高一英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法講解與練習(xí)一、定語(yǔ)從句（AttributiveClauses）定語(yǔ)從句通過(guò)修飾名詞或代詞（先行詞）豐富句意，分為限制性（與先行詞緊密關(guān)聯(lián)，省略影響表意）和非限制性（補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，省略不影響核心意思，常用逗號(hào)分隔）兩類。1.關(guān)系詞的用法（1）關(guān)系代詞（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)）that：指人/物，作主語(yǔ)（從句謂語(yǔ)隨先行詞單復(fù)數(shù)）、賓語(yǔ)（可省略）。例：Thebook*that*Iboughtyesterdayisinteresting.（指物，作賓語(yǔ)，可省略）；Thegirl*that*isstandingthereismysister.（指人，作主語(yǔ)，不可省略）。which：僅指物，作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)可省略），非限制性從句中只能用*which*。例：Thehouse*which*isneartheriverismine.（作主語(yǔ)）；Thefilm*which*wesawlastnightwaswonderful.（作賓語(yǔ)，可省略）。who/whom：指人，*who*作主語(yǔ)，*whom*作賓語(yǔ)（可省略，口語(yǔ)常用*who*代替）。例：Theman*who*helpedmeisateacher.（作主語(yǔ)）；Theboy*whom*youmetismycousin.（作賓語(yǔ)，可省略為*Theboyyoumet...*）。whose：指人/物，作定語(yǔ)表所屬。例：Thegirl*whose*hairislongisfromChina.（指人）；Thehouse*whose*windowisbrokenneedsrepairing.（指物）。（2）關(guān)系副詞（作狀語(yǔ)）when：先行詞為時(shí)間名詞（*time/day/year*等），表時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例：Istillremembertheday*when*Ifirstcametoschool.（=*onwhich*）。where：先行詞為地點(diǎn)名詞（*place/city/room*等），表地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例：Thisistheschool*where*Istudied.（=*inwhich*）。why：先行詞為*reason*，表原因狀語(yǔ)。例：Thereason*why*hewaslateisclear.（=*forwhich*）。2.注意事項(xiàng)介詞+關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可提前（指物用*which*，指人用*whom*，且代詞不可省略）。例：Theroom*inwhich*helivesissmall.（=*Theroomwhichhelivesin...*）。that與which的區(qū)別：先行詞為*all/little/much/none/everything*等不定代詞，或被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞、*theonly/thevery*修飾時(shí)，用*that*。例：Thisisthebestbook*that*I'veeverread.；All*that*glittersisnotgold.非限制性從句：不可用*that*，指物用*which*，指人用*who/whom*，從句與主句間用逗號(hào)。例：Myfather,*who*isadoctor,worksinabighospital.3.練習(xí)（1）用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：①Theman______istalkingtomyteacherismyfather.②Thehouse______weliveinisveryold.③Istillremembertheday______Ifirstmether.④Thereason______hewasabsentisunknown.⑤Thebook______coverisblueismine.（2）判斷正誤（錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)改正）：①Thegirlthatwemetheryesterdayisourmonitor.②ThisistheschoolwhereIstudiedin.③Hehasafriendwho'sfatherisadoctor.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（PresentPerfectTense）強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響”或“從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)”，結(jié)構(gòu)為have/has+過(guò)去分詞（主語(yǔ)為三單時(shí)用*has*，其余用*have*）。1.核心用法（1）影響性用法動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，結(jié)果/影響延續(xù)至今，常與*already（已，肯定句）、yet（還，否定/疑問(wèn)句）、just（剛剛）、ever（曾經(jīng)）、never（從未）*連用。例：I*havealreadyfinished*myhomework.（現(xiàn)在無(wú)需再做）；Haveyou*everbeen*toBeijing?（詢問(wèn)現(xiàn)在是否去過(guò)）。（2）持續(xù)性用法動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（可能繼續(xù)），常與“*for+時(shí)間段*”“*since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/從句（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）*”連用。例：I*havelived*here*fortenyears*./I*havelived*here*since2010*./I*havelived*here*sinceIcametothiscity*.2.與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)僅描述過(guò)去動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)（不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響）；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)突出“過(guò)去→現(xiàn)在”的關(guān)聯(lián)。例：I*saw*thefilmyesterday.