Summary

writingWhat

isagoodsummary?Howtowriteagoodsummary?概要寫作Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Asummaryisashortstatementthatgivesonlythemainpoints

ofsth,notthedetails.

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》What

isasummary?概要是一種對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)或文章的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮的語義連貫的短文。不是簡單的換句話說，更不是評(píng)論，而是作者思想中最本質(zhì)部分的準(zhǔn)確的再現(xiàn)。(丁往道,英語寫作手冊(cè))基于短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。（1）對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；（3）上下文的連續(xù)性；（4）對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。correctnesscoherenceAshortenedpassage(60words)RetainthekeypointsoftheoriginalArestatementinyourownwordsAreadablecontinuouswhole概要寫作Summarywriting概要寫作各檔評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)比★★概要寫作讀寫概要寫作讀寫結(jié)合讀A文體結(jié)構(gòu)主旨大意關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵句寫B(tài)概要框架改述要點(diǎn)銜接成文CriteriaforagoodsummaryAsummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Coverallthekeypoints.Usebrief,concise,originalandcorrectacademiclanguage.Showclearlogicofthearticlebyusingproperlinkingwords.Withinlimitednumberofwords.學(xué)生概要寫作中存在的主要問題卷面上：顏值不高---表現(xiàn)在:有涂改、書寫潦草、字母不夠飽滿、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)與大小寫不夠規(guī)范等。內(nèi)容上：沒有讀懂文本主旨，寫不好第一句；要點(diǎn)遺漏或主觀添加；表達(dá)的是次要點(diǎn)或非主要信息，偏離文章中心思想，概括不到位。語言上：不夠簡潔；單詞拼寫和語法錯(cuò)誤多；或照抄原句；字?jǐn)?shù)不符合要求等。結(jié)構(gòu)上：缺少連接詞或不夠連貫，句與句之間不符合邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。

Step1.確定文章的體裁（說明文、議論文、記敘文）與題材。Step2.根據(jù)體裁特點(diǎn)，理清段落之間的關(guān)系，圈連接詞，劃關(guān)鍵詞（句），辨別關(guān)鍵信息與次要信息。Step3.根據(jù)連接詞與過渡詞（句），有時(shí)可用思維導(dǎo)圖（MindMap)確定段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。Step4.圍繞體裁與題材特點(diǎn)，概括每段的主要大意。注意：用平時(shí)積累的詞塊或句型去替換原先的表達(dá)。Step5.撰寫初稿，注意書寫、句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，排除次要信息、用自己的語言概括，尤其是不要遺漏重要信息點(diǎn)。Step6.（平時(shí)）修改初稿，進(jìn)行二次寫作。Howtowriteagoodsummary概要寫作讀寫結(jié)合概要寫作----讀概要寫作的讀，應(yīng)以短文體裁為切入點(diǎn)，利用各類體裁的文本結(jié)構(gòu)特征，快速獲取短文大意，確定要點(diǎn)信息。體裁

讀取信息議論文說明文記敘文主題句+支撐句+結(jié)論句（論點(diǎn)+論據(jù)+結(jié)論）現(xiàn)象＋原因＋結(jié)果問題十原因+對(duì)策事物發(fā)展（時(shí)間/空間)六要素+（感悟，啟示）體裁決定框架5w&1h(who+what+when+where+why+how)+moralopinion+supportingdetails(evidences)*aphenomenon/problem+causes+effect/solution*anobject+characteristics/function+significance*development(time/space)+conclusionDiscussion103說明文的概要寫作01關(guān)鍵句（信息）的確定*aphenomenon/problem+causes+effect/solution*anobject+characteristics/function+significance體裁話題

要點(diǎn)

說明文的概要寫作011.搭建框架：說明文procrastination（拖延癥）Problem:weallprocrastinateEffects:

financiallossandpaininmindSolution:dailyvisualization*aphenomenon/problem+causes+effect/solution*anobject+characteristics/function+significance*development(time/space)Cause:avoidpain記敘文的概要寫作02

