Ch.7

IntellectualTransformation:TheScientificRevolutionandtheEnlightenment2025/12/1211.IntellectualTransformation:TheScientificRevolutionandtheAgeofEnlightenmentPrimaryReadingIntellectualTransformation:TheScientificRevolutionandtheEnlightenmentAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(Chapter1)InteractiveActivitiesI.GeneralIntroduction2025/12/1221.Advancesinscience,astronomy,physics,andpuremathematics;2.Thetransformedoutlookofeducatedmen;3.Thebourgeoisie:thenewlyemergedclass1.ScientificRevolution:AdvanceinScience,Astronomy,PhysicsandPureMathematics.牛頓Newton伽利略Galileo開普勒Kepler笛卡爾Descartes2025/12/1232.TheOutlookofEducatedMenGreatlyTransformedTherewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse.Foronething,thetriumphsofsciencerevivedhumanpride.ThisnewoutlookshatteredthedeeplyestablishedScholasticism(經(jīng)院哲學(xué))andbroughtaboutmodernphilosophy,whichwasmaterialist（唯物主義者）innature.2025/12/1243.TheNewlyEmergedClass:

theBourgeoisie（中產(chǎn)階級）Somerevolutions:1.英國資產(chǎn)階級革命1640——16892.英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)1642—1648年3.克倫威爾統(tǒng)治時(shí)期1649—1660年4.斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟1660－1688年5.光榮革命1688年2025/12/125BertrandRussellSaid:

Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsintheseventeenthcentury.“WhatIHaveLivedFor”2025/12/126II.Science2025/12/127

Abreakthroughsin:

Physicsandmathematicsinthe17thcentury;

Chemistryinthe18thcentury;

Biologyinthe19thcentury;

Psychologyinthe20thcentury;and

Geneticsinthe21stcenturyPtolemyandAristotlePtolemy[?tɑl?mi],托勒密,Claudius(100CE-170CE)AnEgyptianastronomer,mathematician,andgeographerofGreekdescentduringthe2ndcenturyCE.MadeculminatingachievementsinGreco-Romanscience,particularlyhisgeocentric(earth-centered)model,knownasthePtolemaicsystemAristotle(384-322B.C.)Madesignificantandlastingcontributionstologic,biology,ethicsandaestheticsSupportedthePtolemaicviewofamotionlessearthatthecenteroftheuniverse,andtheworldwasmadeupofearth,air,fireandwater2025/12/1282025/12/1292025/12/12102025/12/1211ThreeGodsofthetheSuninGreekMythologyHyperion:許配利翁Helius(Helios):赫利烏斯Apollo:阿波羅2025/12/1212NicholasCopernicus(1473-1543)ShatteredPtolemyandAristotle’sviewsofgeo-centrismSuggestedthatthesunwasatthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthrevolvedaroundit.Discoveredtheideawhenreadingsth.bythepre-SocraticphilosopherAristarchusPublishedOntheRevolutionsoftheCelestialSpherebeforehisdeathin15432025/12/12132025/12/12142025/12/12152025/12/12162025/12/12172025/12/12182025/12/12192025/12/12202025/12/12212025/12/1222GalileoGalilei(1564-1642)TheStarryMessenger(1610)Dialogue(1632):btwnhelio-centrismandgeo-centrism[Simplicio:stupid];GalileotriedincourtandhisbookonthelistofbannedbooksPublishedTwoNewSciencesofMotionandMechanics,providingatheoryofinertiaandaspectsofgravity2025/12/12232025/12/12242025/12/12252025/12/12262025/12/12272025/12/12282025/12/1229SirIsaacNewton(1642-1727)ChairedprofessorofmathematicsatCambridgeUniversityat27;PublishedMathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophy,positingasingleuniversallawofgravitation;Correctlycalculatedthemassofearthandwater;Deducedtheconnectionsbtwnelectricalimpulsesandthenervoussystem;Figuredoutthatallcolorsarecomponentsoflight;Designedandbuiltabettertelescope;Wrotethefoundingpapersofmodernscienceofoptics“IfIhaveseefurtheritisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants”.2025/12/12302025/12/1231Metaphysics

形而上學(xué)希臘文是tametataphysica，去掉冠詞就成了拉丁文metaphysica，meta這個(gè)前綴有之后、超越、基礎(chǔ)的意思。這正好和亞里士多德第一哲學(xué)（"beingasbeing“,即一切存在背后的存在）的概念相符合。

中文譯名“形而上學(xué)”是根據(jù)《易經(jīng)·系辭》中“形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器”一語，由日本明治時(shí)期哲學(xué)家井上哲次郎翻譯而來。

13世紀(jì)起被作為哲學(xué)名詞，用以指研究超經(jīng)驗(yàn)的東西（神、靈魂和意志自由等）的學(xué)問；或用作哲學(xué)的別稱，意指建立一個(gè)觀念體系以對實(shí)在的性質(zhì)作出判斷，或以一種方法去把握所知的實(shí)在的性質(zhì)。

在黑格爾提出辯證法以后，它被用以指非辯證法的世界觀與方法論。哲學(xué)：應(yīng)有自身的語言；佛陀：樹上的葉子與手上的葉子老子：道可道，非常道。2025/12/12322025/12/12332025/12/12342025/12/12352025/12/12362025/12/12372025/12/12382025/12/12392025/12/12402025/12/12412025/12/12422025/12/12432025/12/12442025/12/12452025/12/1246

SomeMajorEventsinBritainEnclosureMovement:

圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)PuritanMovement:thepuritanprincipleemphasizedthelibertyoftheindividualsoulbeforeGod.

