+11H2OEglish容量法計(jì)算依據(jù)：中文Calculationbasisforcapacitymethod:Eglish2、磷鉬酸喹啉容量法測定有效磷的條件（1）穩(wěn)定性

磷鉬雜多酸只有在酸性環(huán)境中才穩(wěn)定，在堿性溶液中重新分解為原來的簡單的酸根離子。酸度、溫度、配位酸酐的濃度不同，嚴(yán)重影響雜多酸組成，沉淀?xiàng)l件必須嚴(yán)格控制。中文2、Conditionsfordeterminingeffectivephosphorususingquinolinephosphomolybdatevolumetricmethod(1)StabilityPhosphomolybdateheteropolyacidsareonlystableinacidicenvironmentsanddecomposebackintosimpleacidionsinalkalinesolutions.Theacidity,temperature,andconcentrationofcoordinationanhydridessignificantlyaffectthecompositionofheteropolyacids,andtheprecipitationconditionsmustbestrictlycontrolled.Eglish

加入丙酮，丙酮和NH4+作用可消除其干擾，同時(shí)，沉淀時(shí)有丙酮存在，還可以改善沉淀物理性能，使生成的沉淀顆粒粗大疏松，便于過濾沉淀。

（2）NH4+干擾

NH4+存在，可能生成部分和磷鉬酸喹啉性質(zhì)相近的磷鉬酸銨沉淀

中文

Addingacetone,theinteractionbetweenacetoneandNH4+caneliminateitsinterference.Atthesametime,thepresenceofacetoneduringprecipitationcanalsoimprovethephysicalpropertiesoftheprecipitate,makingthegeneratedprecipitateparticlescoarseandloose,makingiteasytofilterandprecipitate.

（2）NH4+interference

ThepresenceofNH4+mayresultintheformationofammoniummolybdateprecipitateswithpropertiessimilartoquinolinephosphomolybdateEglish

因?yàn)闄幟仕崤c鉬酸生成解離度小的絡(luò)合物，解離出的鉬酸根僅能滿足磷鉬酸喹啉的沉淀?xiàng)l件，而達(dá)不到硅鉬酸喹啉的Ksp，從而排除Si的干擾。又因檸檬酸溶液中，磷鉬酸銨的溶解度比磷鉬酸喹啉的大，所以檸檬酸可進(jìn)一步排除NH4+，另外，可阻止鉬酸鹽水解析出MoO3導(dǎo)致結(jié)果偏高。(主要)排除Si，(同時(shí))進(jìn)一步排除NH4+干擾，阻止鉬酸鹽水解。（3）檸檬酸作用中文Becausecitricacidandmolybdicacidformacomplexwithlowdissociationdegree,thedissociatedmolybdateionscanonlymeettheprecipitationconditionsofquinolinephosphomolybdate,andcannotreachtheKspofquinolinesilicomolybdate,thuseliminatingtheinterferenceofSi.Furthermore,duetothehighersolubilityofammoniumphosphomolybdateincitricacidsolutioncomparedtoquinolinephosphomolybdate,citricacidcanfurthereliminateNH4+.Additionally,itcanpreventthehydrolysisofmolybdateandtheprecipitationofMoO3,resultinginhigherresults.ThemainfunctionofcitricacidistoeliminatetheinterferenceofSi,furthereliminatetheinterferenceofNH4+,andpreventthehydrolysisofmolybdate.（3）TheeffectofcitricacidEglish

沉淀磷鉬酸喹啉的最佳條件：HNO3酸度0.6mol/L；丙酮10%；檸檬酸2%；鉬酸鈉2.3%；喹啉0.17%。

中文

Theoptimalconditionsforprecipitationofquinolinephosphomolybdate：HNO3,acidity0.6

mol/L;Acetone,10%;Citricacid,2%;Sodiummolybdate,2.3%;Quinoline,0.17%.Eglish3、所需試劑1+1硝酸2+3氨水喹鉬檸酮試劑堿性檸檬酸銨溶液氫氧化鈉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滴定溶液（0.5mol/L）鹽酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滴定溶液（0.25mol/L）百里香酚藍(lán)和酚酞混合指示劑中文3、Requiredreagents1+1nitricacid2+3ammoniawaterQuinimolylketonereagentAlkalineammoniumcitratesolutionSodiumhydroxidestandardtitrationsolution(0.5mol/L)Hydrochloricacidstandardtitrationsolution(0.25mol/L)ThymolblueandphenolphthaleinmixedindicatorEglish（1）溶樣

稱取2.4~2.5g磷肥（過磷酸鈣）于短頸漏斗中，量取150毫升蒸餾水分多次將試樣沖入250mL容量瓶中，塞上瓶塞，用力振動(dòng)半小時(shí)，用蒸餾水稀釋到刻度，搖勻備用。

4、磷肥中有效磷的測定步驟中文（1）DissolutionsampleWeigh2.4-2.5gofphosphatefertilizer(calciumsuperphosphate)intoashortneckfunnel,rinsethesamplemultipletimeswith150mlofdistilledwaterintoa250mLvolumetricflask,stoppertheflask,vigorouslyshakeforhalfanhour,dilutetothemarkwithdistilledwater,shakewellformeasurement.

