GMAT(VERBAL)語法改錯模擬試卷

37

一、邏輯推理(本題共24題，每題7.0分，共24分。)

1、Themorefrequentlyemployeestaketimetoexerciseduringworkinghourseach

week,thefewersickdaystheytake.Evenemployeeswhoexerciseonlyonceaweek

duringworkinghourstakelesssicktimethanthosewhodonotexercise.Therefore,if

companiesstartedfitnessprograms,theabsenteerateinthosecompanieswoulddecrease

significantly.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument

above?

Employeeswhoexerciseduringworkinghoursoccasionallyfallasleepforshort

periodsoftimeaftertheyexercise.

B、Employeeswhoarefrequentlyabsentaretheleastlikelytocooperatewithortojoin

acorporatefitnessprogram.

C、Employeeswhoexerciseonlyonceaweekintheircompany'sfitnessprogram

usuallyalsoexerciseafterwork.

D^Employeeswhoexerciseintheircompany'sfitnessprogramusetheirworkingtime

nomoreproductivelythanthosewhodonotexercise.

E、Employeeswhoexerciseduringworkinghourstakeslightlylongerlunchbreaksthan

employeeswhodonotexercise.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：Theargumentsuggeststhatthegreatertheamountoftimeemployeeslake

toexerciseduringworkinghours,thefewersickdaystheseemployeestake.Thisistrue

evenofemployeeswhoexercisejustonceaweekduringworkhours.Basedonthis

evidence,theargumentconcludesthatcompaniesthatstartfitnessprogramswillseea

significantdecreaseintheabsenteerate.Thequestionasksustoidentifyaserious

weaknessintheargument.Theargumentasstateddoesnotaddressthefollowing

fundamentalproblem:thesameemployeeswhoarcfrequentlyabsentmayalsofailto

makeuseofsuchafitnessprogram.Ifthatistrue,therefore,theevidenceprovidedwould

giveuslittlereasontobelievethatthosewhoarecurrentlyfrequentlyabsentwouldbe

absentlessoftenifsuchaprogramwereimplemented.AThisanswerchoicemaycall

intoquestiontheadvisabilityofstarlingsuchafitnessprogram.That,however,isnot

whattheargument'sconclusionisabout.Theargument^conclusionstatesthatcompany-

runfitnessprogramswillreduceabsenteerates,butthischoicetellsusnothingabout

whateffect,ifany,suchfitnessprogramswouldhaveonabsenteerates.BCorrect.The

argumentassumesthatexercisingduringofficehoursv/illleademployeestobeabsent

fromworklessfrequently.However,thischoiceindicatesthatthosewhoarefrequently

absentaretheleastlikelytomakeuseofacompanyfitnessprogram.Thatcouldmean

thattheseemployeeswillusesuchfitnessprogramsrarely,ifatall.Ifso,wewouldhave

farlessreasontobelievethattherewouldbeasignificantdeclineintheabsenteerateif

suchaprogramwereimplemented.CThisanswerchoiceisoutsidethescopeofthe

argument:wearenotgivenanyinformationabouthowexerciseoutsideofworkaffects

absenteerates.DThisanswerchoiceisoutsidethescopeoftheargument:theargument's

conclusionisaboutabsenteerates;theargumentdoesnotconcernproductivity.EThis

answerchoiceisoutsidethescopeoftheargument:thereisnoinformationtosuggestany

correlationbetweenthelengthoflunchbreaksandtheuseoffitnessprogramsorthe

lengthoflunchbreaksandratesofabsence.ThecorrectanswerisB.

2、Distressedbyhisownpersonaltragedies,theRomanphilosopherCiceroonceasked

himselfwhetherawisepersonshouldtrytoachievetheStoicidealofcomplete

emotionlessness.Ciceroreasonedthat,howeverdesirablethegoalmaybe,awiseperson

couldneverattainit,sinceemotionsarenotsimplyirrationalurges.Theyare,rather,a

productofone'sestimateofthegoodnessandbadnessoftheevents,people,andactions

onewitnesses.WhichofthefollowingisanassumptionrequiredbyCicero'sreasoning?