On30April2016,KenyanPresidentUhuruKenyattasetalightthelargesteverpileofivoryfordestructionintheNairobiNationalPark.Thepileconsistedof105tonsofelephantivoryfromabout8,000elephants.Thetotalblackmarketvalueoftheivoryinthepilewasestimated(估價(jià))tobemorethan$172million.Thedestructionofivoryisatechniqueusedbygovernmentsandconservationgroupstopreventtheillegalivorytrade.Itwasanextremelysuccessfulpublicityperformance,attractinginternationalattentionwhilethefireburnedforthreedays.Ivorydoesnoteasilyburn,butthechoicetousefireratherthanothermeanstodestroyitwasintentionalastheywantedtheeventtoproducepowerfulimagesfortheglobalmedia.Tomakethedestructionspectacular(壯觀的),theyworkedwithaHollywoodspecialeffectsprofessionaltodevelopanewtechnique.Theconservationists,governments,andnon-governmentalorganizationsthatsubscribetothestrategy(策略)arguethatitgainspublicsupportfortheprotectionofelephantsandthatitsendsamessagetopoachers(偷獵者)thattheyareinadying,dangerous,anduselessmarket.Italsoprovedinfluentialamongconservationists,inspiringotherstodealwiththeirstockpilesinasimilarmannerandleading,inpart,totheinternationalbanontheivorytradepassedatTheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES).Thebanprovedeffectiveforaboutadecadeandelephantpopulationswereontherise,butstartingin1997,itbegangivingexceptionstothebantoallowcountriessuchasZimbabwe,Botswana,andNamibiatosellalimitedamountofivory.Fromthenon,theAfricanelephantpopulationhasdecreasedinsizerapidlyandelephantpoachinghasbeenwidespread.Accordingtoa2014reportbytheWildlifeConservationSociety,about96Africanelephantsarekilledfortheirtuskseveryday.However,criticssaythatthetechniquemayincreasepoachingbyincreasingivory'svalueontheblackmarket,andthatevidenceforthetechnique'seffectivenessisinsufficienttojustifytheopportunitycostforcountriesstrugglingwithpoverty.5w&1h(who+what+when+where+why+how)+moralKenyangovernmenton30April2016NairobiNationalParkthelargestpileofivorywasburntburnedtopreventtheillegalivorytradeinternationalattentionpublicsupport+increasingivory’svalue記敘文的概要寫作021.搭建框架：who：when：where：what：how：why：effect：comments:5w&1h(who+what+when+where+why+how)+moral記敘文體裁：議論文的概要寫作03opinion+supportingdetails(evidences)+conclusion1.Humankindhastriedtoimproveitsstandardoflivingsincetheverybeginningofcivilization.Backthen,aswellastoday,providingfoodandsecuritywasthebasictaskforaperson.However,nowadaystherangeofrequiredgoodshasexpandedsignificantly.Peoplefeeltheneedfornotonlysomeprimarythings,suchasapieceofbreadandaroofovertheirheads,butalsoforvariousfacilitiesandluxuries.Providinghumanitywiththesethingsisconnectedtotheuseofnaturalresources,whichrequiresenergy.Inturn,thecommonsourcesofenergyweusetodaycausepollution,soeconomicgrowthisalmostinevitablyassociatedwithenvironmentaldamage.2.Therearecertainaspectsofeconomicgrowthwhichaffecttheenvironment.Oneoftheseisthefactthatinordertoproducemoregoodsandproducts,atafasterrate,theconstructionoflargeindustrialplantsisrequired.Theseplantsproducealotofwaste,leadingtothepollutionofwaterandtheatmosphere,whichmaycausenegativelong-termhealtheffectstonearbypopulationsofanimals,orpeople.Theyalsoleadtoglobalwarming.3.Industrialmanufacturingleadstotheconstantlyincreasingenergyconsumption.Thetraditionalenergysources,whicharecommonlyusednowadays,areconsideredtobethegreatestpolluterstotheenvironment.Therealsoexistso-calledeco-friendlysourcesofenergy.Theyaresometimespreferredbutreplacingthetraditionalsourceswiththemalsorequirestime,duringwhichpeoplehavetomakesomesacrificestosupporttheseundertakings.What’smore,toproduceeconomicallypracticalenergy,peopleunavoidablyhavetotransformthenaturalsite.Thisisexpensiveand,hasharmfuleffectsontheenvironment.Forexample,applicationofwindenergywouldblockairflows’naturalspeed,whichisthereasonfortheirdecreaseinstrength,aftercrossingthewindmill.Consequently,thepressurebalancethatisbroughtaboutbythiscurrentwillbeaffected,anditisimportanttorememberthattheenvironmentandweatherconditionsaredirectlyaffectedbyatmosphericpressure.4.Forthesereasons,bringingabouteconomicgrowthwithoutresultinginanyenvironmentaldamageisimpossible.議論文的概要寫作03opinion+supportingdetails(evidences)+conclusion1.Humankindhastriedtoimproveitsstandardoflivingsincetheverybeginningofcivilization.Backthen,aswellastoday,providingfoodandsecuritywasthebasictaskforaperson.However,nowadaystherangeofrequiredgoodshasexpandedsignificantly.Peoplefeeltheneedfornotonlysomeprimarythings,suchasapieceofbreadandaroofovertheirheads,butalsoforvariousfacilitiesandluxuries.Providinghumanitywiththesethingsisconnectedtotheuseofnaturalresources,whichrequiresenergy.Inturn,thecommonsourcesofenergyweusetodaycausepollution,soeconomicgrowthisalmostinevitablyassociatedwithenvironmentaldamage.2.Therearecertainaspectsofeconomicgrowthwhichaffecttheenvironment.Oneoftheseisthefactthatinordertoproducemoregoodsandproducts,atafasterrate,theconstructionoflargeindustrialplantsisrequired.Theseplantsproducealotofwaste,leadingtothepollutionofwaterandtheatmosphere,whichmaycausenegativelong-termhealtheffectstonearbypopulationsofanimals,orpeople.Theyalsoleadtoglobalwarming.3.Industrialmanufacturingleadstotheconstantlyincreasingenergyconsumption.Thetraditionalenergysources,whicharecommonlyusednowadays,areconsideredtobethegreatestpolluterstotheenvironment.Therealsoexistso-calledeco-friendlysourcesofenergy.Theyaresometimespreferredbutreplacingthetraditionalsourceswiththemalsorequirestime,duringwhichpeoplehavetomakesomesacrificestosupporttheseundertakings.What’smore,toproduceeconomicallypracticalenergy,peopleunavoidablyhavetotransformthenaturalsite.Thisisexpensiveand,hasharmfuleffectsontheenvironment.Forexample,applicationofwindenergywouldblockairflows’naturalspeed,whichisthereasonfortheirdecreaseinstrength,aftercrossingthewindmill.Consequently,thepressurebalancethatisbroughtaboutbythiscurrentwillbeaffected,anditisimportanttorememberthattheenvironmentandweatherconditionsaredirectlyaffectedbyatmosphericpressure.4.Forthesereasons,bringingabouteconomicgrowthwithoutresultinginanyenvironmentaldamageisimpossible.Introduction