4、StepsfordeterminingavailablephosphorusinphosphatefertilizersEglish

（2）沉淀的形成

采用干過濾的方式，將容量瓶中的溶液濾至小燒杯中（小燒杯必須先用濾液潤洗三次），用25毫升移液管移取小燒杯中的溶液于500毫升的大燒杯中，加（1+1）的硝酸10毫升，用水稀釋至100mL，蓋上表面皿，預(yù)熱近沸，用量筒加35毫升的喹鉬檸酮試劑，在電爐上加熱煮沸3分鐘，之后冷卻。中文

（2）Formationofprecipitation

Usingdryfiltration,filterthesolutionfromthevolumetricflaskintoasmallbeaker(thebeakermustbemoistenedthreetimeswithfiltrate).Usea25

mLpipettetotransferthesolutionfromthesmallbeakerintoa500

mLlargebeaker,add10

mLof(1+1)nitricacid,dilutewithwaterto100

mL,coverwithapetridish,preheattonearboiling,add35

mLofquinolonereagent,heatandboilonanelectricstovefor3minutes,andthencool.Eglish

先將上層清液濾完，然后以傾瀉法過濾，洗滌沉淀3～4次，每次用水約25mL，將沉淀移入濾器中，再用水洗凈沉淀直至取濾液約20mL，加1滴混合指示劑溶液和2～3滴氫氧化鈉溶液，至溶液呈紫色為止。(3)沉淀的過濾及洗滌中文

First,filtertheupperclearliquid,thenwashandfilteritusingthepouringmethod,washingtheprecipitate3-4timeswithabout25mLofwatereachtime.Finally,transferthesedimentintothefilterandwashitwithwater.Whenabout20mLoffiltrateistaken,add1dropofmixedindicatorsolutionand2-3dropsofsodiumhydroxidesolution,andthesolutionturnspurple,stopwashing.(3)FiltrationandwashingofsedimentEglish

加入5滴百里香酚藍(lán)—酚酞混合指示劑溶液，用鹽酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滴定溶液滴定至溶液從紫色經(jīng)灰藍(lán)色轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)辄S色即為終點(diǎn)。（4）溶解沉淀及滴定

將沉淀連同濾紙移入原燒杯中，加入100mL煮沸過的無二氧化碳的水，準(zhǔn)確加入氫氧化鈉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滴定溶液50.00mL，充分?jǐn)嚢枋钩恋砣芙狻Ｖ形?/p>

Add5dropsofthymolbluephenolphthaleinmixedindicatorsolution,titratewithhydrochloricacidstandardtitrationsolutionuntilthesolutionchangesfrompurpletograybluetoyellow,whichistheendpoint.（4）DissolutionprecipitationandtitrationTransfertheprecipitateandfilterpaperintotheoriginalbeaker,add100mLofboiledcarbondioxidefreewater,accuratelyadd50.00mLofsodiumhydroxidestandardtitrationsolution,andstirthoroughlytodissolvetheprecipitate.Eglish5、結(jié)果計(jì)算中文5、resultcalculationEglish項(xiàng)目四：肥料分析任務(wù)三：氮肥分析氮肥分析課程：工業(yè)分析中文Scenario4:FertilizerAnalysisTask3:NitrogenfertilizeranalysisNitrogenfertilizeranalysisCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish尿素：有機(jī)化學(xué)肥料氰氨基化鈣(石灰氮)含氮的肥料稱為氮肥。

化學(xué)氮肥:硝酸鹽：硝酸鈉、硝酸鈣氨水；硝酸銨鈣；硝硫酸銨自然肥料：人畜尿類、油餅、腐草等一、氮肥種類中文Urea:OrganicchemicalfertilizerCalciumcyanamide(limenitrogen)Fertilizercontainingnitrogeniscallednitrogenfertilizer.Chemicalnitrogenfertilizer:Nitrates:Sodiumnitrate,calciumnitrateAmmoniasolution,Calciumammoniumnitrate,AmmoniumnitratesulfateNaturalfertilizers:humanandanimalurine,Youbing(Deep-friedroundandflatdough-cake),rottinggrass,etc一、TypesofnitrogenfertilizersEglish

氮在化合物中，通常以氨態(tài)、硝酸態(tài)、有機(jī)態(tài)三種形式存在，由于三種狀態(tài)的性質(zhì)不同，因而制樣方法也不同。

硝態(tài)氮氮肥的制樣方法水溶水+乙酸溶有機(jī)氮氮肥的制樣方法消解中文Nitrogenincompoundsusuallyexistsinthreeforms:ammonia,nitricacid,andorganic.Duetothedifferentnitrogenpropertiesofthethreestates,thesamplepreparationmethodsarealsodifferent.SamplepreparationmethodfornitratenitrogenfertilizerWaterSolubleDissolvedinwaterandaceticacidSamplepreparationmethodfororganicnitrogenfertilizerdigestionEglish有機(jī)態(tài)氮濃硫酸消化氨態(tài)氮甲醛法強(qiáng)堿分解-蒸餾法硝酸態(tài)氮先還原成氨態(tài)氮甲醛法強(qiáng)堿分解-蒸餾法二、氮肥分析方法氨態(tài)氮強(qiáng)酸的銨鹽甲醛法強(qiáng)堿分解-蒸餾法氨水、碳酸氫銨：酸量法中文OrganicnitrogenconcentratedsulfuricaciddigestionammoniacalnitrogenformaldehydemethodStrongalkalinedecomposition-distillationmethodNitratenitrogenreductionammoniacaln