A、Wisepeopleinevitablyevaluateatleastsomeofthethingstheyobserve.

B、Irrationalitymakesevaluationofwhatoneobservesimpossible.

C、Wisdomprecludesattemptingtoattainwhatonecannot.

D、Ifevaluationsarebasedonlyonreason,thentheyareinaccurate.

E、Awisepersonwillnotevaluatewhatcannotbedirectlyobserved.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：ThequestionasksustoidentifyanassumptionrequiredbyCicero's

reasoning.Ciceroreasonedthatawisepersoncouldneverattainthegoalofcomplete

emotionlessness,becauseemotionsarenotmerelyirrationalurgesbutaproductofones

estimateofthegoodnessandbadnessofevents,people,andactionsonewitnesses.Why

wouldCicerohavethoughtthatthisisagoodreasontobelievethatawisepersoncould

neverbecompletelyemotionless?Hemusthavethoughtthatwisepeoplecannot

completelyavoidmakingevaluationsofthegoodnessandbadnessofatleastsomeofthe

events,people,andactionstheywitness.Ifhethoughttheycouldcompletelyavoid

makingsuchevaluations,thereasonhegaveforhisconclusionwouldnothavesupported

it.ACorrect.Asindicatedabove,Cicero'sargumentrequiresthatwisepeopleevaluateat

leastsomeofthethingsthattheyobserve.BCicero'sargumentdoesnotrequirethis

assumption.Itmakessensetothinkthatwisepeoplewouldnotbeirrational.However,

thisassumptionsuggests:hatitispossibletoavoidevaluationsofwhatoneobserves,

whichisnothelpfultoCicero'sreasoning.CIfCicero'sconclusionistrue,thenthis

assumptionhelpssupporttheclaimthatwisepeopleshouldnotattempttoattainthegoal

ofcompleteemotionlessness.Butthequestiondoesnotaskyoutoidentifyanassumption

thatwouldallowyoutoinferthatwisepeopleshouldnotattempttoattainthatgoal.

Instead,thequestionasksyoutoidentifyanassumptionthatisrequiredtoinferthatwise

peoplecannotattainthatgoal.Whetheryoushouldtrytodosomethingisadifferentissue

fromwhetheryoucandosomething.DCicero'sargumentisnotabouttheaccuracyof

one'sevaluations;rather,itassumesthatwisepeoplewillinevitablymakesuch

evaluations.ECicero'sargumentisbasedonapremiseaboutevaluationsofthe

observed,notaboutevaluationsofwhatisimpossibletoobserve.Thecorrectansweris

A.

3、FirstdiscoveredseveralyearsagoinNorthAmericanlakesandrivers,thenorthern

snakeheadisanonnativefishwithnolocalpredators.Tokeepthenorthernsnakehead's

populationfromgrowing,forthepastthreeyearswildlifeofficialshavebeenpaying

recreationalfishersforeachnorthernsnakeheadtheycatch.Inthisway,theofficialshope

tostopthenorthernsnakeheadsfromeliminatingrarenativefishspecies.Toevaluatethe

likelihoodthatthewildlifeofficials'planwillsucceed,itwouldbemostusefulto

determinewhichofthefollowing?