（僅說(shuō)明昨天看了電影）I*haveseen*thefilm.（強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在知道電影內(nèi)容）3.練習(xí)（1）用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空（*have/has+過(guò)去分詞*）：①She______(finish)herwork,soshecangooutnow.②They______(notsee)eachotherforalongtime.③______youever______(be)totheGreatWall?④He______(justleave)theroom.⑤I______(live)inthiscitysinceIwasborn.（2）翻譯句子：①我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了。_____________________②他從2015年就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。_____________________③你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)上海嗎？_____________________三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（PassiveVoice）主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)用被動(dòng)，結(jié)構(gòu)為be+過(guò)去分詞（*be*隨時(shí)態(tài)、主語(yǔ)變化）。1.常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：*am/is/are+過(guò)去分詞*例：English*isspoken*allovertheworld.一般過(guò)去時(shí)：*was/were+過(guò)去分詞*例：Thebridge*wasbuilt*lastyear.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：*have/hasbeen+過(guò)去分詞*例：Thework*hasbeenfinished*already.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：*情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞*例：Theproblem*canbesolved*easily.2.用法場(chǎng)景不知道動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，或執(zhí)行者不重要時(shí)：例：Thewindow*wasbroken*yesterday.（不知誰(shuí)打破的）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)：例：*Manytrees*areplantedeveryyear.（強(qiáng)調(diào)“樹(shù)”被種植）3.注意事項(xiàng)不及物動(dòng)詞（*happen/takeplace/rise/die*等）無(wú)被動(dòng)（無(wú)“承受者”）。例：Greatchanges*havetakenplace*inChina.（不可說(shuō)*Greatchangeshavebeentakenplace...*）主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：*need/want/require*后接動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于“*tobe+過(guò)去分詞*”。例：Thebike*needsrepairing*(=*needstoberepaired*).感官/使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)：主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“*see/hear/makesb.dosth.*”變被動(dòng)時(shí)加*to*，即“*sb.beseen/heard/madetodosth.*”。例：He*wasmadetowork*12hoursaday.（主動(dòng)：*Theymadehimwork...*）4.練習(xí)（1）將主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句：①Weplanttreeseveryyear.→Trees____________byuseveryyear.②Hefinishedtheworkyesterday.→Thework____________byhimyesterday.③Theyhavebuiltanewschool.→Anewschool__________________bythem.④Theteacheroftentellsusstories.→We______often______storiesbytheteacher.（2）選擇正確選項(xiàng)：①Thebook______byafamouswriter.(A.writesB.iswrittenC.wrote)②Theproblem______yet.(A.isn'tsolvedB.hasn'tsolvedC.hasn'tbeensolved)③Yourhair______.Itlooksnice.(A.hascutB.hasbeencutC.cut)四、狀語(yǔ)從句（AdverbialClauses）通過(guò)從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的時(shí)間、條件、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較等。1.分類與引導(dǎo)詞（1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：*when（短暫/延續(xù)）、while（僅延續(xù)，從句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)）、as（一邊…一邊…）、before、after、until（直到…；not...until...直到…才）、assoonas（一…就）、since（自從…，主句常用完成時(shí)）*。例：WhenIgothome,mymother*wascooking*./WhileI*wasreading*,hecamein./IhavelivedheresinceI*came*here.（2）條件狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：*if（如果）、unless（除非=if...not）、aslongas（只要）*。例：Ifitrainstomorrow,we'llstayathome./Youwon'tpasstheexamunlessyouworkhard.