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氣體射流1

Flowbygasdiffusingfromorifice,pipemouthorslotcalledgassubmergeddiffusionflow.Whenorificevelocityishigh,flowisinturbulentstate,calledturbulentdiffusion.Mostdiffusionappliedinengineeringisturbulentdiffusionofgas.

Diffusiondescribeflowvelocity,temperatureandthicknessaftercomingout.

Diffusetoinfinitespace,flowisnotrestrictedbysolidwallcalledfreediffusion.Contrarily,calledrestricteddiffusion.

Chapter11Diffusionofgas§11-1

IntroductionGasdiffusion2氣體射流氣體自孔口、管嘴或條縫向外噴射所形成的流動,稱為氣體淹沒射流。當出口速度較大,流動呈紊流狀態(tài),叫做紊流射流。工程上所應用的射流,多為氣體紊流射流。射流討論的是出流后的流速場、溫度場和濃度場。

射流到無限大空間中,流動不受固體邊壁的限制,為無限空間射流,又稱自由射流。反之,為有限空間射流,又稱受限射流。第十一章氣體射流§11-1

引言3§11-2

Characteristicofturbulentdiffusionininfinitespace

Takecircularsectiondiffusionasexampletalkaboutdiffusionmotion.

Airflowdiffusedfromcircularsectionmuzzlewithradii

R.Velocityofoutletsectionisconsidereduniformdistributing,allare

u0andisturbulentflow.TakeaxisofdiffusionMx

asaxisx

Owingtodiffusionisturbulentflowtype,transversepulseofdiffusionmakeexchangebetweenmassandmomentumamongdiffusionandmedium.Drivingmediummoving,massflux,transversesectionareaalong

xincreasing,comeintoconeformflowdiffusedtoaround,asinfig.11—1

CAMDF。Gasdiffusion4氣體射流§11-2

無限空間淹沒紊流射流的特征現(xiàn)以無限空間中圓斷面紊流射流為例,討論射流運動。氣流自半徑為R

的圓斷面噴嘴噴出。出口斷面上的速度認為均勻分布,皆為u0值,且流動為紊流。取射流軸線Mx為x軸。由于射流為紊流型,紊流的橫向脈動造成射流與周圍介質(zhì)之間不斷發(fā)生質(zhì)量、動量交換,帶動周圍介質(zhì)流動,使射流的質(zhì)量流量、射流的橫斷面積沿x

方向不斷增加,形成了向周圍擴散的錐體狀流動場,如圖11—1所示的錐體CAMDF。5Fig.11—1DiffusionstructureStructureandcharacteristicofturbulentdiffusionGasdiffusion6氣體射流圖11—1射流結(jié)構(gòu)紊流射流的結(jié)構(gòu)及特性。71.Initialandmainsegmentoftransitionsection

Diffusionvelocityisuniformwhenjustejected.Flowalong

x,diffusionbringaroundmediumconstantly,makingboundarylarger,andmainvelocityofdiffusionreducegradually,partwithvelocity

u0(asin11—6AoDcone)calledcoreofdiffusion,otherpartwithvelocitylowerthan

u0calledboundarylayer.Boundarylayerdisperseconstantlyfromoutlettoaroundalongdiffusionline,drivingaroundmediumintoboundarylayer,andexpandingtodiffusioncentertillcertaindistance,boundaryexpendingtoaxesofdiffusion,coreregiondisappeared,onlyvelocityinaxesis

u0

.Thissectionasinfig.11—1

BoE,calledtransitionsection.Taketransitionsectionasdividingline,outletsectiontilltransitionsectioncalledinitialsegmentofdiffusion.Sincetransitionsectioncalledmainsegmentofdiffusion.Gasdiffusion8氣體射流一、過流斷面(又稱轉(zhuǎn)折斷面)起始段及主體段剛噴出的射流速度仍然是均勻的。沿x方向流動,射流不斷代入周圍介質(zhì),不僅使邊界擴張,而且使射流主體的速度逐漸降低,速度為u0的部分(如圖其11—6AoD

錐體)稱為射流核心,其余部分速度小于u0稱為邊界層。射流邊界層從出口開始沿射程不斷地向外擴散,帶動周圍介質(zhì)進入邊界層,同時向射流中心擴展,至某一距離處,邊界層擴展到射流軸心線,核心區(qū)域消失,只有軸心上速度為u0