A、Whetherthenorthernsnakehead'spopulationinlocallakesandriverscouldbe

reducedbyintroducingpredatorsfromitsnativehabitat

B、Howlocalpopulationnumbersofrarenativefishspecieshavebeenchangingsince

thewildlifeofficialsstartedpayingrecreationalfisherstocatchnorthernsnakeheads

C、Whetherthefishspeciesonwhichthenorthernsnakeheadpreysinregionstowhich

itisnativeandinwhichiiisabundanthavebecomesignificantlydepletedinrecent

decades

D、Whattotalnumberofnorthernsnakeheadhavebeencaughtbyrecreationalfishers

sincethewildlifeofficialsbeganpayingforthem

E、Whetherrarenativefishspeciesintheregionfaceanythreatstotheirsurvivalother

thantheproliferationofnorthernsnakehead

標準答更:B

知識點解析：Inhopesofpreventingthenormativespeciesnorthernsnakchcadfrom

eliminatingrarenativefishspecies,wildlifeofficialshaveforthelastthreeyearsbeen

payingrecreationalfishersforeachsnakeheadtheycatch.Thenorthernsnakeheadhasno

predatorsinthearea.Thisquestionrequiresustoidentifyinformationthatwouldbe

usefulfbrdeterminingwhethertheofficials'planwillsucceed.Notethattheplanhas

alreadybeenineffect.Nevertheless,wearegivennoinformationastohowwelltheplan

hassucceededsofar.Todeterminewhetheritisresponsibletokeeppayingthesefishers

tocatchnorthernsnakehead,itisvitaltounderstandwhetherthefishers'workuptothis

pointhashadanyobservableeffect.Thatis,itwouldbehelpfultoanyonewhowantsto

detemiinewhethertheofficials'planislikelytosucceedtohaveinformationabouthow

thenumbers;ofrarenativefishspecie*havebeenchangingduringthattime.AThis

informationwouldbeusefulfordeterminingwhethertheremaybealternativewaysof

reducingthenorthernsnakeheadpopulation.However,itisnotusefulfordetermining

whethertheplaninquestionislikelytobesuccessful.BCorrect.Asnotedabove,this

informationwouldbehelpfulinassessingwhethertheofficials'planislikelytosucceed.

Ifthenumbersofrarenativefishspecieshavestayedconstantorevendeclined

throughouttheperiodthattheplanhasbeeninplace,itseemsunlikelythattheplanwill

ultimatelybesuccessful.CThisinformationmayprovideasmallamountofinformation

astohowgreatathreatthenorthernsnakeheadmightpose,butnotmuch.Foronething,

initsnativeregion,thesnakeheadlikelypreysondifferentspeciesfromthoseinthe

regioninquestion.Moreimportantly,however,isthefactthatthisinformationissimply

notusefultodeterminingwhethertheofficials,planislikelytoworkintheregionin

question.DThismightbeusefulfordeterminingwhetherfishershavebeenmotivatedby

theplan.Thiscouldpotentiallybeusefulfbrdeterminingwhethertheplanwillwork;

afterall,theplanwillnotlikelyworkifveryfewnorthernsnakeheadsareactually

removed.Nevertheless,itisnotasusefulasnotingthechangesinthenativefish

populationsincetheplanfirstwentintoeffect.EDeterminingwhetherthereareother

threatstotherarenativefishspecieswouldtelluswhethertheplan,ifsuccessful,is

sufficienttosavetherarefishspecies.Still,itisnotusefulindeterminingwhetherthat

planislikelytobesuccessful.ThecorrectanswerisB.

4、Scientist:Agreenhousegas,forexample,carbondioxide,formsatransparentlayer

thattrapssolarheatbeneathitintheearth'satmosphere.Atmosphericlevelsofcarbon

dioxidearecurrentlyincreasing,causingtheclimatetowarm-aneffectthatispredicted

byatleastonecomputermodelofthegreenhouseeffect.Butthewarmingthathas

occurredisagreatdeallessthanwhatwouldbeexpectedbasedonthemodel.

Therefore,.Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthescientisfs

argument?

A^bettermeasurementsofatmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxideareneeded

B、thedefinitionof"greenhousegasHshouldprobablybereconsidered

C^therearefactorsbesidestheincreaseingreenhouse-gasemissionscontributingtothe

warmingoftheclimate

D、thecomputermodelofthegreenhouseeffectmustbeincorrectinsomerespect

E、thelikelyconsequencesofanywarmingoftheclimateareunlikelytobemuchless

damagingthanpredicted

標準答案：D

知識點解析：Thisquestionrequiresustochoosetheoptionthatmostlogically

completesthescientist'sargument.Thescientistsargumentpointsoutthatatleastone

computermodelhaspredictedthattheamountofwarmingtheatmospherewouldbynow

haveexperiencedasaresultofthegreenhouseeffectwouldbesignificantlygreaterthan

whathasactuallyoccurred.Becausewhatprecedestheblankisthewordtherefore,v/e

mustchoosethestatementthatismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationgiven.AIt

isreasonabletoinferfromthegiveninformationthatsomeaspectofthecomputermodel

isincorrectinsomeway.Onewaythatitmightbeincorrectisthatthemeasurementsof

atmosphericlevelsofcarbondioxideusedareinaccurate.Nevertheless,thereisnot

sufficientinformationtoinferthatthisisthespecificflawinthemodel.BThegiven

informationprovidesnoreasonforustoreconsiderthedefinitionof"greenhousegas.”

