2025年CFA二級財務(wù)報表真題考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______SectionA:MultipleChoiceQuestions1.Acompanyacquired80%ofthevotingsharesofCompanyBonJanuary1,2023,for$8million.ThefairvalueofCompanyB'snetassetsatacquisitionwas$9million.OnDecember31,2023,CompanyAdeterminesthattheimpliedfairvalueofthe20%noncontrollinginterestinCompanyBis$2million,representinga10%increasefromitscarryingamountinCompanyA'sconsolidatedbalancesheetasofJanuary1,2023.Assumingnootherchanges,theamountofgoodwillrecognizedbyCompanyAontheacquisitiondate(January1,2023)isclosestto:a)$0millionb)$1millionc)$2milliond)$3million2.UnderU.S.GAAP,whenacompanychangesitsestimateoftheusefullifeofadepreciableassetfrom10yearsto15years(withnochangeinresidualvalue),theeffectofthischangeonthecurrentperiod'sincomeis:a)Anincreaseb)Adecreasec)Noeffectd)Anincreaseordecrease,dependingonthecarryingamountoftheasset3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepreparationofconsolidatedfinancialstatementsismostaccurate?a)Theconsolidationprocessbeginswiththepreparationoftheparentcompany'sstandalonefinancialstatements.b)Intercompanyreceivablesandpayablesmustalwaysbeeliminatedintheconsolidation工作底稿.c)Thework紙forconsolidationtypicallyincludesonlyadjustmentsandeliminationsnecessarytotransitionfromstandalonetoconsolidatedstatements.d)Noncontrollinginterestintheconsolidatedincomestatementrepresentstheportionofnetincomeattributabletothenoncontrollinginterest.4.Acompanyentersintoafive-yearcontractonJanuary1,2024,toprovidesoftwareinstallationservicesforaclient.Thetotalcontractpriceis$1million,receivedupfront.Thecompanyexpectstoperformtheservicesevenlythroughoutthetermofthecontract.UnderASC606,theamountofrevenuerecognizedbythecompanyin2024isclosestto:a)$0millionb)$200,000c)$500,000d)$1,000,0005.Whichofthefollowingisgenerallyconsideredacashflowfrominvestingactivities?a)Paymentofinterestonabankloanb)Proceedsfromissuingcommonstockc)Purchaseofproperty,plant,andequipmentd)Paymentofdividendstoshareholders6.Acompanyreportsnetincomeof$500,000fortheyear.Ithaddepreciationexpenseof$100,000andanincreaseinaccountsreceivableof$50,000duringtheyear.Assumingnootherchanges,thecashflowfromoperatingactivitiesreportedonthestatementofcashflows,usingtheindirectmethod,isclosestto:a)$350,000b)$450,000c)$550,000d)$650,0007.Acompanyusesthestraight-linemethodtodepreciateitsmachinery.During2024,itsoldmachinerywithabookvalueof$80,000(originalcost$200,000,accumulateddepreciation$120,000).Thegainorlossonthesalereportedintheincomestatementisclosestto:a)$0b)$20,000gainc)$20,000lossd)$40,000gain8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatementofcashflowsismostaccurate?a)Thestatementofcashflowsreconcilesnetincometonetcashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesonly.b)Adecreaseinaccountspayableduringtheperiodissubtractedfromnetincomewhenusingtheindirectmethodtodeterminecashflowfromoperatingactivities.c)Cashpaidforthepurchaseofinvestmentsisreportedinthefinancingactivitiessectionofthestatementofcashflows.d)Thecashflowfrominvestingactivitiessectiontypicallyshowsnegativecashflowsformostcompanies.9.Acompanyacquired100%oftheassetsandliabilitiesofanothercompanyonJanuary1,2024,inapurchaseacquisition.Thepurchasepricewas$12million.Thefairvalueoftheacquiredcompany'snetassetswas$10million.Theamountofgoodwillrecognizedbytheacquiringcompanyontheacquisitiondateis:a)$0millionb)$2millionc)$10milliond)$12million10.UnderASC606,whenacompanyentersintoacontractwithsignificantfinancingcomponents(e.g.,customerpaymentsaremadeoveralongperiodwithsignificantinterest),thetransactionpriceshouldbeadjustedtoreflect:a)Thefairvalueoftheconsiderationreceived.b)Thestand-alonesellingpricesofthegoodsorservices.c)Thepresentvalueoftheconsiderationtobereceived.d)Thecostincurredbythecustomertoobtaintheproductorservice.11.Acompanyhasadefinedbenefitpensionplan.Theplan'sprojectedbenefitobligation(PBO)attheendoftheyearincreasedby$500,000,whiletheplan'saccumulatedplanassetsincreasedby$300,000.Thecompanyalsorecordedapensionexpenseof$200,000fortheyear.Thepensionliability(ordeficit)attheendoftheyear,comparedtothebeginningoftheyear,isclosestto:a)Anincreaseof$0b)Anincreaseof$200,000c)Anincreaseof$300,000d)Anincreaseof$500,00012.Whichofthefollowingisgenerallyconsideredacashflowfromfinancingactivities?a)Proceedsfromissuingbondspayableb)Paymentforthepurchaseofinventoryc)Cashreceivedfromcustomersforsalesd)Paymentofsalariesandwages13.Acompanychangesitsaccountingpolicyfromthestraight-linemethodtotheunits-of-productionmethodfordepreciationonmachinery.Thischangeis:a)Alwaysconsideredachangeinaccountingestimate.b)Alwaysconsideredachangeinaccountingprinciple.c)Recognizedprospectivelyonlyifitprovidesreliablefinancialinformation.d)Recognizedretrospectivelyifitprovidesreliablefinancialinformation.14.Acompanyhasaccountsreceivableof$1millionatthebeginningoftheyearand$1.2millionattheendoftheyear.Salesonaccountduringtheyearwere$800,000.Thecashcollectedfromcustomersduringtheyearisclosestto:a)$0.8millionb)$1millionc)$1.2milliond)$1.8million15.Whenanalyzingacompany'sfinancialstatements,adecreaseintheaccountsreceivableturnoverratio,allelsebeingequal,suggests:a)Improvedefficiencyincollectingreceivables.b)Fastersalesgrowthcomparedtotheincreaseinaccountsreceivable.c)Slowercollectionsfromcustomers,potentiallyleadingtohigherbaddebtexpense.d)Anincreaseinsalesdiscountsbeingofferedtocustomers.SectionB:EssayQuestions16.DescribethekeyrequirementsofASC606regardingtheidentificationandderecognitionofacontractwithacustomer.ProvideexamplesofsituationswhereacontractmightnotmeetthecriteriaforbeingincludedwithinthescopeofASC606.17.Explaintheprocessofpreparingconsolidatedfinancialstatementsforaparentcompanyanditssubsidiary.Discussthemajoradjustmentsandeliminationstypicallyrequired,andexplaintherationalebehindeliminatingintercompanytransactionsandbalances.Includeinyouranswerthetreatmentofnoncontrollinginterestintheconsolidatedfinancialstatements.18.Acompanyusesthedirectmethodtoprepareitsstatementofcashflows.Explainthemajorclassesofcashreceiptsandcashpaymentsreportedintheoperatingactivitiessection.Describehowdepreciationexpenseandchangesinoperatingassetsandliabilitiesareincorporatedintothecashflowstatementpreparedusingthedirectmethod.Compareandcontrastthedirectandindirectmethodsforpreparingtheoperatingactivitiessection.19.DescribetherequirementsofU.S.GAAPforthedisclosureofaccountingpoliciesinthefinancialstatements.Discusstheimportanceofthesedisclosuresforfinancialstatementusers.Provideexamplesofspecificaccountingpoliciesthatmustbedisclosed,includingthoserelatedtorevenuerecognition,depreciation,inventoryvaluation,andfinancialinstruments.20.Acompanyisevaluatingthefinancialperformanceofapotentialacquisitiontarget.Discussthekeyfinancialstatementanalysistechniquesthatthecompanyshouldemploy.Explainhowratioanalysis,trendanalysis,andcommon-sizeanalysiscanbeusedtoassessthetarget'sprofitability,liquidity,solvency,andoperationalefficiency.Discusstheimportanceofcomparingtheseratiostoindustrybenchmarksandthetarget'sownhistoricalperformance.試卷答案SectionA:MultipleChoiceQuestions1.b解析思路:合并報表中確認(rèn)商譽=收購價-收購日收購方可辨認(rèn)凈資產(chǎn)公允價值份額。收購價8百萬，收購日B公司凈資產(chǎn)公允價值9百萬，則80%份額為7.2百萬。商譽=8百萬-7.2百萬=0.8百萬。題目描述中“非控制性權(quán)益在年末的公允價值為2百萬，代表其賬面價值增加了10%”，意味著年初賬面價值為1.8百萬。這1.8百萬是B公司整體凈資產(chǎn)的一部分，不影響A公司當(dāng)初確認(rèn)的商譽。因此，A公司確認(rèn)的商譽就是8百萬減去按公允價值計算的B公司凈資產(chǎn)份額（7.2百萬），即0.8百萬。選項中closestto0.8million的是1million。2.c解析思路:會計估計變更采用未來適用法。將固定資產(chǎn)使用年限從10年變更為15年，意味著未來每年計提的折舊金額會減少。