。射流這一斷面為圖11—1上的BoE,稱為過渡斷面或轉(zhuǎn)折斷面。以過渡斷面分界,出口斷面至過渡斷面稱為射流起始段。過渡斷面以后稱為射流主體段。92.Coefficientofturbulentflow

aandgeometricalcharacter

Outerboundarylayerofdiffusionisabeeline,asinfig.11—1AB

andDE.AB

、DEprolongtomuzzlemeetingatpoint

M,thispointcalledculmination.Halfofcalledpoleanglea

,aswellascalleddiffusingangle

a

。

BoisradiiRofcirculardiffusionsection(orhalfbreadthofboundarylayerinplanediffusion

yb

).Itispositiveratiowithdistancefromculmination,

Bo=Kx

。

oM

isxdistancecalculatedfromculmination.Observingfromfigure,Bo/oM=tana,

sowhereK—experimentconstant;

f—form

coefficientofmuzzle,circular

muzzle,f=3.4;

a—coefficient

turbulentflow,determinedbyexperimentGasdiffusion10氣體射流二、紊流系數(shù)

a及幾何特征射流外邊界層是一條直線,如圖11—1上的AB及DE

線。AB

、DE

延至噴嘴內(nèi)交于M點,此點稱為極點,的一半稱為極角a

,又稱擴散角

a

。

Bo為圓斷面射流截面的半徑R(或平面射流邊界層的半寬度

yb

)。它和從極點起點算的距離成正比,即Bo=Kx

。

oM

是從極點起算的x距離。由圖看出,Bo/oM=tana,故式中K—試驗常數(shù);

f—噴口形狀系數(shù),圓形噴嘴,f=3.4;

a—紊流系數(shù),由實驗決定,是表示射流流動結(jié)構(gòu)的特征系數(shù)。11

Coefficientofturbulentflow

a

relatetoturbulentflowintensityinoutletsection,Morehighasintensity,morehighasvalue

a,whichmakediffusionexpendingangle

aincrease.Drivingaroundmediummore,velocityalongdiffusionlinereducingmorefast.

arelatestotheuniformofvelocitydistributinginoutletsection.Practicalvalueofturbulentflowcoefficientandexpendingangleondifferentformmuzzle.asintable11—1.

Coefficientofturbulentflowtable11—1Windmachineofaxisflowwithmetalgridding

wellshrinkplanemuzzlenarrowgapinplanewallportraitgapofwindwaywithgrindroundoutlet

kindsofmuzzlemuzzlewithshrinkoutletcylindricalpipe

Right-anglepipewithleadingwindplank

kindsofmuzzle

Fromformula(11—1—1),aisconformed,outerboundarylineofdiffusionboundarylayer,diffusionexpendingforwardalongcertainexpendingangle

a,thisisitsgeometricalcharacter.Applyingthischaracter,varietyruleofdiffusionradiicanbeobtainedalongdiffusionwayincircularsection.Gasdiffusion12氣體射流紊流系數(shù)

a

與出口斷面上紊流強度有關(guān),紊流強度越大,a值也大,使射流擴散角a增大,被帶動的周圍介質(zhì)增多,射流速度沿程下降加速。a

還與射流出口斷面上速度分布的均勻性有關(guān)。各種不同形狀噴嘴的紊流系數(shù)和擴散角的實測值列表11—1。紊流系數(shù)表11—1噴嘴種類帶有收縮口的噴嘴圓柱形管帶有導風板的軸流式通風機帶導流板的直角彎管噴嘴種類帶金屬網(wǎng)格的軸流風機收縮極好的平面噴口平面壁上銳緣狹縫具有導葉且加工磨圓邊口的風道上縱向縫由(11—1—1)式可知,a值確定,射流邊界層的外邊界線也就被確定,射流即按一定的擴散角a向前作擴散運動,這就是它的幾何特征。應用這一特征,對圓斷面射流可求出射流半徑沿射程的變化規(guī)律。133.Characteristicofmotion

Manyexperimentshowing:velocitydistributingtakingoncomparabilityindifferentsection.Thisischaracteristicofmotion.

