題型篇閱讀之解題技巧提升第一板塊核心素養(yǎng)之閱讀篇第三講主旨大意題專題一閱讀理解主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解的“司令塔”,它要求考生站在作者的高度,俯瞰全文,把握文章的核心思想與脈絡(luò)。它考查的不是考生對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的記憶,而是考生穿透文字、洞察全局的宏觀概括能力?？际裁础敢曋髦碱}的“命題密碼”1.常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式(1)標(biāo)題歸納型:要求為文章選擇一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。如:Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?(2)文章大意型:直接提問(wèn)文章的中心思想。如:Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(3)段落大意型:直接提問(wèn)文章某一段落的中心思想。如:Whatisthemainideaofparagraph2?2.正確選項(xiàng)特征特征類別具體描述概括性強(qiáng)能夠覆蓋全文的核心內(nèi)容,而非局限于某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。立意精準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確反映文章或段落的中心論點(diǎn)或說(shuō)明對(duì)象,不偏不倚。標(biāo)題醒目簡(jiǎn)潔、吸引人、概括性強(qiáng),能引發(fā)讀者興趣。3.干擾選項(xiàng)特征特征類別具體描述以偏概全選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是文中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或次要信息,用局部代替了整體。范圍過(guò)寬選項(xiàng)的概括范圍超出了文章實(shí)際討論的內(nèi)容,過(guò)于寬泛籠統(tǒng)。無(wú)中生有選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文章主旨無(wú)關(guān),甚至是文章未提及的信息。主次顛倒將文章的次要信息或某個(gè)例證當(dāng)作主旨,喧賓奪主。4.熱點(diǎn)考向文章大意題記敘文主旨:概括故事的核心情節(jié)并提煉其背后蘊(yùn)含的主題或寓意。說(shuō)明文主旨:精準(zhǔn)概括說(shuō)明的對(duì)象及其特征/功能/原理。議論文主旨:清晰提煉作者的核心論點(diǎn)和主要論據(jù)。標(biāo)題歸納題在概括性的基礎(chǔ)上,更側(cè)重精煉度和吸引力。段落大意題精準(zhǔn)概括段落的主題、核心觀點(diǎn)和主要內(nèi)容。5.解題步驟文章大意和標(biāo)題歸納題的解題步驟:怎么考——鑄造主旨題的“三大破題利器”面對(duì)不同文體和不同形式的主旨大意題,掌握以下三大核心考向,實(shí)現(xiàn)從“只見樹木”到“盡覽森林”的升華?？枷?

標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題歸納題,顧名思義,就是要求考生為所讀文章選擇一個(gè)最合適的標(biāo)題。這類題目旨在測(cè)試考生是否能夠穿透細(xì)節(jié)的迷霧,準(zhǔn)確把握文章的中心思想和作者的核心論點(diǎn)。[典例]

(2025·全國(guó)一卷閱讀C)Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrian(行人)mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere’stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBr?mmelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.IntheirnewbookMovement:How

to

Take

Back

Our

Streets

and

Transform

Our

Lives,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback...Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly...Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan’tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?TheauthorsofMovementhaveitright:it’stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhytheRush?

B.What’sNext?C.WheretoStay? D.WhotoBlame?自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位主旨句1.核心觀點(diǎn)句:...theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.(Para.2)2.問(wèn)題本質(zhì)句:...notjustrushthrough.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough...(Para.3&Para.5)Step2:梳理行文脈絡(luò)1.提出問(wèn)題:城市街道為汽車服務(wù),導(dǎo)致行人的活動(dòng)空間被嚴(yán)重?cái)D壓。(Para.1)2.分析根源:問(wèn)題的根源在于城市街道的設(shè)計(jì)理念——只為讓車輛“匆匆穿過(guò)”(rushthrough),而忽視了其作為生活空間的功能。(Paras.2-4)3.發(fā)出呼吁:呼吁我們必須反思(rethink)這種以“速度”和“匆忙”為核心的理念。(Para.5)Step3:合成主旨,匹配標(biāo)題

選項(xiàng)A“WhytheRush?(為何如此匆忙?)”不僅概括了內(nèi)容,還傳達(dá)了作者的態(tài)度。[圖解]1.解題步驟2.結(jié)合好標(biāo)題的3特點(diǎn)解題3.排除3種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)考向2

文章大意題文章大意題要求考生從宏觀上把握整篇文章的核心內(nèi)容。它考查對(duì)文章中心思想的提煉能力,選項(xiàng)通常是陳述句形式。做好此類題目的關(guān)鍵在于,整合各段落大意,形成一個(gè)全面、精準(zhǔn)的整體認(rèn)知。[典例]