tothetopicReasonsConclusion1.搭建框架：體裁觀點(diǎn)段落大意議論文的概要寫作03議論文opinion+supportingdetails(evidences)+conclusionHumans’desireformaterialcomfortshasledtoenvironmentaldamage.3.Bothtypesofenergyconsumptioncauseseriouspollution.4.Economicgrowthisboundtoresultinenvironmentaldamage.2.Theconstructionoflargeindustrialplantsaffectsthe

environmentTopicsentencesVacationsaregoodforus.(Para.1)ManyofusreturnhomewithafeelingthatourlastvacationwasOK--butnotgreat.Inordertochangethis,somemistakesshouldbeavoided.(Para.2)Vacationhappinessisbasedonthefollowingtoprules.(Para.3)Tip1:Leaveouttherepeatedinformation.(thewordsexpressingthesameorsimilarmeaning)TipssupportingfactstwomistakesAtypicalone

forvacationplannersisattemptingtomaximizevalueformoneybyplanningtripsthathavetoomanythings.Anothermistake

isthatweworrytoomuchaboutstrategicissuessuchashowtofindagoodflightdeal,howtogetfromAtoB,orwhichdestinationstoaddorsubtractfromourjourney.supportingfactstwomistakesOnemistakeisplannersare

attemptingtomaximizevalueformoney.

Anothermistakeisthatweworrytoomuchaboutstrategicissues.Tip2:Leaveoutthecomplementary(補(bǔ)充的)informationwhichistolistdetails,giveexamplesorreasonsandmodifythekeyword.Discussion2:HowtoParaphrase?5.usesynonyms(同義)2.summarizeexamples(概括)1.combinesentences(并句)3.changethevoice(語態(tài))4.changethesentencestructure(句型)

積累常用概要寫作的詞組benefitsdevelopment/growthdespite/inspiteofshows/conveys/revealsavailablesymptomsreasonsgenerally/normally/usuallyruin/spoil/limit/affectinfinancialdifficultiesmakebetterpreparationssayno/goodbyeto;resistbeaddictedtofocuson/concentrateonisofgreatbenefitisbeneficialtosb/isgoodforsbface=befacedwithshoulderresponsibilitybeexposed/accessibletomainlydueto/forlackofbecomecommon/popularattachgreatimportancetoWordBank積累常用的同義詞替換begoodat/knowwellexpressmaketakepartinmakesureinterestpreferdifficultimportantknowcauseshowso

thinghaveagoodcommandofconveyenableparticipateinensureattract/appealtofavorchallengingvitalbeawareof/realizeleadto/resultin/contributeto/bringaboutindicate/illustrate/implytherefore/consequently/accordingly/asaresultaffair/business/matter積累概要寫作常見句型科普類文章（發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)、新事物、新現(xiàn)象）1．Foryears/centuries/…,peoplehaveconsideredsth_____.→…whichhavelongbeenconsidered…(inhistory),2．描寫A比B好→…,whichhasmanyadvantages/benefitsover…3．（結(jié)尾）發(fā)明物或發(fā)現(xiàn)目前還無法實(shí)現(xiàn)，但科學(xué)家仍在努力。Althoughsomeproblemsabout…remainunsolved,we’ll…4.用with短語作定語，描述人或事物的特征