Perhapstherewouldbeareasontodosoifnowarminghadoccurredwhatsoever.

However,theinformationtellsusthatwanninghasinfacthappened,justnotasmuchas

predicted.CIftherearefactorsinadditiontogreenhouse-gasemissionsthatleadto

atmosphericwarming,thenpresumablytemperatureswouldhaverisenmorethan

predicted,notless.DConect.Ifthemodelwerecorrect,itspredictionswouldbe

confirmedbythedataregardingwarming.However,thishasnotoccurred.Itistherefore

reasonabletoinferthat,insomeway,thecomputermodelisincorrect.EThisdoesnot

followfromtheargument:giventhefindings,itseemsmorereasonabletothinkthatthe

likelyconsequencesofanyatmosphericwarmingwouldinfactbelessdamagingthan

predicted.ThecorrectanswerisD.

5、Beetsandcarrotsarehigherinsugarthanmanyothervegetables.Theyarealsohigh

ontheglycemicindex,ascalethatmeasurestheratealwhichaloodincreasesblood

sugarlevels.Buiwhilenutritionistsusuallyadvisepeopletoavoidhigh-sugarandhigh-

glycemic-indexfoods,despiteanynutritionalbenefitstheymayconfer,theyarenotvery

concernedabouttheconsumptionofbeetsandcarrots.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,

wouldbestexplainthenutritionists*lackofconcern?

A、Foodswithaddedsugararemuchhigherinsugar,andhavealargereffectonblood

sugarlevels,thandobeetsandcarrots.

B、Mostconsumptionofbeetsandcarrotsoccursincombinationwithhigher-protein

foods,whithreducebloodsugarfluctuations.

C^Beetsandcarrotscontainmanynutrients,suchasfolale,beta-carotene,andvitamin

C,ofwhichmanypeoplefailtoconsumeoptimalquantities.

D^Theglycemicindexmeasurestheextenttowhichafoodincreasesbloodsugarlevels

ascomparedtowhitebread,afoodthatismuchlesshealthythanbeetsandcarrots.

E、Nutritionistshaveonlyrecentlycometounderstandthatafbod'seffectonblood

sugarlevelsisanimportantdeterminantofthatfood'simpactonaperson'shealth.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：Thisquestionrequiresustoidentifyanexplanationfbrnutritionists,lack

ofconcernregardingconsumptionofbeetsandcarrots,despitethefactthattheyhave

highersugarlevelsthanmanyothervegetablesandratehighontheglycemicindex.

