第4講題型突破——詞句猜測(cè)題

題型分析

I■一—一__________________________________

詞句猜測(cè)題基本上是閏讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷

單詞、短語或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新

意，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常也會(huì)

遇到一些過去未見過的詞，但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來。

【設(shè)問方式】

1.Theword”…”inparagraph...means.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwordinparagraph...?

3.Whaldotheunderlinedwords”…"probablymean?

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phraseinparagraph...referto?

5.Theunderlinedexpressioninparagraph...mostprobablymeans"”.

解題策略

I,_____________________________________

技法一詞義猜測(cè)題

——巧用線索猜詞義

詞匯含義猜測(cè)是i種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考芻在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所

指定的某一個(gè)單詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在

文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，猜測(cè)詞句能力的高低，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分

的高低，對(duì)能否取得好的高考成績(jī)有著舉足輕重的作用。下面介紹巧用邏輯關(guān)系、語法關(guān)系、

構(gòu)詞法和上下文語境猜測(cè)詞匯含義。

一、4種邏輯關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)

onthecontrary,

ontheotherbecause,so,thus,asa

result.so/such...that...,

hand.while,inujTjTi

resultin...

contrast...)，4種

inotherwords,邏輯

并列」關(guān)系but,yet,however,

thati>(tosay),while,unlike.instead

aswellas,the(of),ratherthan,

sameas,justunfortunately...

as...

r感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法j

(2021?新高考全國IC片段)

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlands

werealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthese

preciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowed

onlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwatcrfowl（水禽）were

killedatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsnien.Millionsofacres

ofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducing

waterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.

C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

二、5種語法關(guān)系助力詞義猜測(cè)

舉例用語:forinstance/

同位語/同位語從句：對(duì)example,suchas.like,

前面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明include,including...

5種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):破折號(hào)、

下定義：mean,be,refer

語法、式號(hào)、分號(hào)后的內(nèi)容;

to.bedefinedas,repre-\引號(hào)、括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容

關(guān)系

sent,becalled/named...

等后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面定語從旬，尤其是

內(nèi)容的解釋說明which/who弓|導(dǎo)的非

限制性定語從句

感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法

（2022?全國乙C片段）

Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnel

safcty.ltiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearon

maintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,often知night,foinspectandrepairtherail

infrastructure.Thatcanbedangerouswork（hatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassisting（hecrews'

efforts.

29.Whatdoes4<maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?

A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.

C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.

三、3種構(gòu)詞法助力詞義猜測(cè)

否定前綴或后綴,與原單詞構(gòu)成反義

詞，/Oldis-,un-.im-,-lcss

派生法一后綴改變?cè)~性不改變?cè)~義，如delivery

前綴co-表示“共同”；re-表示“又，

再“；trans-表示“轉(zhuǎn)移”

構(gòu)依據(jù)合成詞組成新詞,結(jié)合語境猜

詞合成法1-

測(cè)詞義,如

法blackboard

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

種詞性用作為

-轉(zhuǎn)化法動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

種詞性而詞形不變

名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)訶

例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness>orworry.

分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ncss為名詞后綴，easy（舒適）為詞根。因

此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安;擔(dān)憂”之意。

四、上下文語境助力詞義猜測(cè)

有些詞義猜測(cè)題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)我們可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行

合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，這也是近兒年來高考考直的熱點(diǎn)。

(感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法J

(2022?新高考全國IC片段)

Theelderlyresidents(^R)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostop

themfeelinglonely.

WendyWiison,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirst(oembarkonthe

project,said：”Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Weare

lookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwordsuembarkon“meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.

C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

技法二代詞指代題

——“就近原則”判指代

代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多、動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語境判斷

人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞的指代對(duì)象。有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。

【設(shè)問方式】

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedworduthis/it/them/which...nreferto?

2.Theunderlinedpartuit/'that/thcy/which...*,inparagraph...refersto"

解此類試題常用“就近原則”巧判斷。解題流程如下：

句意猜測(cè)題要求考生通過閱讀文章，用合適的語句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。其解題流程

如下:

找到該句，對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和邏輯

關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)確分析。對(duì)需要推理的句

意返回

意理解,首先要理解句子前后的語

義原文

吻境,其次對(duì)此句在文章中的意思進(jìn)

合行合理的推斷，最后再歸納總結(jié)。

推

句找出與原句意思完全吻合的選項(xiàng)。

意歸納一般來說,正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句

總結(jié)的意思完全相同?只是用其他的英

語詞匯和句式來表達(dá)相同的意思C

（感悟真題?體驗(yàn)技法」

（2019?浙江B片段）

Moneywithnostringsattached」［'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationin

LosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthat

read,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”

24.Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?

A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.

B.Moneynotlegallymade.

C.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.