如ananimalwithahighlevelofintelligence

用with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)，表示狀況

如withabookinhishand,hecamein.Passage4Weshouldn’tjudgeapersonbytheirappearancebutwedo.Infact,theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttimewemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds.Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn'tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolshavealwaysunderstoodthisandalotofthemasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.Ifallthestudentswearuniforms,theycan'tjudgeeachotherbecauseoftheirclothes.Italsoavoidsargumentsaboutwhoorwhatisfashionable.However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.Weallhavefixedideasaboutwhatthepeopleinacertainprofessionshouldwear.Ifwevisitadoctor,weexpecttoseerespectableclothesunderthedoctor’swhitecoat.Whenwegointoabankweexpectthestafftowearsuitsordresses.Policeofficerswearuniformstodetercrimebyestablishingavisiblepresencewhileonpatrol,tomakethemselveseasilyidentifiabletonon-policeofficersortheircolleagueswhorequireassistance,andtoquicklyidentifyeachotheratcrimescenesforeaseofcoordination.Infact,alotofcompanieshavedresscodesfortheirstaffbecausetheyknowthatthecustomersexpecttoseethemdressedincertaintypesofclothes.Butcanourclothesreallytellpeoplewhatwearelike?Maybenot,buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment.Whenpeopleseeusintherightclothes,theythinkweareseriousaboutwhatwearedoing.Furthermore,ifweareclean,smartandpolite,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.Para.1Para.3Para.2Para.4ListtheKeyPointsPara.Key

points1234OpinionEvidenceEvidenceConclusionButwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolsasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.…visitadoctor…gointoabank…Policeofficers…alotofcompanies……buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment..Furthermore,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.ParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint1Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Paraphrase1.Wearingtherightclothesisimportantbecausepeoplelookatourclothes.2.Wearingtherightclothesfortheoccasionisimportantifwewanttoleavegoodfirstimpressions.3.Wearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions.ParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint2Schools

asktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.Paraphrase1.Schoolsaskstudentstowearauniformbecauseithelpstheminmanyways.2.Studentsarerequiredto

wearauniformbecauseitbenefitsinvariousways.ParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint3However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.…visitadoctor…gointoabank…Policeofficers…alotofcompanies…Paraphrase1.However,notonly

schoolsbutalso

placessuchas

hospitals,banks,policestationsandsomecompanieswantpeopletodressinacertainway.2.Besidesstudents,otherpeoplewhoworkforhospitals,banks,policestationsandsomecompaniesarealsosupposedto

wearuniformsbecauseofconvenience.ParaphraseKeyPointsKeypoint4…buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment..Furthermore,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.Paraphrase1.Ourclothescanshowourattitudeand

makepeoplehaveconfidenceinus.

2.Ourclothesrepresent/standfor

ourattitudeandhelpuswintrustfrom

others.

Connect!but,yet,however,thoughthus,thereforemeanwhile,ontheotherhandfirstly/secondly/lastly,becauseofthese…forexample/suchasinshort,inconclusion…

ConnectKeyPointsPoint1Wearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions.Point2Schoolsaskstudentstowearauniformbecauseithelpstheminmanyways.Point3Besidesschools,otherplaces,likehospitals,banks,policestationsandsomecompaniesalsowanttheirstafftowearuniformsbecauseofconvenience.Point4Ourclothesrepresentourattitudeandhelpuswintrustfromothers.Forexample,Inconclusion,WriteandEditWearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions.(要點(diǎn)1)Forexample,schoolsaskstudentstowearauniformbecauseitbenefitstheminvariousways.(要點(diǎn)2)Besidesschools,otherplaces,likehospitals,banks,policestationsandsomecompaniesalsowanttheirstafftodressinuniformsbecauseofconvenience.(要點(diǎn)3)Inconclusion,ourclothescanshowourattitudeandwintrustfromothers.(要點(diǎn)4)

(60詞)Inourdailylife,almosteachofushasexperiencedprocrastination,whichhasagreatinfluenceonourfinancial

lossandpeaceofmind.Whenweputoffouractions,weareactuallyavoidingpain,sinceamajorityofussparenoeffortsnevertoleaveacomfortzone.Onewaytogetridoftheprocrastinationi