Normally,nutritionistswouldadvisepeopleagainstconsumingfoodsthatratehighon

theglycemicindex,whatevertheirothernutritionalbenefits.Toexplainwhynutritionists

mightholdsuchapparentlyconflictingpositions,considerwhethertheremightbe

somethingnotableabouttheconsumptionofbeetsandcarrotsthatmakestheir

consumptionanexceptiontotherule.AThefactthatsomefoodsmaybeevenmore

problematicthanbeetsandcarrotsdoesnotexplainnutritionists,lackofconcernabout

beetsandcarrots.BCorrect.Thisprovidesareasonthatconsumptionofbeetsandcarrots

maybe,atleastwithinthesuggestedcontext,exemptfromnutritionists'concernabout

consumptionofhigh-sugar,high-glycemic-indexfoods.Remember,nutritionists*general

concernarisesfromtheeffectssuchfoodshaveonthosewhoconsumethem.Ifwe

suggestthatbeetsandcanotsarcusuallyconsumedwithhigh-protcinfoodsthat

counteracttheseunwantedeffects,wehavegoodreasonnottobeconcernedabouttheir

consumption,atleastinregardtotheirsugarlevelandglycemicindex.CThe

nutritionistsadvisepeopletoavoidfoodshighinsugarandhighontheglycemicindex

despiteanynutritionalbenefitstheymayconfer.Therefore,thefactthatbeetsandcarrots

havesuchnutritionalbenefitsdoesnotexplainwhynutritionistswouldnotbeconcerned

aboutconsumingbeetsandcarrots,giventhattheybothhighinsugarandratehighonthe

glycemicindex.DWhatevermeasuretheglycemicindexisbasedon,weknowthatbeets

andcarrotsarchighonthatindex.Furthermore,wcknowthatnutritionistsusuallyadvise

peopletoavoidhigh-sugarandhigh-glycemic-indexfoods,despiteanynutritional

benefitstheymayconfer.Therefore,thefactthatbeetsandcarrotsaremorenulritious

thanwlitebreaddoesnotinanywayexplainthenutritionists,lackofconcern.EThe

factthatnutritionistshaveonlyrecentlybecomeconcernedabouthigh-sugarandhigh-

glyceinic-levelfoodsdoesnotexplaintheirparticularlackofconcernregardingbeetsand

carrots.ThecorrectanswerisB.

6、Ozoneinthestratosphereblocksdeadlyultravioletraysfromthesun,but

chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)inaerosolsandotherproductshavethinnedthisprotective

layer.EvidenceofthisistheozoneholethatformsovertheSouthPoleeveryAntarctic

springastemperaturesdropbelow-78℃,thetemperatureatwhichozonedepletion

occurs.Measurementsoftheozoneholetakenatvarioustimesthisspringshowthat,

comparedwiththesametimesthepreviousyear,itsareadiminishedbyfourmillion

squarekilometers.Nevertheless,scientistshavenotconcludedthattheozonelayeris

recovering.Whichofthefollowingwould,iftrue,providethestrongestreasonforthe

scientists,reactiontothemeasurements?

A、Theozoneholehassteadilygrowninsizeeveryyearforthepastdecadeexceptihis

year.

B>Thelengthoftimethattheozoneholepersistsfluciuatesfromyeartoyear.

C^Asaresultofinternationaltreaties,CFCshavebeencompletelybannedforseveral

years.

D、Weatherpatternsallowedunusualamountsofwarmairtomixintothepolarregions

thisyear.

E、Human-madeCFCsretaintheirabilitytodestroyozonemoleculesforseventy-fiveto

onehundredyears.

