Section_ⅣGrammar&Writing語(yǔ)法圖解探究發(fā)現(xiàn)①IamspeakinginfavouroftheInternet.②TherearetwomainpointswhichmustbeincludedwhenweanalysetheInternet.③Withthetouchofabuttonortheclickofamouse,astudentwillfindabundantinformation.④Theseproblemsdonotoccurasoftenwhenpeopleusetraditionalreferencematerials.⑤Tohelpsolvethisproblem,aspecialclinicwasopenedinBeijingin2005.⑥Oneuniversitydidastudyaboutthestudentswhohaddroppedout.[我的發(fā)現(xiàn)](1)按英語(yǔ)詞類劃分，以上各句中黑體部分的詞均為助動(dòng)詞。(2)以上各句中黑體部分的詞均無(wú)詞匯意義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。(3)②⑤句中黑體部分的詞在句中與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(4)①③⑥句中黑體部分的詞在句中與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成某種時(shí)態(tài)。(5)④句中黑體部分的詞在句中與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞“occur”一起構(gòu)成否定形式。一、助動(dòng)詞的概念協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~(MainVerb)。助動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法功能詞，自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，它沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)翻譯，用于構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)。二、助動(dòng)詞的分類類別例詞特點(diǎn)基本助動(dòng)詞be,do,have無(wú)詞匯意義，只有語(yǔ)法作用，協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、否定句、疑問(wèn)句等助動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(半助動(dòng)詞)beaboutto,bedueto,begoingto,belikelyto,bemeantto,besupposedto,bewillingto,haveto,seemto,beunableto,beunwillingto在功能上介于主要?jiǎng)釉~和助動(dòng)詞之間的一類結(jié)構(gòu)其他助動(dòng)詞will,shall,should，would無(wú)詞義，主要用來(lái)構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)[即時(shí)演練1]用適當(dāng)?shù)闹鷦?dòng)詞填空①Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.②Ihaven'tseenhimforalongtime.③OnlywhenwebeganourcollegelifedidwerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.④Hewilletotheofficethisafternoon.⑤Thesebooksarenotsupposedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.三、基本助動(dòng)詞的用法1．助動(dòng)詞be的用法用法例句be＋現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)Englishisbeingmoreandmoreimportant.Theywerehavingameeting.be＋過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.be＋動(dòng)詞不定式表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排HeistogotoNewYorknextweek.表示命令Youaretoexplainthis.[即時(shí)演練2](1)用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①(重慶高考改編)Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhewas_ing(e)untilyesterday.②(北京高考改編)—Hi,let'sgoskating.—Sorry,I'now.Iyrightnow.Iam_filling(fill)inanapplicationformforanewjob.③(大綱卷改編)Unlesssomeextramoneyis_found(find),thetheatrewillclose.(2)完成句子①她現(xiàn)在正在寫一本書。Sheis_writing_a_booknow.②當(dāng)我到達(dá)那里時(shí)，他們正在看電視。Theywere_watching_TVwhenIgotthere.③很多人在地震中喪生。Manypeoplewere_killedintheearthquake.④今天下午2點(diǎn)你到我們老師的辦公室來(lái)。Youare_to_gettoourteacher'sofficeat2o'clockthisafternoon.2．助動(dòng)詞have的用法用法例句have/had＋過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.have＋been＋現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.have＋been＋過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.[即時(shí)演練3](1)用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①(天津高考改編)Wewon'tstarttheworkuntilallthepreparationshave_been_made(make)．