清教運(yùn)動(dòng)TheGloriousRevolution:

光榮革命（不流血革命）

BillofRights:權(quán)利法案2025/12/12472025/12/12482025/12/1249

PuritanMovement

2025/12/1250In1642,theCivilWarbrokeoutbetweenthekingandtheParliament['pɑ:l?m?nt]andTheEnglishBourgeoisiewonthevictory.CromwellbecametheheadofthegovernmentknownastheProtector.AfterCromwell’sdeathin1658,thecountrywasinconfusion.In1660,CharlesII,thesonofthebeheadedking,returnedfromFranceandwasputonthethrone.CromwellCharlesII2025/12/1251In1688,theDutchkingWilliamandhiswifeMarywereinvitedtobethejointrulersofEngland.Thustheshortedrestorationended.Thiseventof1688wascalledtheGloriousRevolution（光榮革命）.2025/12/12522025/12/1253InDecember,1689,theBillofRights（權(quán)利法案）wasenactedbytheEnglishParliament.ItestablishedthesupremacyoftheParliamentandputanendtodivinemonarchyinEngland.2025/12/12542025/12/1255InEnglishLiterature,JohnMiltonrankswithShakespeareandChaucer（喬叟(英國詩人，《坎特伯雷故事集》的作者)

）.Threemasterepicpoems:ParadiseLost《失樂園》,ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂園》andSamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》.2025/12/12562025/12/12572025/12/12582025/12/12592025/12/12602025/12/12612025/12/12622025/12/12632025/12/12642025/12/1265Indubitable:definite;tooobvioustobedoubted2025/12/12662025/12/12672025/12/12682025/12/12692025/12/12702025/12/12712025/12/12722025/12/12732025/12/12742025/12/12752025/12/12762025/12/1277V.ArtBaroqueArt(巴洛克時(shí)期藝術(shù)和建筑風(fēng)格)Baroqueart,flourishedfirstinItaly,andthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtheNetherlandsintheNorth. Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasis(重點(diǎn))onlightandcolor.

2025/12/12781.BaroqueArtistsA.GiovanniLorenzoBernini(濟(jì)安·勞倫佐·貝尼尼)B.MichelangeloCaravaggio(米開朗基羅·卡拉瓦喬)C.FrancescoBorromini(佛朗西斯科·波羅米尼)D.PeterPaulRubens(彼得·保羅·魯本斯)E.DiegoVelazquez(迭戈·委拉斯貴茲支)2025/12/1279A.GiovanniLorenzoBernini

濟(jì)安·勞倫佐·貝尼尼

Italysculptor（意大利雕塑家）Architecture

(建筑家)Artist(畫家)

ProminentfigureofItalianBaroque(早期杰出的巴洛克藝術(shù)家)2025/12/1280MainWorks

David

TheEcstasyofSt.Theresa(圣特烈薩的迷狂)2025/12/1281B.MichelangeloCaravaggio

米開朗基羅·卡拉瓦喬

Thefirstpaintertospotlighthissceneslikeastagedirector,contrastingbrillianthighlightswithsharplyoutlineddeepshadow.(光影對比)2025/12/1282MainWorks

thecallingofSt.Matthew(圣馬太的呼喚)thecardsharps(出老千)2025/12/1283C.FrancescoBorromini

佛朗西斯科·波羅米尼

ThemostprominentBaroquearchitecture（最杰出的巴洛克建筑家）2025/12/1284MainWorks2025/12/1285D.PeterPaulRubens

彼得·保羅·魯本斯

ThegreatestofpaintersofFlemishschool

（佛蘭德斯畫家）2025/12/1286MariedeMedici2025/12/1287E.DiegoVelazquez迭戈·委拉斯開茲

Bubens’contemporaryinSpain.(西班牙最偉大的畫家之一)2025/12/1288他的代表作之一，這幅作品是歷史上有名的幾個(gè)直到現(xiàn)在主題都還沒被完全理解的名作之一。畫家用了極其隱諱的語言，通過畫面巧妙的布局，使這幅

畫的主題變得捉摸不透。

2025/12/1289TheRaisingoftheCross

（升起的十字架）2025/12/12902.DutchProtestantArtA.VanRijnRembran