折舊減少，利潤增加。這是對當(dāng)期及未來期間利潤的影響，但變更本身發(fā)生在當(dāng)期，對當(dāng)期凈利潤的直接影響是增加了折舊費用的減少額，體現(xiàn)在利潤表上就是凈利潤的增加。因此，答案是“Anincrease”。3.b解析思路:選項a錯誤，合并報表工作底稿通常先編制各公司的獨立報表。選項c錯誤，合并工作底稿需要包含調(diào)整分錄（如內(nèi)部未實現(xiàn)利潤、存貨跌價準(zhǔn)備等）和抵銷分錄。選項d錯誤，非控制性權(quán)益在合并利潤表中的體現(xiàn)是“凈利潤歸屬于非控制性權(quán)益的份額”，而不是“凈收入”。選項b正確，只要是內(nèi)部交易（如內(nèi)部銷售、內(nèi)部債權(quán)債務(wù)）產(chǎn)生的損益或所有者權(quán)益，在合并報表中都必須完全抵銷，以消除其對合并報表的虛增影響。4.b解析思路:根據(jù)ASC606收入確認(rèn)原則，應(yīng)在履約義務(wù)履行時確認(rèn)收入。該軟件安裝服務(wù)合同為期五年，預(yù)期均勻履行，表明每年履約比例約為20%。2024年應(yīng)確認(rèn)收入=合同總價格1百萬*履約進(jìn)度20%=0.2百萬=200,000美元。5.c解析思路:購買和處置長期資產(chǎn)（如廠房、設(shè)備、投資性房地產(chǎn)）屬于投資活動。選項a是經(jīng)營活動；選項b是融資活動；選項d是經(jīng)營活動。6.c解析思路:使用間接法編制經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流，從凈利潤開始，加回非現(xiàn)金費用（折舊100,000），然后減去經(jīng)營性資產(chǎn)的增加（應(yīng)收賬款增加50,000），所以：500,000+100,000-50,000=550,000美元。7.b解析思路:處置損失=處置收入-賬面價值。處置收入未知，但賬面價值為80,000美元。若為盈利，則收入>80,000。題目問“gainorloss”，選項b為20,000gain，意味著處置收入=80,000+20,000=100,000美元。這符合盈利情況。若為損失，則收入<80,000，選項c為20,000loss，意味著收入=80,000-20,000=60,000美元。這符合損失情況。兩者均可能。但根據(jù)計算，若為損失，損失額為20,000。若為盈利，盈利額為20,000。題目問“closestto”，b和c數(shù)值相同。在沒有更多信息判斷盈利或虧損的情況下，選擇其中一個即可。此處選擇b。*（注：嚴(yán)格來說，題目應(yīng)更明確）*8.b解析思路:間接法下，經(jīng)營性資產(chǎn)（如應(yīng)收賬款）的增加表示現(xiàn)金的減少，因此應(yīng)從凈利潤中減去。選項a錯誤，間接法也要調(diào)整非經(jīng)營性項目。選項c錯誤，購買投資通常屬于投資活動。選項d錯誤，投資活動現(xiàn)金流量可能為正也可能為負(fù)，取決于購建或處置活動。9.b解析思路:商譽=收購價格-收購日被收購方可辨認(rèn)凈資產(chǎn)公允價值。收購價格12百萬，公允價值10百萬，商譽=12百萬-10百萬=2百萬。10.c解析思路:ASC606要求交易價格應(yīng)反映客戶為獲取商品或服務(wù)而付出的對價的公允價值。當(dāng)存在顯著融資成分時，客戶的實際支付成本（即考慮時間價值后的現(xiàn)值）可能與其名義支付額（合同價格）有顯著差異。因此，需要將合同價格調(diào)整為現(xiàn)值，以更準(zhǔn)確地反映交易價格。11.b解析思路:職工福利計劃（如養(yǎng)老金）的財務(wù)狀況可以通過比較PBO和PlanAssets來衡量。PBO增加500,000，PA增加300,000，表明計劃資產(chǎn)增長不足以覆蓋負(fù)債增長。養(yǎng)老金費用200,000是當(dāng)期確認(rèn)的成本。通常，PBO的變動（增加）會直接導(dǎo)致計劃負(fù)債的增加。因此，負(fù)債增加了PBO的增加額減去PA的增加額，即500,000-300,000=200,000。加上當(dāng)期費用200,000，總增加額為400,000。選項中最接近的是200,000。*（注：此解析基于簡化理解，實際計算可能更復(fù)雜，但此題可能意在考察基本概念）*12.a解析思路:發(fā)行債券是向債權(quán)人借入資金，屬于融資活動。選項b是經(jīng)營活動；選項c是經(jīng)營活動；選項d是經(jīng)營活動。13.b解析思路:改變固定資產(chǎn)的折舊方法（從直線到單位產(chǎn)量）屬于會計政策的變更，因為它改變了資產(chǎn)成本的系統(tǒng)分配方式。這種變更是為了提供更相關(guān)的財務(wù)信息，并且新方法在應(yīng)用上是可行的。根據(jù)U.S.GAAP，會計政策變更通常需要追溯應(yīng)用。14.b解析思路:現(xiàn)金收入=期初應(yīng)收賬款+本期銷售-期末應(yīng)收賬款。即：1,000,000+800,000-1,200,000=600,000美元。選項b1million最接近600,000。*（注：此題計算結(jié)果與選項不符，選項設(shè)置可能有誤。按公式計算應(yīng)為600,000）*15.c解析思路:應(yīng)收賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率=銷售收入/平均應(yīng)收賬款。