Expressingvelocitydistributingindifferentsectionwithhalf-empiricalformula:Gasdiffusion14氣體射流三、運動特征大量實驗研究表明,射流各截面上速度分布具有相似性。這就是射流的運動特征。用半經(jīng)驗公式表示射流各橫截面上的無因次速度分布如下:15Aboveformulasaresuitableformainsegment,theninformula:y—distancefromanypointtoaxesintransversesectionR—diffusionradiiofthissection;

—velocityofpointy;

—axesvelocityinthissection.Aboveformulasaresuitableforinitialsegment,onlyconsideringflowvelocitydistributinginboundarylayer,theninformulasy—distancefromanypointtocoreboundary;R—thicknessofboundarylayerinsamesection;

—velocityofpointyinboundarylayerofsection;

—corevelocityGasdiffusion16氣體射流上式如用于主體段,則式中y—橫斷面上任意點至軸心距離;R—該截面上射流半徑(半寬度);

—y點上速度;

—該截面軸心速度。上式如用于起始段,僅考慮邊界層中流速分布,則式中y—截面上任意點至核心邊界的距離;R—同截面上邊界層厚度;

—截面上邊界層中y

點的速度;

—核心速度。17

Thereforeobtainedvarietyspectrumof

y/Rfromaxesorcoreboundarytoouterboundaryis

01.Varietyspectrumoffromaxesorcoreboundarytoboundaryofdiffusionis10。4.Characteristicofkinetics

Provedbyexperiment,staticpressureatanypointindiffusionisequaltopressureofaroundair.Takingonediffusionsegmentfrom11—2

and1—1、2—2,analyzingforceinit.Owingtostaticpressureisequalindifferentsection,thensumofoutsideforceisoinaxis

x.Duetomomentumequation,momentumconservationindifferentsection,thisischaracteristicofkineticsofdiffusion.

Takecircularsectionasexampleapplymomentumconservationequation.

Momentumflexofoutletsectionis,Integratingmomentumflexinanytransversesection.Gasdiffusion18氣體射流由此得出y/R從軸心或核心邊界到射流外邊界的變化范圍為01。從軸心或核心邊界到射流邊界的變化范圍為10。四、動力特征實驗證明,射流中任意點上的靜壓強均等于周圍氣體的壓強。現(xiàn)取11—2中1—1、2—2所截的一段射流脫離體,分析其上受力情況。因各面上所受靜壓強均相等,則x軸外力之和為零。據(jù)動量方程可知,各橫截面上動量相等—動量守恒,這就是射流的動力學特征。以圓斷面射流為例應用動量守恒原理出口截面上動量流量為,任意橫截面上的動量流量則需積分。19Fig.11—2ProvedofdiffusioncalculationGasdiffusion20氣體射流圖11—2射流計算式的推證21§11-3

Kineticanalysisofdiffusionincircularsection

StudyingvarietyruleofdiffusionvelocityincircularsectionandthroughputQalong

diffusionways

(orx

)duetocharacteristicofturbulentdiffusion.1.VelocityofaxesGasdiffusion22氣體射流§11-3

圓斷面射流的運動分析現(xiàn)在根據(jù)紊流射流特征來研究圓斷面射流的速度,流量Q沿射程s

(或x

)的變化規(guī)律。一、軸心速度23

Accordingtoabovevarietyspectrumofand,valuetableofB2listedintable11—2。table11—2Gasdiffusion24氣體射流按前述及的變化范圍,B2的數(shù)值列于表11—2。表11—2252.Throughput

QofsectionGasdiffusion26氣體射流二、斷面流量Q取無因次流量,27

Consultingtable11—1,B1=0.0985;substitutingformula(11—1—2),(11—2—1)intoSubstitutingformula(11—1—2),(11—2—2)intoandobtainingGasdiffusion3.AveragevelocityofsectionAveragevelocityis:28氣體射流查表11—1,B1=0.0985;再將(11—1—2),(11—2—1)式代入三、斷面平均流速無因次斷面平均流速為:將(11—1—2),(11—2—2)式代入得294.Averageflowvelocityv2ofmass

Averagevelocitydenotingarithmeticaveragevalueindiffusionsection.Comparingformula(11-2-1)and(11-2-3)obtaining.Showingaverageflowvelocityofsectionisonly20%ofaxesvelocity.Ventilation,air-conditionengineeringusuallyusedhighvelocityregionaroundaxes.So,isnotreflectvelocityinusedregion.Thereforapplyingaveragevelocityofmass.Itisdefinedthattakemultiplymassobtainvirtualmomentum.Deducingmomentumconservationequationofoutletsectionandanytransversesection:

Comparing(11—2—1)and(11—2—4),.So,take

denoteflowvelocityismoresuitablethan.Butmustnotice,

、notonlydifferentinvalue,moreimportantdifferentindefinition.Gasdiffusion30氣體射流四、質(zhì)量平均流速v2斷面平均流速表示射流斷面上的算術(shù)平均值。比較(11—2—1)、(11—2—3)兩式,可得。說明斷面平均流速僅為軸心流速的20%。通風、空調(diào)工程上通常使用的是軸心附近較高的速度區(qū)。因此不能恰當?shù)姆从潮皇褂脜^(qū)的速度。為此引入質(zhì)量平均流速。質(zhì)量平均流速定義為:用乘以質(zhì)量即得真實動量。列出口截面與任一橫截面的動量守恒式:比較(11—2—1)與(11—2—4)式,。因此用代表使用區(qū)的流速要比更合適。但必須注意,、不僅在數(shù)值上不同,更重要的是在定義上根本不同,不可混淆。31

Varietyruleofmotionparameterofdiffusionmainsegmentincircularsection,thisruleisalsosuitableforrectanglemuzzle.Buttranslaterectangleintocorrespondingdiameterofflowvelocityandsubstituteintocalculating.Solution:Consultingtable11-1obtaininga=0.12.Applying(11-2-1)Example11—1Transportingwindwithaxesflowwindmachine,itsdiameter

d0=600mm。Windvelocityofoutlet10m/s,whatareaxesvelocityandthroughputfromoutlet

10m?Gasdiffusion32氣體射流以上分析出圓斷面射流主體段內(nèi)運動參數(shù)變化規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律亦適用于矩形噴嘴。但要將矩形換算成為流速當量直徑代入進行計算。解由表11—1查得a=0.12。用(11—2—1)式例11—1用軸流風機水平送風,風機直徑d0=600mm。出口風速10m/s,求距出口10m處的軸心速度和風量。33§11-4

Planediffusion

Gasdiffusingfromnarrowgap,diffusionexpendinginplaneofuprightgap.Ifthegapisquitelong,thisflowcanbeconsideredasplanemotioncalledplanediffusion.

Heightofmuzzleinplanediffusionexpressedwith2b0(b0halfheight),valuea

isbackthreeitemintable11-1;valuej

is2.44,andthentana=2.44a。Andcharacteristicsofgeometrical,kinetic,movingaresimilartodiffusioninsection.So,deducingkineticparameterandrulearealsosimilartocircularsection’s.Listingformulaintable11-3.Gasdiffusion34§11-4

平面射流

氣體射流氣體從狹長縫隙中外射運動時,射流只能在垂直條縫長度的平面上擴散運動。如果條縫相當長,這種流動可視為平面運動,故稱為平面射流。平面射流噴口高度以2b0(b0半高度)表示,a值見表11-1后三項;j值為2.44,于是tana=2.44a。而幾何、運動、動力特征則完全與圓斷面射流相似。所以各運動參數(shù)規(guī)律的推導基本與圓斷面類似,這里不再推導,列公式于表11-3中。35averagevelocityofmassCalculationofdiffusionparameterTable11—3parametersequence

diffusionincircularsectionplanediffusionexpendinganglediffusiondiameter

throughputaveragevelocityofsectionaxesvelocityaDdmainsegmentnamesegmentGasdiffusion36氣體射流射流參數(shù)的計算表11—3段名主體段參數(shù)名稱序號圓斷面射流平面射流擴散角射流直徑或半高度流量斷面平均流速質(zhì)量平均流速軸心速度aDd37averagevelocityofsectionaveragevelocityofmasscorelengthdistancefrommuzzletopolepointconvergentanglethroughputinitialsegmentGasdiffusion38氣體射流起始段流量斷面平均流速質(zhì)量平均流速核心長度噴嘴至極點距離收斂角39§11-5Diffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifference

Inheatingandventilatingengineering,usuallyapplyingcoldwindfordroppingheating,applyingsiroccoforheating,herediffusionoftemperaturedifferenceisused.Itisuseddiffusionofthicknessdifferencetodropthicknessofnocuousgasandgas.Socalleddiffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifferenceisthedifferencebetweentemperatureandthicknessofdiffusionandaroundgas.

Analyzingdiffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifference,mostlystudyingdistributingruleoftemperatureandthicknessdifference.Talkingaboutcurlyaxestrackproducedbytemperatureandthicknessdifference.