（3）原因狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：*because（直接原因，回答why）、since（已知原因）、as（語(yǔ)氣弱）、for（補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，放句中）*。例：IwaslatebecauseImissedthebus./Sinceyouarehere,let'sstart./Asit'sraining,wecan'tgoout./Hemustbeill,forhelookspale.（4）目的/結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句目的：*sothat（以便，加can/could）、inorderthat（正式）*例：Heworkshardsothathecanpasstheexam.結(jié)果：*so...that（so后接adj./adv.）、such...that（such后接名詞短語(yǔ)）*例：Heissocleverthathecansolvetheproblem./It'ssuchanicedaythatwewanttogoout.（5）讓步/比較狀語(yǔ)從句讓步：*though/although（不可與but連用，可與yet/still連用）、evenif/though（即使）*例：Althoughitrained,westillwentout.比較：*than（比）、as...as（和…一樣）、notas/so...as（不如…）*例：HeistallerthanI(am)./Sherunsasfastasme.2.注意事項(xiàng)though/although與but：二者不可同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，但可與*yet/still*連用。例：Thoughheisyoung,(yet)heknowsalot.（正確）；Thoughheisyoung,butheknowsalot.（錯(cuò)誤）。so...that與such...that：*so*后接形容詞/副詞，*such*后接名詞短語(yǔ)；若名詞前有*many/much/few/little（表數(shù)量）*修飾，用*so*。例：Hehassomanybooksthathecan'treadthemall.（*many*修飾*books*，用*so*）；It'ssuchaheavyboxthatIcan'tcarryit.（*aheavybox*是名詞短語(yǔ)，用*such*）。例：Iwaiteduntilhecame.（*wait*是延續(xù)性，等到他來(lái)）；Ididn'tleaveuntilhecame.（*leave*是短暫性，直到他來(lái)我才離開(kāi)）。3.練習(xí)（1）選擇合適的引導(dǎo)詞填空：①______hewasill,hestillwenttoschool.(Though/But)②I'llcallyou______IarriveinBeijing.(assoonas/until)③______youstudyhard,you'llpasstheexam.(If/Unless)④Heis______agoodstudent______wealllikehim.(such...that/so...that)⑤Ihavelivedhere______Iwasborn.(since/for)（2）翻譯句子：①他跑得如此之快，以至于我追不上他。_____________________②除非你努力，否則你不會(huì)成功。_____________________③自從我來(lái)到這里，我就交了很多朋友。_____________________五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（Non-FiniteVerbs）不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式，高一重點(diǎn)掌握不定式（todo）和動(dòng)名詞（doing）。1.不定式（todo）作主語(yǔ)：常用*it*作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式后置。例：*TolearnEnglishwell*isimportant.=Itisimportant*tolearnEnglishwell*.作賓語(yǔ)：跟在*want/decide/hope/wish/agree/plan*等動(dòng)詞后。例：Iwant*togo*toschool.；Hedecided*totravel*alone.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：跟在*ask/tell/want/invite/allow*等動(dòng)詞后，構(gòu)成“*動(dòng)詞+sb.+todo*”。例：Theteacheraskedus*toread*aloud.作定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞，表“要做的事”，常后置。例：Ihavealotofhomework*todo*.作狀語(yǔ)：表目的、原因、結(jié)果等。例：Hecamehere*tosee*hisfriend.（目的）；I'mglad*tomeet*you.（原因）；Heistooyoung*togo*toschool.（結(jié)果）。2.動(dòng)名詞（doing）作主語(yǔ)：直接作主語(yǔ)，或用*it*作形式主語(yǔ)（較少見(jiàn)）。例：*Reading*isfun.；It'snouse*crying*overspiltmilk.作賓語(yǔ)：跟在*enjoy/mind/practice/finish/suggest/keep/avoid*等動(dòng)詞后，或介詞后。例：Ienjoy*reading*books.；Heisgoodat*playing*basketball.；Wearelookingforwardto*meeting*you.作表語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，與主語(yǔ)是對(duì)等關(guān)系。例：Myhobbyis*collectingstamps*.作定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞，表“用途”，常前置。例：a*swimming*pool（游泳池）；a*reading*room（閱覽室）。3.練習(xí)（1）用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式（不定式或動(dòng)名詞）填空：①I(mǎi)want______(go)tothepark.②Heenjoys______(play)football.③It'stime______(have)lunch.④Sheisgoodat______(sing).⑤Theteachertoldus______(notbe)late.（2）翻譯句子：①學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)很重要。_____________________②我喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。_____________________③他計(jì)劃去北京。_____________________---練習(xí)答案（供參考）一、定語(yǔ)從句（1）①who/that②that/which③when④why⑤whose（2）①錯(cuò)誤，