標準答案：D

矢口識點解析：Thisquestionrequiresustoidentifywhichoftheanswerchoiceswould

providethestrongestreasontosupportthescientists'skepticismaboutwhethertheozone

layerisrecovering.Thisskepticismexistsdespitethefactthatmeasurementsoftheozone

holetakenatvarioustimesduringtheAntarcticspringhaveshownthattheholehas

diminishedsignificantlyfromitssizeatthesametimesthepreviousyear.Onemajor

reasontobeskepticalwouldbeifthereweresomefactorotherthanarecoveryofthe

ozonelayerthatcouldreasonablyaccountforthediminishedsizeofthehole.AThis

doesnotgivemuchreasontobeskepticalthattheozonelayerisrecovering.Certainly

onewouldnotwanttobetoohastyindeclaringarecoveryafternotingatrendofgrowth

intheozonehole'ssize.Nevertheless,somethingmustaccountfbrthisyear'sdivergence

fromthetrend.Itseemsreasonabletoconclude,barringthediscoveryofsomeother

factorthatwouldexplainthechange,thatarecoveryintheozonelayercouldbeafactor

inthisyear'sdivergence.BEachofthemeasurementswassmallerthanatthesametime

inthepreviousyear.Thisfactwouldseemtoindicatethatfluctuationsinthelengthof

limetheozoneholepersistsdonotjustifythescientists,skepticism.CThefactthat

CFCs—whichledtothethinningoftheozonelayer-havebeenbannedcountsagainst

thescientists'skepticismratherthansupportsit.DConect.Theholeformswhenthe

temperaturedropsbelow-78℃duringtheAntarcticspring.Ifmuchoftheareawherethe

holeappearswassignificantlywarmerthanthepreviousyear——perhapsabove-78℃-

thcrcexistsareasonotherthanarecoveryintheozonelayerthatexplainsthesmallersize

ofthisyear'sholeintheozone.Thiswouldsupportthescientists'skepticism.EEvenif

CFCsretaintheirabilitytodestroyozonemoleculesformanydecades,somethingmust

accountfbrthedecreaseinthesizeofthehole.Nothinginthepassageindicateswhether

theamountofCFCsintheatmospherehasbeenincreasingordecreasing.Ifithasbeen

decreasingforalongtime,thenthisfactiscompatiblewithabeliefthattheozonelayeris

recovering.ThecorrectanswerisD.

7、Therecyclingofmunicipalsolidwasteiswidelyseenasanenvironmentally

preferablealternativetotheprevailingpracticesofincinerationandofdumpingin

landfills.Recyclingisprofitable,astherecyclingprogramsalreadyinoperation

demonstrate.Astatelegislatorproposesthatcommunitiesshouldthereforeberequiredto

adoptrecyclingandtoreachthetargetofrecycling50percentofallsolidwastewithin5

years.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestiontheadvisability

ofimplementingtheproposal?

A^Existingrecyclingprogramshavebeenvoluntary,withcitizenparticipationranging

from30percentinsomecommunitiesto80percentinothers.

B、Existingrecyclingprogramshavebeenrestrictedtothat20percentofsolidwaste

that,whenreprocessed,canmatchprocessedrawmaterialsinqualityandprice.

C、Existingrecyclingprogramshavehadrecurrentdifficultiesfindingpurchasersfor

theirmaterials,usuallybecauseofquantitiestoosmalltopermitcost-effectivepickupand

transportation.

D、Someofthematerialsthatcanberecycledaretheverymaterialsthat,when

incinerated,producetheleastpollution.

E、Manyofthematerialsthatcannotberecycledarealsodifficulttoincinerate.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：Toanswerthisquestion,considerwhatinformationwouldcallthe

advisabilityofimplementingthisproposalintoquestion.Astatelegislatorproposesthat

communitiesberequiredtotargetrecycling50percentofallsolidwastewithinfive

years.Thislegislatorarguesfortheplaninpartonthebasisthatrecyclingprograms

alreadyinoperationareprofitable.Toweakenthisargument,considerwhetherthere

mightbeareasonthatsignificantlychangingtheamountortypesofsolidwastecurrently

disposedofwouldmakecurrentlyprofitablerecyclingprogramsunprofitable.AThis

doesnotcastmuchdoubtontheadvisabilityofimplementingtheplan.Ifsome

communitiesmanagetogetasmanyas80percentoftheircitizenstoparticipate,thegoal

ofrecycling50percentofallsolidwastewithincertaincommunitiesseemsattainable.B

Correct.Thissuggeststhatincreasingthepercentageofsolidwastethatisrecycledto50

percentmayresultinasignificantamountofrecycled,reprocessedmaterialofinferior

quality.Ifthismaterialcannotmatchprocessedmaterialsinqualityandprice,thismay

makerecyclingprogramsnolongerprofitable.CIftheproblemisaresultofthesmall

quantities,increasingthequantitiesofmaterialscouldalleviatetheproblem.Therefore,

thisdoesnotcastdoubtontheadvisabilityofimplementingtheplan.DEvenifsomeof

thesematerialsproducelittlepollution,theyneverthelessmayproducesomepollution.It

maystillbebeneficialtoreduceoreliminatethispollution.EThisindicatesthatthese

materialswillmostlikelyneedtogointolandfills.Thatdoesnotcallintoquestionthe

advisabilityofrecyclingthosematerialsthatcanberecycled.ThecorrectanswerisB.