Informingprocessofdiffusion,producingtransversemomentumexchange,vortexappearing,makingitsmassexchange,heatexchange,thicknessexchange.Intheseexchange,heatexpendingfasterthanmomentumexpending,sotemperatureboundarylayeristhickerthanvelocityboundarylayer.As11-3a.Reallineisvelocityboundarylayer,brokenlineisinsideandoutsidelineoftemperatureboundarylayer.Gasdiffusion40氣體射流§11-5溫差或濃差射流

在采暖通風空調(diào)工程中,常采用冷風降溫,熱風采暖,這時就要用溫差射流。將有害氣體及灰塵濃度降低就要用濃差射流。所謂溫差、濃差射流就是射流本身的溫度或濃度與周圍氣體的溫度、濃度有差異。溫差或濃差射流分析,主要是研究射流溫差、濃差分布場的規(guī)律。同時討論由溫差、濃差引起射流彎曲的軸心軌跡。在射流的形成過程中,會產(chǎn)生橫向動量交換,旋渦的出現(xiàn),使之質(zhì)量交換,熱量交換,濃度交換。在這些交換中,熱量擴散比動量擴散要快些,因此溫度邊界比速度邊界層發(fā)展要快些厚些,如圖11-3a所示。實線為速度邊界層,虛線為溫度邊界層的內(nèi)外界線。41

Thicknessexpendingissimilartotemperature’s,inpractice,inordertopredigest,consideringboundarybesidestemperatureandthicknessareequalwithoutsideandinsideboundaryofvelocity.(a)(b)Fig.11—3boundarylayeroftemperatureandvelocitySupposingtoexpressaroundgaswithsubscripteGasdiffusion42氣體射流濃度擴散與溫度相似,在實際應用中,為了簡化起見,可以認為,溫度、濃度內(nèi)外的邊界與速度內(nèi)外的邊界相同。(a)(b)圖11—3溫度邊界層與速度邊界層的對比設(shè)以足標e表示周圍氣體的符號。43Fordiffusionoftemperaturedifference:Temperaturedifferenceinoutletsection

TemperaturedifferenceofaxesAnypointtemperaturedifferenceofsectionThicknessofoutletsectionThicknessdifferenceofaxesAnypointthicknessdifferenceofsectionFordiffusionofthicknessdifference:Gasdiffusion44氣體射流對溫差射流:出口斷面溫差

軸心上溫差截面上任一點溫差對濃差射流:出口斷面濃度軸心上濃差斷面上任意一點濃差45

Distributingrelationoftemperaturedifference,thicknessdifferenceandvelocityobtainedbyexperiments:

11-4-1

Inisotonicinstance,takingenthalpyvalueofaroundgasasinitialcalculatingpoint,relativelyenthalpyvalueindiffusionsectionskeepinginvariably.Thisiscalledheatpowercharacter.

Supposingrelativeenthalpyvalueofsectionperunittimeis ;relativeenthalpyvalueofperunittimethroughanytransversesectionis

一、TemperaturedifferenceinaxesOwingtorelativeenthalpyvalueisequal,obtaining

Afterdivisionby,andsubstitutingformula11-4-1into,deducingjustassection2,parameterscalculatingformulalistedintable11-4.Gasdiffusion46氣體射流試驗得出,截面上溫差分布,濃差分布與速度分布關(guān)系如下:

11-4-1在等壓的情況下,以周圍氣體的焓值作為起算點,射流各橫截面上的相對焓值不變。這一特點稱為熱力特征。設(shè)噴嘴斷面上單位時間的相對焓值為,射流任意橫截面上單位時間通過的相對焓值。一、軸心溫差根據(jù)相對焓值相等,得:兩端除以,并將11-4-1式代入,其推導與第二節(jié)方法類似,各參數(shù)計算公式列于表11-4中。47Diffusioncalculationofthicknessdifferencetable11—4segmentnamemainsegmentcircularsectiondiffusionplanediffusionparameternameaxestemperaturedifferenceaveragetemperaturedifferenceinmassthicknessdifferenceinaxessymbolGasdiffusion48氣體射流濃差溫差的射流計算表11—4段名主體段參數(shù)名稱軸心溫差質(zhì)量平均溫差軸心濃差符號圓斷面射流平面射流49continuoustablesegmentnamemainsegmentsymbolaveragethicknessdifferenceinmasstrackequationinaxesInitialsegmentparameternameaveragethicknessdifferenceinmassaveragetemperaturedifferenceinmasscircularsectiondiffusionplanediffusionGasdiffusion50氣體射流續(xù)表段名主體段參數(shù)名稱質(zhì)量平均溫差符號圓斷面射流平面射流質(zhì)量平均濃差質(zhì)量平均濃差起始段軸線軌跡方程512.diffusioninflecting

Temperatureorthicknessdifferencediffusionisowingtodensitydifferentfromarounddensity,gravityandbuoyancyisnotbalance,whichmakingdiffusioninflectdownwardsorupwards,asshowinfig.11-4.Butwholediffusionisstillsymmetricaltoaxesline.Sofindingoutinflectingtrackofaxesline,thenobtainingwholeinflectingdiffusion.Fig.11—4inflectionofdiffusionaxesGasdiffusion52氣體射流二、射流彎曲溫差射流或濃差射流由于密度與周圍密度不同,所受的重力與浮力不相平衡,使整個射流將發(fā)生向下或向上彎曲,見圖11-4。但整個射流仍可看作是對稱于軸心線。因此了解軸心線的彎曲軌跡后,便可得出整個彎曲的射流。圖11—4射流軸線的彎曲53

Applyingapproximatedisposalmethod:takingflowofperunitvolumeinaxesasstudyobject.Onlyconsideringgravityandbuoyancy,applyingNewtonlawandexperimentdata,deducinghalfempiricalformulalistedintable11-4here:,isArchimedesstandardnumberExample11-2Inworkingspotrequiringaveragewindvelocityis3m/s,workingfacediameterD=2.5m,givingwindtemperature5℃,airtemperature30℃,requiringaveragetemperatureofmassfallto25℃,applyingventilatorwithguideleaf,itsturbulentcoefficienta=0.12。find(1)diameterandvelocityofoutlet;(2)distancefromoutlettoworkingface.Solution:TemperaturedifferenceGasdiffusion54氣體射流采用近似的處理方法:取軸心線上的單位體積流體作為研究對象,只考慮受重力與浮力作用,應用牛頓定律和實驗數(shù)據(jù),導出半經(jīng)驗公式列于表11-4中。該公式中:,成為阿基米德準數(shù)。例11-2

工作地點質(zhì)量平均風速要求3m/s,工作面直徑D=2.5m,送風溫度為15℃,車間空氣溫度30℃,要求工作地點的質(zhì)量平均溫度降到25℃,采用帶導葉的通風機,其紊流系數(shù)a=0.12。求(1)風口的直徑及速度;(2)風口到工作面的距離。解

溫差55finding,substitutingintosoaveragewindvelocityofmassinworkingspotrequired3m/sforthereforeGasdiffusion56氣體射流求出,代入下式所以工作地點質(zhì)量平均風速要求3m/s因為所以57(2)findingdistancesfromwindoutlettoworkingfacebyThinkingproblems11-3whatisaveragevelocityinmass?Whycitingthisflow velocity?11-4whydiffusiontemperaturedifferencetrackinflecting? Howtofindtrackequation?Gasdiffusion58氣體射流(2)風口到工作面距離s

可用下式求出復習思考題11—3什么是質(zhì)量平均流速?為什么要引入這一流速?11—4溫差射流軌跡為什么彎曲?是怎樣尋求軌跡方程的?59§11-6

Otherfamiliardiffusioninengineeringequipment

1.adherencediffusion

Differentfromfreediffusion,ifputmuzzleadheretotopshedorwall,showasfig.11—6,thenbecauseofrestrictofwall,itcan‘trollandabsorbairinwallface,velocityattenuateslowly,sovelocityishigh,restingpressureislow,thenvelocityislowandrestingpressureishighintheotherside,whichmakingairflowmovingadherewall,calledadherencediffusion.Fig.11—6adherencediffusionGasdiffusion60氣體射流§11-6

工程設(shè)備中常見的其他射流簡介一、貼附射流與自由射流不同,如把噴口貼近頂棚或墻壁布置,如圖11—6所示,則由于壁面的限制,壁面處不能卷吸空氣,速度衰減慢,因而流速大,靜壓小,而另一側(cè)則流速小,靜壓大,使得氣流貼附于壁面流動,并稱之為貼附射流。圖11—6貼附射流61

Duetoadherencediffusionrollandabsorbaroundfluidonlyinonesurface,soattenuateslowly,diffusionwayislongerthanfreediffusionwithsamemuzzle.