②(湖南高考改編)Sincethetimehumankindstartedgardening,wehave_been_trying(try)tomakeourenvironmentmorebeautiful.③(江蘇高考改編)—HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheYouthOlympicGamestobeheldinNanjing?—Well,themediahave/has_covered(cover)itinavarietyofforms.(2)完成句子①那不可能是約翰，他進(jìn)城了。Itcan'tbeJohn.Hehas_gone_to_town.②我一上午都在修理冰箱。Ihave_been_fixing_the_fridgeallthismorning.③英語(yǔ)在我國(guó)已被廣泛使用。Englishhas_been_used_widelyinourcountry.3．助動(dòng)詞do的用法用法例句構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句DoyouwanttopasstheCET？do＋not構(gòu)成否定句Idonotwanttobecriticized.構(gòu)成否定祈使句Don'tbesoabsent-minded.放在動(dòng)詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣Doshutup！用于倒裝句LittledidIknowaboutthecitywhenIwasyoung.代替實(shí)義動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù)Sheworksharderthanhedoes.[名師點(diǎn)津](1)構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。(2)加強(qiáng)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣，應(yīng)在具備以下兩個(gè)條件時(shí)使用：①只用于一般時(shí)；②只用于肯定句。(3)用于倒裝句，應(yīng)具備副詞never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so等位于句首的條件。[即時(shí)演練4](1)寫出助動(dòng)詞在下列各句中的用法①Theydon'tdotheirhomeworkathome.構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式②Doesshegetupearlyinthemorning?構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問(wèn)式③WhendidhegraduatefromtheCambridge?構(gòu)成一般過(guò)去時(shí)的疑問(wèn)式④Doetomybirthdaypartyplease.放在動(dòng)詞原形前加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣⑤Idon'tknowwherehelives;nordoIcare.用于倒裝句(2)單句語(yǔ)法填空①(江蘇高考改編)“Neverforasecond，”theboysays,“didIdoubtthatmyfatherwouldetomyrescue.”②(重慶高考改編)—IspenttwoweeksinLondonlastsummer.—ThenyoumusthavevisitedtheBritishMuseumduringyourstay,didn'tyou?四、半助動(dòng)詞的用法半助動(dòng)詞指在功能上介于主要?jiǎng)釉~和助動(dòng)詞之間，本身帶有詞義的一類結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的半助動(dòng)詞有appearto,happento,turnoutto,wouldrather,beaboutto,bedueto,begoingto,belikelyto,beobligedto,besupposedto,bewillingto,have(got)to,hadbetter,seemto,beableto,getto,becertainto等。它們既能與主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞詞組，也可與基本助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞搭配充當(dāng)“主要?jiǎng)釉~”。①Tomwouldratherreadthantalk.②Jimpartedfromhisfriends,saying,“Ihavegottosubscribetothisarrangement.”③Thesebacteriaarelikelytomakecertainbodypartsswellup.＝Itislikelythatthesebacteriawillmakecertainbodypartsswellup.[即時(shí)演練5]寫出下列各句中加黑部分的漢語(yǔ)意思①Youarenotsupposedtoparkyourcarhere.應(yīng)該②Wehavetobecarefulwhendriving.必須③Myfatherusedtowalktowork.過(guò)去常常④Heislikelytowinthegame.很有可能五、其他助動(dòng)詞(will/shall,would/should)的用法用法例句will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。①IshallstudyharderatEnglish.②HewillgotoShanghai.would/should＋動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.[即時(shí)演練6](1)用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①(北京高考改編)—Whattimeisit?idea.Butnoidea.Butjustaminute,Iwill_check(check)itforyou.②(山東高考改編)Theymadeuptheirmindthattheywould_buy(buy)anewhouseonceLarrychangedjobs.(2)完成句子①他說(shuō)他第二天來(lái)。Hesaidhewould_ethenextday.②明天她要領(lǐng)著孩子們逛動(dòng)物園。