(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷閱讀C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives...31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths.B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence.D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位主旨句或串聯(lián)各段大意本文沒(méi)有單一的、統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的主旨句,而是采用“總起+分述”的結(jié)構(gòu)。引出優(yōu)勢(shì):...BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(Para.1)便捷優(yōu)勢(shì):...requireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupply...(Para.2)技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì):...significantlyreducestheamountofwaterneeded...(Para.3)環(huán)保優(yōu)勢(shì):...zeroemissions...noneedforpesticides...(Para.4)理念優(yōu)勢(shì):BMFemployeesliveoutsustainability...(Para.5)Step2:梳理行文脈絡(luò)全文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,圍繞核心產(chǎn)品BMF,系統(tǒng)性地、層層遞進(jìn)地展示其在不同方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和長(zhǎng)處。Step3:合成主旨,匹配選項(xiàng)本文主要介紹了一種名為BMF的室內(nèi)微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)系統(tǒng),并詳細(xì)列舉了它的一系列主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)A“BMF’smajorstrengths.(BMF的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn))”完美地對(duì)應(yīng)了文章“逐一介紹優(yōu)點(diǎn)”的行文脈絡(luò)。[圖解]考向3

段落大意題段落大意題要求考生精準(zhǔn)概括特定段落的中心思想。它與文章大意題的解題思路類似,但范圍小,只聚焦于一個(gè)段落。解題時(shí),專注于該段內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系,找出統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段的中心句,或通過(guò)整合句意來(lái)提煉核心內(nèi)容。[典例]

(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀B)LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.自主解答

D[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位主旨句或串聯(lián)句意該段無(wú)單一主旨句,由兩個(gè)并列的例子構(gòu)成。通過(guò)列舉狗和馬兩個(gè)成功治愈的案例,來(lái)證明Farber的holisticmedicine的療效。Step2:匹配選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)D“Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.”是對(duì)Farber所用療法(針灸、脊柱矯正等替代療法)的恰當(dāng)歸類。該選項(xiàng)完美總結(jié)了本段的論證目的,是最佳選項(xiàng)。[圖解]1.(2025·全國(guó)二卷閱讀C)WhenSonjaDetrinidadopenedheronlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn’thavehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasflooded,shippingout1,200ordersinJuneof2020alone.Inthepastyear,Detrinidadsentoutmorethan70,000plants.Hersuccessisjustoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosioninthehouseplantindustry.運(yùn)用所學(xué)方法解答下列題目“Plantsareinfashionrightnow,”saysDr.MelindaKnuth,aresearcherfromtheUniversityofFlorida.“Peoplewholiveinplant-richenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating,”shesays.“Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink.”Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewwaysbutthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormone(激素)inourbody.“Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithoutplants,”saysKnuth.“Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Ourstudyshowedthattherewasa30%decreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplant-richworkplaces.”Ifyou’reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurroundingyourselfwithplants,don’tbeatyourselfupifone(orafew!)doesn’tmakeit.“Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,”Detrinidadsays.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TimetoReplaceHouseplantsB.PlantsBoostYourMoodC.TipsonChoosingHouseplantsD.PlantsBrightenYourHome本題為

。

Step1:

核心觀點(diǎn)句:Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink.(Para.2)這句話直接點(diǎn)明了植物對(duì)人的核心影響?？偨Y(jié)概括句:Ifyou’reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurroundingyourselfwithplants...(Para.4)這句話總結(jié)了前文論述的各種好處。標(biāo)題歸納題定位主旨句Step2:

文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是“引出現(xiàn)象→科學(xué)闡釋其益處→鼓勵(lì)讀者參與”,全文的重心在于論證植物對(duì)人情緒和健康的積極作用。Step3:合成主旨,匹配標(biāo)題標(biāo)題匹配:選項(xiàng)

是最佳選項(xiàng)。

概括性:“

”精準(zhǔn)地抓住了文章論述的核心益處,如changeourmood、improveourstateofmind、decreasingourlevelofcortisol等。

獨(dú)特性:該標(biāo)題直接、有力地概括了文章的主旨,即植物對(duì)人心理層面的積極作用,涵蓋了全文最重要的信息。梳理行文脈絡(luò)BBoostYourMood2.(2022·全國(guó)甲卷閱讀C)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.本題為

。

Step1:

或串聯(lián)各段大意

點(diǎn)題句:...atripGinniwouldneverforget.(Para.1)感受句:...thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas...(Para.4)升華句:Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland...(Para.5)文章大意題定位主旨句Step2:

文章以記敘文的形式,講述了Ginni在退休后獨(dú)自前往南極洲旅行的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。從旅行的緣起、過(guò)程中的見聞,到最終深刻的感悟,全文圍繞這次旅行展開。梳理行文脈絡(luò)Step3:合成主旨,匹配選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)匹配:選項(xiàng)

是最佳選項(xiàng)。

概括性:“

”精準(zhǔn)概括了文章從開頭(neverforget)到結(jié)尾(amazing、leftanimpression)所渲染的核心主題。

獨(dú)特性:該選項(xiàng)涵蓋了旅行的見聞、感受和感悟,是對(duì)全文主旨最恰當(dāng)?shù)目偨Y(jié)。Bunforgettableexperience3.(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀D)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’