D.Moneynottiedtogether.

隨堂演練

I--------------------

A

（外刊閱讀?原創(chuàng)題）選自：USAToday

Robotvacuumsareincrediblypopular,andthesehelpfulhouseholdgadgetsareconveniently

designedtopickupdust,hairandallmannerofgrimesoyoudon'（havetodoityourself.Ofallof

themodelsavailable,theiRobotRoombai7+isthebestrobotvacuumwe?veevertested?and

rightnow,youcangetitonsalefor$300offitsusualprice.

ThankstothisdealatBedBath&Beyond,youcangetthisrobotvacuumonsalefor

$699.99—itslowestpriceofalltime.We'veonlyeverseenitat（hislowtwicebefore,backin

December2019andApril2020.Whileit'struethatevenatitsdiscountedprice,ihcRoombai7+

isstillextremelyexpensive,ihishandylittleeuyisinaclassallitsownwhenitcomestoroboi

vacuums.

Forstarters,itcanemptyitselfoutviaasecondarysuctionfeaturelocatedinitscharging

basc.Thisuniquefunctionalityisabigpailofwhyitcostssomuchandwhyourtestersandonline

reviewersalikereallyloveit（youcanalsogetitwithoutthisfeaturerightnowwithyourpurchase

oftheregulari7,onsalefor$499.99—$200offits$699.99listprice）.Perfectforseniors,or

anyonewhostrugglestovacuumhard-to-rcachareas,thisroboticmachinemakesitsoyounever

havetobenddownonyourhandsandkneestogetridofdirtordebrisfromthevacuum.

Furthermore?whatsurprisedourtesterswasthattheRoombai7+shouldpickup10gramsof

dcbris.ltactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting,whichisalmostunheardof.lt'salsoasmart

device,soyoucanconnectit（oWi-Fi（ocontrolitviaAlexaandGoogleHome.Evenbetter,you

canwatchasitcreatesamapofyourhome,allowingyoutotrackitsprogressorkeepitoutof

specificrooms.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“grime“inparagraph1mean?

A.Object.B.Food.

C.Dirt.D.Water.

2.Howmuchisthisrobotvacuumifitdoesn'tdiscount?

A.$300.B.$699.99.

C.5499.99.D.S999.99.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphmean?

A.ThepriceoftheRoombai7+istotallydifferentfromalltheothervacuumsofthesamekind.

B.TheRoombai7+islikealittleguyinaclass.

C.Whenwerefertorobotvacuums,theRoombai7+belongstotheguyofhisown.

D.TheRoombai7+istooexpensiveforthecustomerstobuy.

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"which"inthelastparagraphreferto?

A.TheRoombai7+.

B.Ourlab.

C.Itactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting.

D.Thelabtesting.

B

（2022?湖南岳陽二模）

InFebruaryof1942,MexicanfannerDionisioPulidothoughtheheardthundercomingfrom

hiscomfield.However,thesoundwasn'tcomingfromthesky.Thesourcewasalargesmoking

breaksendingoutgasandpushingoutrocks.Thisopeningwouldcometobeknownasthevolcano

Paricutin,andoverthenext9years,itslavaandashwouldcoverover200squarekni.Butwhere

didthisnewvolcanocomefrom,andwhatcauseditsunpredictableeruption?

Oneofthemostcommoncausesofaneruptionisanincreaseinmagmastatic

pressure.Magma（巖漿）containsvariouselementsandcompounds.Alhighenoughconcentrations,

compoundslikewaterorsulfur（硫）formhigh-pressuregasbubbles.Whentheseballsofgasreach

thesurface?theycanburstwiththeforceofagunshot.Andwhenmillionsofbubblesexplode,the

energycansendashintotheair.Butbeforetheypoporburst?theyactlikebubblesofCO2ina

shakensoda.

Notalleruptionsareduetorisingmagmastaticpressure—sometimestheweightoftherock

abovecanbecomedangerouslylow.Landslidescanremovemassivequantitiesofrockfromatopa

magmachamberorroom,droppingthepressureandinstantlytouchingoffaneruption.Thisprocess

isknownas“unloading”andit'sbeenresponsiblefornumerouseruptions,includingthesudden

explosionofMountSt.Helensin198O.Butunloadingcanalsohappenoverlongerperiodsoftime

dueheatingiceormeltingglaciers.Infact,manygeologistsareworriedthatglacialmeltcausedby

climatechangecouldincreasevolcanicactivity.

Unfortunately,knowingwhatcauseseruptionsdoesn'lmakethemeasytopredict.While

scientistscanroughlydeterminethestrengthandweightoftheEarth'scrust（地殼），thedep:hand

heatofmagmachambersmakesmeasuringchangesinmagmastaticpressureverydifficult.But

volcanologi