Tomorrowshewill_take/show_her_childrenaroundthezoo.③我聽說(shuō)你要升職了。Iheardthatyouwould_get_a_promotion.Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．Hewill_start/is_starting(start)theworkinafewminutes.2．Ifitdoesn't_rain(notrain)tomorrow,thesportsmeetingwilltakeplace.3．Hedid(do)etovisitusyesterdayashehadpromised.4．Ifyoupromisetoreturnitontime,youshall_get(get)one.5．Look!Theraceisaboutto_start(start)．6．Manytallbuildingswill_be_built(build)inmytownnextyear.7．Wouldyouliketoanswermyquestion?8．Ihave_been_washing(wash)clothesallthismorning.9．Whenhewasatcollege,hewould_go(go)totheconcertonceaweek.10．You'resupposedto_make(make)anappointmentwiththeeducator.Ⅱ.完成句子1．當(dāng)處于困境時(shí)，他沒(méi)有向別人求助。Hedidn't_turn_to_otherswhenintrouble.2．當(dāng)你去國(guó)外的時(shí)候一定要與我們保持通信。Do_correspond_with_uswhenyougoabroad.3．由于貧窮，他很可能會(huì)退學(xué)。Hewill_be_likely_to_drop_outbecauseofpoverty.4．我想知道他究竟應(yīng)該做什么。Iwonderwhatonearthhe_is_supposed_to_do.5．我們過(guò)去時(shí)常見面，但是自從他出國(guó)以后我就沒(méi)有收到過(guò)他的來(lái)信。Weused_to_see_each_other_regularly,_butIhaven'theardfromhimsincehewentabroad.6．自那以來(lái)我們一直教英語(yǔ)。Wehave_been_teaching_Englishsincethen.7．這本書是由一位著名的作家寫的。Thebookwas_writtenbyafamouswriter.8．會(huì)議明天一早舉行。Themeetingis_to_take_placeearlytomorrow.9．音樂(lè)會(huì)已經(jīng)推遲到下周五。Theconcerthas_been_put_offuntilnextFriday.10．昨天，我到家時(shí)，弟弟正在玩電腦游戲。Mybrotherwas_playing_puter_gameswhenIgothomeyesterday.Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)Ourclassrecentlywentontheschooltriptoanadventurecentre.Itislocatingnottoofarawayfromtheschool.Itonlytookustwohoursgettherebybus.Thereweretwentyofourselvesandwespendfivedaysthereonasailingcourse.Theactivitiesweregoodorganisedbutsafetystandardswerehigh.Weenjoyedthecoursesalthoughtheweatherwasbad.Eachstudentwasgivenalotofpersonalattention,whohelpedthemtodeveloptheirconfidence.Ibelievethiscoursewasgoodforallthestudents,andIthinktheschoolshouldorganiseamoresimilartripnextyear.答案：第一句：the→a第二句：locating→located第三句：get前加to第四句：ourselves→us;spend→spent第五句：good→well;but→and第六句：courses→course第七句：who→which第八句：去掉more一、基本結(jié)構(gòu)圖表類作文屬于半開放式作文的寫作范疇，題目往往要求我們根據(jù)要求將圖表信息以文字的形式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。圖表類作文一般至少包含描述圖表所示內(nèi)容和解釋原因兩個(gè)部分。其寫作規(guī)律性較強(qiáng)，故有一定的模式可循。圖表類作文主要有兩類：表格式和圖形式。寫作思路如下：1．首段。不管是表格式(table)還是圖形式(chart)，文章的第一段都需要對(duì)所示信息進(jìn)行描述。描述時(shí)，認(rèn)真閱讀圖表提供的信息以及每一欄上面的小標(biāo)題，弄清設(shè)題者想通過(guò)圖表來(lái)反映的信息、問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象。長(zhǎng)度要適中。2．主體段落主體段落是呈現(xiàn)圖表信息的段落，也是最終實(shí)現(xiàn)圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的段落。寫主體段落時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)圈定所要轉(zhuǎn)述的信息時(shí)，要在題目的具體要求下進(jìn)行，還要對(duì)信息進(jìn)行明確的分類。(2)重組信息時(shí)，要注意根據(jù)題目要求去確定信息表述的詳略，重要的信息要詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，一般了解性信息一筆帶過(guò)即可。(3)對(duì)所給信息的轉(zhuǎn)述要使用不同的表達(dá)方法，反映在文章中也就是要使用不同的詞、詞組、句型等。3．末段末段通常用于深化主題，對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)，發(fā)表個(gè)人看法。寫此段時(shí)要注意結(jié)論的客觀性、看法的合理性，不可妄加評(píng)斷。二、增分佳句1．Asisshowninthegraph,peoplebuyfewershoesasthepriceofshoesgoesup.如圖所示，隨著鞋價(jià)升高，人們就購(gòu)買較少的鞋子。2．