周轉(zhuǎn)率下降，意味著分子（銷售收入）增長速度慢于分母（平均應(yīng)收賬款）的增長速度，或者銷售收入增長慢于現(xiàn)金回收速度。這通常表明公司回款變慢，客戶付款周期延長，可能導(dǎo)致壞賬風(fēng)險增加，是財務(wù)狀況惡化的信號。SectionB:EssayQuestions16.答案要點:*合同識別:ASC606要求識別合同需同時滿足三個條件：a)主體有權(quán)利獲得或消耗商品/服務(wù)；b)主體有權(quán)支付或結(jié)算對價；c)交易價格能被可靠計量。*合同確認(rèn):收到對價時，按合同對價總額確認(rèn)收入，并按履約義務(wù)的相對重要性分?jǐn)傊粮鲉雾椔募s義務(wù)。*收入確認(rèn):在履約義務(wù)履行時確認(rèn)收入。履約義務(wù)履行通常與某一時點或某一時段相關(guān)。時點履行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括控制權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移給客戶、客戶商業(yè)實質(zhì)接收商品/服務(wù)；時段履行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是按履約進(jìn)度確認(rèn)收入。*合同終止:當(dāng)控制權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移給客戶、客戶不再有權(quán)獲得商品/服務(wù)、公司不再有權(quán)收取對價等情況下終止確認(rèn)合同資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債。*不適用情況:旨在交易而不轉(zhuǎn)移商品/服務(wù)所有權(quán)的合同、對價未達(dá)商業(yè)實質(zhì)的合同、幾乎不包含履約義務(wù)的合同等不適用ASC606。*例子:電力公司按月收費的合同通常在當(dāng)月確認(rèn)收入（時段履行）。軟件許可合同在客戶獲得訪問權(quán)限時確認(rèn)收入（時點履行）。不適用例子：房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人傭金合同（旨在交易）。17.答案要點:*準(zhǔn)備過程:1)獲取母公司和子公司的獨立財務(wù)報表；2)編制合并工作底稿，進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)整（如內(nèi)部交易未實現(xiàn)利潤、存貨跌價、固定資產(chǎn)折舊差異等）和抵銷（如內(nèi)部往來、內(nèi)部投資、內(nèi)部利潤、非控制性權(quán)益等）；3)計算合并報表項目（資產(chǎn)、負(fù)債、權(quán)益、收入、費用）；4)編制合并財務(wù)報表（合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表、合并利潤表、合并現(xiàn)金流量表、合并所有者權(quán)益變動表及附注）。*主要調(diào)整與抵銷:*調(diào)整:調(diào)整子公司報表至合并口徑，如按公允價值重估子公司資產(chǎn)，確認(rèn)內(nèi)部交易未實現(xiàn)利潤，調(diào)整會計政策差異等。*抵銷:*母子公司內(nèi)部債權(quán)債務(wù)（應(yīng)收應(yīng)付、長短期借款等）。*母公司對子公司的長期股權(quán)投資與子公司所有者權(quán)益（股本、資本公積、留存收益等）。*內(nèi)部銷售收入與內(nèi)部銷售成本（及其相關(guān)存貨）。*內(nèi)部固定資產(chǎn)/存貨交易產(chǎn)生的未實現(xiàn)利潤。*母子公司之間發(fā)生的費用性交易（如內(nèi)部管理費分?jǐn)偅?非控制性權(quán)益(NCI):*在合并資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中，NCI作為權(quán)益的一部分列示在股東權(quán)益項下，金額為子公司凈資產(chǎn)（通常是按母公司會計政策調(diào)整后的凈資產(chǎn)）中歸屬于非控制性權(quán)益的比例。*在合并利潤表中，歸屬于NCI的凈利潤（或虧損）單獨列示，作為凈利潤的減項（如果NCI虧損）或加項（如果NCI盈利）。*在合并現(xiàn)金流量表中，歸屬于NCI的現(xiàn)金流量單獨列示。18.答案要點:*直接法現(xiàn)金流量:*現(xiàn)金收入:主要來自顧客的銷售商品、提供勞務(wù)收到的現(xiàn)金，以及利息收入等經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金收入。*現(xiàn)金支付:主要包括購買商品、接受勞務(wù)支付的現(xiàn)金（付給供應(yīng)商），支付給職工以及為職工支付的現(xiàn)金（工資、福利等），支付的稅費，支付的利息等經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金支出。*現(xiàn)金流量分類:經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量=現(xiàn)金收入-現(xiàn)金支付（經(jīng)營性）。投資活動現(xiàn)金流量（買入/賣出固定資產(chǎn)、投資等）。融資活動現(xiàn)金流量（借款/還款本金、發(fā)行/回購股票、支付股利等）。*