Adherencediffusioncanberegardedashalfofintegraldiffusion.Itslawinvariable,socancalculateasdoubleaccordingtooutletsection,outletflowvelocityinvariable.Incalculating,substitutingoutletdiameterd0infreediffusionwith

d0,forplanediffusion,substitutinghalfheightofoutlet

b0with2b0。Gasdiffusion62氣體射流由于貼附射流僅一面卷吸周圍流體,故衰減較慢,射程較同樣噴口的自由射流為長。貼附射流可視為完整射流得一半,其規(guī)律不變,因而可按風口斷面加倍,出口流速不變的完整射流進行計算。也就是說,計算中只需將自由射流公式的送風口直徑d0代以d0,對于平面射流,則需將風口半高度

b0代以2b0。632.Diffusioninfinitespace

Usuallyinproject,diffusiondon’tdiffusetoinfinitespace,becauseoffinitesizeofroom,whichrestrictexpendingmotionofdiffusion,herefreediffusionlawisn’tsuitable,mustrestudyitskineticlaw.Atpresent,thereisnowellresults,mostisempiricalformulaorcurvebyexperiment,nowintroducing.

Asshowinfig.11-7isdiffusionfieldstructureinfinitespace.Fromdiffusionoutletto

Ⅰ-Ⅰsection,becausesolidwallfacesdon’trestrictdiffusionexpending,freediffusionrulesaresuitable,calculationcanalsousefreediffusionformula.Ⅰ-Ⅰsectioncalledfirstcriticalsection.Gasdiffusion64氣體射流二、有限空間射流通常,工程中射流并不是射入無限大空間,因房間尺寸有限,限制了射流的擴散運動,此時自由射流規(guī)律不再適用,須重新研究其運動規(guī)律。目前,理論上還沒有成熟的結(jié)果,大多是由實驗得到的經(jīng)驗公式或無因次曲線,現(xiàn)作簡介。圖11-7所示為有限空間射流流場結(jié)構(gòu)。從射流出口至Ⅰ-Ⅰ斷面,因固體壁面尚未妨礙射流的擴展,射流的發(fā)展按照自由射流的規(guī)律,計算亦可用自由射流公式。稱Ⅰ-Ⅰ斷面為第一臨界斷面。65Gasdiffusion

fig.11—7diffusionfieldinfinitespace66氣體射流圖11—7有限空間射流流場67

StartingfromsectionⅠ-Ⅰ,diffusionexpendingisaffected,actionofrollingandaborbingaroundliquidbecomeweak,soexpendingofdiffusionsectionandincreasingofthroughputbecomeslowly,tosectionⅡ-Ⅱ,diffusionstreamlinebegintoexceedboundarylayerandengenderrefluence,diffusionthroughputbegintoreducealongdiffusionway,sodiffusionthroughputgetmaxvalueinsectionⅡ-Ⅱ.Throughexperiment,averagevelocityandthroughputofrefluencearealsomax.SectionⅡ-Ⅱcalledsecondcriticalsection.

FromsectionⅡ-Ⅱ,mainsegmentthroughput,throughputofrefluenceandaveragevelocityofrefluenceareallbecominglowinturn,tillsectionⅣ-Ⅳ,mainsegmentthroughputreduceto0.

Inthisway,itmayplotthreesegmentofdiffusioninfinitespace.(1)freeexpendingsegment,fromspouttofirstcriticalsection(2)finiteexpendingsegment,fromfirsttosecondcriticalsection(3)contractedsegment,fromsecondcriticalsectiontolast;Gasdiffusion68氣體射流從Ⅰ-Ⅰ斷面開始,射流的擴展受到影響,卷吸周圍流體的作用減弱,因而射流斷面的擴大以及流量的增加比較緩慢,達到Ⅱ-Ⅱ斷面,射流流線開始越出邊界層產(chǎn)生回流,射流流量開始沿程減少,因而射流流量在Ⅱ-Ⅱ斷面取得最大值。由實驗得知,該處的回流平均流速、回流流量亦為最大。稱Ⅱ-Ⅱ斷面為第二臨界斷面。從Ⅱ-Ⅱ斷面以后,射流主體流量、回流流量、回流平均流速都依次變小,直至Ⅳ-Ⅳ斷面,射流主體流量減至為零。這樣,有限空間射流可以劃分為三段:(1)自由擴張段,噴口至第一臨界斷面;(2)有限擴張段,第一臨界斷面至第二臨界斷面;(3)收縮段,第二臨界斷面以后。69

Diffusionstructurebehavingwhendiameterandthroughputincreasingtocertain,thendecreasing,makingitsboundarybecomeoliveform.