8、Biologist:Specieswithbroadgeographicrangesprobablytendtoendurelongerthan

specieswithnarrowranges.Thebroaderaspecies'range,themorelikelythatspeciesis

tosurvivetheextinctionofpopulationsinafewareas.Therefore,itislikelythatthe

proportionofspecieswithbroadrangestendstograduallyincreasewithtime.The

biologist'sconclusionfollowslogicallyfromtheaboveifwhichofthefollowingis

assumed?

A、Therearenowmorespecieswithbroadgeographicrangesthanwithnarrow

geographicranges.

B、Mostspeciescansurviveextinctionsofpopulationsinafewareasaslongasthe

species'geographicrangeisnotverynarrow.

C、Ifapopulationofaspeciesinaparticularareadiesout,thatspeciesgenerallydees

notrepopulatethatarea.

D^Ifacharacteristictendstohelpspeciesendurelonger,thentheproportionofspecies

withthatcharacteristictendstograduallyincreasewithtime.

E、Anycharacteristicthatmakesaspeciestendtoendurelongerwillmakeiteasierfor

thatspeciestosurvivetheextinctionofpopulationsinafewareas.

標準答案：D

知識點解析:Thisquestionasksustofindanassumptionthatallowsthebiologist's

conclusiontobelogicallydrawnifmadeinconjunctionwiththepremise?ofthe

biologist'sargument.Thebiologistclaimsthatspecieswithbroaderrangesarcmore

likelytosurvivetheextinctionofpopulationsincertainareasthanarespecieswith

narrowranges.Thebiologistconcludesthatovertimetheproportionofspecieswith

broaderrangeswillprobablyincrease.Notethattheargumentasitstandsisnotlogically

valid:itispossiblethatifspeciesthatnowhavebroadrangessurvivetheextinctionof

populationswithnarrowranges,theproportionofspecieswithbroadrangescouldstill

decline,Thatis,decimationofpopulationsincertainareasmayinfactcausetheranges

ofspeciesthatnowhavebroadrangestoshrinkinsize,therebybecomingnarrowranges.

Werethistohappenatafasterpacethantheextinctionofspeciesthatcurrentlyhave

narrowranges,theproportionofspecieswithbroadrangeswoulddeclineratherthan

increase.Thecorrectanswertothisquestionmustruleoutthispossibility.AThischoice

doesnotruleoutthepossibilitythattheproportionofspeciesthathavebroadranges

woulddecline.BThischoicedoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythattheproportionof

speciesthathavebroadrangeswoulddecline.CThischoicedocsnotruleoutthe

possibilitythattheproportionofspeciesthathavebroadrangeswoulddecline.Infact,

thisassumptionhelpstosupporttheclaimthatascertainpopulationsofaspeciesthat

oncehadabroadrangedieout,thatspecies'rangecouldnarrow.DCorrect.This

assumptionrulesoutthepossibilitydescribedabove;furthermore,itrulesoutanyother

possibilitythatallowsthebiologist'sconclusiontobefalseevenifthepremiseswere

true.EThischoicedoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythattheproportionofspeciesthat

havebroadrangeswoulddecline.ThecorrectanswerisD.

9、Lettertotheeditor:IfthewaterlevelintheSearleRiverDeltacontinuestodrop,the

risingsealevelwIImakethewatersaltierandlesssuitablefordrinking.Currently,40

percentofthewaterfromupstreamtributariesisdivertedtoneighboringareas.Tokeep

thedelta'swaterlevelfromdroppinganyfurther,weshouldendallcurrentdiversions

fromtheupstreamtributaries.Neighboringwaterutilitiesarelikelytoseehighercosts

anddiminishedwatersupplies,butthesecostsarenecessarytopreservethedelta.Which

ofthefollowingwould,iftrue,indicateaseriouspotentialweaknessofthesuggested

planofaction?

A^Desalinationequipmentwouldallowwaterfromthedeltatobeusedfordrinking

evenitfbecamesaltier.

B、Waterlevelisonlyonefactorthataffectssalinityinthedelta.

C、Theupstreamtributaries'waterlevelsarecontrolledbysystemso