Fromthechartwecanseethatonly10%ofthetimeistakenupwithsportsactivities.從圖表中我們看出僅有10%的時(shí)間被用在體育活動(dòng)上。3．Thelatestsurveysindicatethatquiteafewchildrenhaveunpleasantassociationswithhomework.最新調(diào)查表明：相當(dāng)多的孩子不樂(lè)意做作業(yè)。4．Whenitestoprofession,moreboyswillchooselawyers.當(dāng)談及職業(yè)時(shí)，更多的男孩將選擇做律師。5．ReadingtheunhealthyinformationontheInternetwilldogreatharmtothem.看網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的有害信息將對(duì)他們?cè)斐蓸O大的傷害。6．IhopeeverystudentcanmakeuseoftheInternetproperlyfortheirstudiesandhealth.我希望為了學(xué)習(xí)和健康，每個(gè)學(xué)生都能適當(dāng)?shù)乩镁W(wǎng)絡(luò)。7．Inconclusion,weshouldsparenoefforttobeautifyourenvironment.總之，我們應(yīng)不遺余力來(lái)美化環(huán)境。8．Basedonthedescriptionabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthattoprotecttheenvironmentaroundusistosaveourselves.基于以上所述，我們能得出結(jié)論：保護(hù)我們周圍的環(huán)境就是拯救我們自己。[題目要求]近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)學(xué)生選擇出國(guó)留學(xué)，這些留學(xué)生在國(guó)外的表現(xiàn)如何？哪些方面對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是最難適應(yīng)的？某大學(xué)做了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，結(jié)果如圖所示。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下圖，向某報(bào)社投稿，描述這一現(xiàn)象并發(fā)表自己的看法。注意：詞數(shù)100左右，文章開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。參考詞匯：社會(huì)文化適應(yīng)socialacculturation人際溝通interpersonalmunicationperformance.___________________sarechoosingtogoabroadtostudyeveryyear.But,sothrillinganexperienceasitis,adjustingtothecultureofaforeigncountrycanalsobeachallenge,whichmayinfluencetheiracademicperformance.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第一步：審題構(gòu)思很關(guān)鍵一、審題1．確定體裁：本文為圖表類作文。2．確定人稱：本文主要人稱為第三人稱。3．確定時(shí)態(tài)：本文主要使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、構(gòu)思第一段：調(diào)查內(nèi)容；第二段：圖表信息；第三段：針對(duì)圖表反映的問(wèn)題，提出建議。第二步：核心詞匯想周全1．have_little_trouble_(in)_doing_sth.做某事沒(méi)困難2．a(chǎn)dapt_oneself_to專注于3．obstacle障礙4．get_used_to習(xí)慣于5．munity_services_and_activities社區(qū)服務(wù)活動(dòng)第三步：由詞擴(kuò)句雛形現(xiàn)1．可清楚地看到，大多數(shù)中國(guó)留學(xué)生適應(yīng)日常生活沒(méi)困難。It_can_be_seen_clearly_thatmostChineseoverseasstudentshave_little_trouble_adjusting_todailyroutines.2．他們大多數(shù)認(rèn)為人際溝通是個(gè)大問(wèn)題，得分最低。Mostofthemfind_interpersonal_munication_a_big_problemandthescoreofitisthelowest.3．對(duì)于中國(guó)留學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)最大的挑戰(zhàn)是與當(dāng)?shù)氐纳缃蝗ψ尤谇⑾嗵?。ThebiggestchallengeforChineseoverseasstudentsisto_fit_into_local_social_circles.4．建議留學(xué)生多參加社區(qū)服務(wù)活動(dòng)，這樣會(huì)有助于他們快速習(xí)慣于國(guó)外的生活。Itissuggestedthatoverseasstudentstake_part_in_more_munity_services_and_activities,_anditcanhelpthemget_used_to_the_lifeinaforeigncountrymorequickly.第四步：句式升級(jí)造亮點(diǎn)1．用as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句改寫句1As_can_be_seen_clearly,_most_Chinese_overseas_students_have_little_trouble_adjusting_to_daily_routines.2．用the＋n.＋ofwhich改寫句2Most_of_them_find_interpersonal_munication_a_big_problem,_the_score_of_which_is_the_lowest.3．用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)改寫句4It_is_suggested_that_overseas_students_take_part_in_more_munity_servic