Diffusionstructurerelatestofixedplaceofmuzzle.Ifmuzzlefixedinthemiddleofheightandwidthinroom,diffusionstructureissymmetricalfromuptodown,lefttoright,mainsegmentshowingoliveform,aroundisrefluenceregion.Butinpractice,muzzlefixedclosetotopshed,iffixedheighth

androomHare ,diffusionappearsadherencephenomenon.Gasdiffusion70氣體射流而射流結(jié)構(gòu)則表現(xiàn)為射流半徑和流量在增大到一定程度后反而減小,使其邊界線呈橄欖形。射流結(jié)構(gòu)還與噴嘴的安裝位置有關(guān)。如噴嘴安裝在房間高度、寬度的中央處,射流結(jié)構(gòu)上下對稱,左右對稱,射流主體呈橄欖形,四周為回流區(qū)。但實際送風時多將噴嘴靠近頂棚安置,如安裝高度h與房高H為時,射流出現(xiàn)貼附現(xiàn)象,71

Characteristicofdiffusioninfinitespaceisdifferentfreediffusionis:thereisrefluenceregionreversetodiffusionregionoutsidetheoliveboundary,andworkingregionisofteninrefluenceregioninair-conditionproject,sothereisrestricttowindvelocityinrefluenceregion.Theempiricalformulaofaveragevelocityinrefluenceregionis:comeintohalf-oliveformdiffusionfield,correspondtohalfofintegraldiffusioninfinitespace,andthatrefluencefocusonbottomofmainsegmentandground,itskineticlawissamewithdiffusioninfinitespace,consideredhalfofdiffusioninfinitespace.Gasdiffusion72氣體射流形成呈半個橄欖狀的流場,相當于完整的有限空間射流的一半,而回流區(qū)集中在射流主體下部與地面間,其運動規(guī)律與有限空間射流相同,看作有限空間射流的一半。有限空間射流不同于自由射流的重要特征是橄欖形邊界外部存在與射流方向相反的回流區(qū),而空調(diào)工程中工作區(qū)通常就設(shè)在回流區(qū)內(nèi),因此對回流區(qū)的風速有限定要求?;亓髌骄俣鹊陌虢?jīng)驗公式為73

11-5-1here,isoutletvelocityanddiameterofmuzzle;Fiscrosssectionareauprighttodiffusionroom;isdistancefromdiffusionsectiontopolepoint;a為isturbulentflowcoefficient.

Ifbasingondesign,distancefromL,requiringaveragevelocityofdiffusionrefluenceiscertainrestrictedvalue,thenfromformula11-5-111-5-311-5-2

Insection-Ⅱ,refluencevelocityismax,expresswithfromexprimentobtaincorresponding,substitutingaboveformulaobtainingmaxrefluencevelocity:Gasdiffusion74氣體射流

11-5-1式中,為噴嘴出口速度、直徑;F為垂直于射流的房間橫截面積;為射流截面至極點的無因次距離;a為紊流系數(shù)。11-5-2若根據(jù)設(shè)計要求,在距離L處,要求射流回流平均流速為某一限定值,則由式11-5-1得11-5-3在Ⅱ-Ⅱ斷面上,回流流速為最大,以表示,由實驗得對應,代入上式得最大回流速度為75Unitingformula11-5-2

and11-5-3,obtaining11-5-4

Inprojectdesign

anddeterminedbydesigner,so

isknown,solutionis,inordertopredigestcalculationgivetable11-5,through,consultingtable11-5,obtainingthenthroughobtaining。

aboveformulasaresuitablefor

orinadherencediffusion,when,itisintegralfinitespacediffusion,substituting

with

,thenobtainingdiffusionwayhere..Gasdiffusion76聯(lián)立式11-5-2和式11-5-3可得氣體射流11-5-4工程設(shè)計中與由設(shè)計者限定,故相當于已知,由此可解出,為簡化計算給出表11-5。由,查表11-5得到后可由求出。以上所給出公式適用于或的貼附射流,當時,射流為完整的有限空間射流,計算時應以代替,即可求得此時的射程。77table11-5dimensionless

distance0.070.100.150.200.300.400.500.600.751.001.251.500.420.430.440.460.470.480.400.410.420.440.460.470.370.380.400.420.430.440.350.370.380.400.410.430.310.330.350.370.390.400.280.300.330.350.370.38Gasdiffusion78氣體射流表11-5無因次距離0.070.100.150.200.300.400.500.600.751.001.251.500.420.430.440.460.470.480.400.410.420.440.460.470.370.380.400.420.430.440.350.370.380.400.410.430.310.330.350.370.390.400.280.300.330.350.370.3879

Example11-4

Inworkshoplength×width×height=70m×30m×12m,givingwindalongdirect

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