論文題目：目的論視角下《瘋狂動物城》字幕中譯策略研究

目的論視角下《瘋狂動物城》字幕中譯策略研究摘要隨著社會各產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，我國和各國之間的文化交流也日益頻繁，為人們學習國外文化提供了便利條件，影視就是其中不可忽視的重要因素。越來越多優(yōu)秀的外國影視作品涌入中國，為廣大中國觀眾所喜愛，字幕翻譯研究的必要性也隨著出現(xiàn)。目的論強調(diào)翻譯的目的性，連貫性和忠實性，既考慮受眾又注重源語，可為字幕翻譯研究提供指導(dǎo)。《瘋狂動物城》是美國2016年迪士尼出品的一部3D冒險喜劇電影，曾榮獲第89屆奧斯卡金像獎最佳動畫長片獎，并且有很好的口碑。該片中文字幕表達順暢，字幕翻譯的策略與效果極佳。本論文旨在以《瘋狂動物城》為對象，從目的論視角出發(fā)，分析其字幕中譯的特點并歸納出字幕中譯的一些策略和原則，以期為以后的影視字幕翻譯提供借鑒，讓觀眾可以通過影片和字幕的結(jié)合，接受到最真實的信息，同時讓人們更加重視字幕翻譯的必要性。分析表明，《瘋狂動物城》字幕在遵循目的論三原則的前提下，采用了歸化、轉(zhuǎn)換、四字格、增譯、省譯、拆句、音譯和直譯等翻譯策略。關(guān)鍵詞：目的論瘋狂動物城中譯策略

AStudyonTranslationStrategiesinZootopiaFromSkoposTheoryAbstractWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofallaspectsofsociety,culturalexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountriesarebecomingmoreandmorefrequent,makingiteasiertounderstandforeigncultures.Moviesandtelevisionareimportantfactorsthatcannotbeignored.MoreandmoreexcellentforeignfilmsandtelevisionworkshavepouredintoChinaandarelovedbytheChinesepublic.Thereisalsoaneedforsubtitletranslationresearch.Skopostheoryemphasizesthepurpose,coherenceandfaithfulnessoftranslation.Ittakesintoaccountthepublicandthesourcelanguage,andcanprovideguidanceforthestudyofsubtitletranslation.Zootopiaisa3DadventuremovieproducedbyDisneyin2016.Itwonthe89thAcademyAwardforBestAnimatedFeatureFilmandenjoyedagoodreputation.TheChinesesubtitlesofthismovieareexpressedsmoothly,andthestrategiesandeffectsofsubtitletranslationareverygood.ThepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzethecharacteristicsofsubtitletranslationfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheoryandsummarizesomestrategiesandprinciplesofsubtitletranslationsoastoprovidereferenceforfuturesubtitletranslation,enablethepublictoobtainthemostrealinformationthroughthecombinationofmoviesandsubtitles,andcallmoreattentiontothestudyofsubtitletranslation.TheanalysisshowsthatthesubtitletranslationinZootopiafollowsthethreeprinciplesofSkopostheoryandsuchtranslationstrategiesasdomestication,conversion,useoffour-characteridioms,amplification,omission,sentencedivision,transliterationandliteraltranslationareadopted.Keywords:Skopostheory;Zootopia;translationstrategy

ContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u22980Introduction IntroductionResearchonthetranslationofsubtitleshasundoubtedlybeenaccompaniedbytheinternationalizationofthefilmsandtelevisioncultureindustry.Atpresent,subtitletranslationisdevelopingasanemergingindustry,andtheimplementationofanymeasurerequirestheoreticalguidance.Thetranslationstrategiesandprinciplesproposedinthesubtitletranslationstudyprovideasoundtheoreticalbasisandguaranteeforthedevelopmentofthesubtitletranslationindustry.However,sincesubtitletranslationisonlyanareaofresearchinitsinfancy,researchinthisfieldisincompleteandthestandardsarenotuniform.Andithasagreatrelationwiththediversityoffilmsandtelevisionworksthemselves.Thefilmsandtelevisionworksreflectthecurrentsocialsituation.Asthelifestylechanges,thecontentandlanguageofthefilmsandtelevisionworkschange,too.Therefore,thereisaneedtoconstantlydevelopandimproveresearchonthetranslationofsubtitles.Inthe1970s,theGermanscholarVermeerpresentedSkopostheory.Vermeerbelievesthattranslationstudiescannotrelysolelyonlinguistics.Therearetwomainreasonsforthis:First,translationisnotonlyorevenmainlyalinguisticprocess;Second,linguisticshasnotyetraisedtheissueoftranslationdifficulties.Therefore,onthebasisofthetheoryofaction,heputsforwardtheSkopostheoryoftranslation.Itsbasicconceptisthatthemostimportantfactorinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeofoveralltranslationbehavior.Vermeerliberatedtranslationstudiesfromthechainsoforigin-centeredtheoryandfeltthattranslationshouldfollowasetofprinciples,namely,theprincipleofpurpose,theprincipleofcoherenceandtheprincipleoffaithfulness.Amongthem,theprincipleofpurposeisthefirst.Thatis,“anyactoftranslationisdeterminedbythepurposeofthetranslation.Thatis,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthemeansoftranslation.”Translationisnotaprocessoftranscoding,butaconcreteformofhumanaction.Eachactionhasapurpose,sothetranslationisalsodominatedbypurpose.InthearticleSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofSkoposTheory,LiXuanandWangLingpointoutthatfromGermanfunctionalismSkopostheory’spointofviewandtakingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofsubtitletranslation,subtitletranslatorsshouldfollowtheprincipleofSkopostheoryandadoptflexibleandinnovativetranslationstrategiestogetsatisfactoryresultsinsubtitletranslation.WuMin,inEnglishOriginalMovieSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofSkoposTheory,suggeststhattranslatorsshouldcorrectlytreatandapplythetranslationprinciplesofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,domesticationandforeignization,andspecifictranslationstrategiessuchaswordreduction,wordadditionandrewriting,sothatChineseaudiencescanaccuratelyunderstandandappreciatewesterncustomsintheChinesecontext.XieJinfang,YinWenyanandLiuLeanalyzeandstudythetranslationofmoviesubtitlesintermsofdomesticationthroughcasestudies,textanalysisandothermethodsinthearticleResearchonTheDevelopmentAndChangesofEnglishMovieSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofDomestication.Theypointedoutmanyexistingproblemsinsubtitletranslationandwaystosolvethem.Andthosewaysprovidedusefulguidanceandreferenceforthetranslationpracticeofsubtitles.ThecoreconceptofSkoposTheoryis“thepurposedeterminesthemeans”.TheapplicationofSkoposTheoryinsubtitletranslationmeansthatthewholetranslationprocess,includingthechoiceoftranslationstrategies,methods,skills,wordsandsentences,isdeterminedbythepurposeofsubtitletranslation.Inrecentyears,thetranslationofsubtitleshasreceivedmoreandmoreattention.Researchershavestudiedsubtitletranslationfromdifferentperspectives.However,subtitletranslationisdifferentfromotherformsoftranslation.Althoughlimitedbylanguageandtextstandards,subtitletranslationisinevitablyaffectedbymanyfactors.Therefore,thestudyofsubtitletranslationstrategyisveryimportant.BasedonthemovieZootopia,thispaperanalyzesitssubtitletranslationcharacteristicsandChinesetranslationstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,soastoexploretheembodimentofSkopostheoryinsubtitletranslationofZootopiaandrealizethepurposeofflexiblyapplyingtranslationprinciplesandstrategiesandimprovingsubtitletranslationlevel.ThispaperwillfirstoutlinethecontentsandprinciplesofSkopostheory,thenintroduceZootopia’splotandsubtitlecharacteristics,andfinallyanalyzethetranslationstrategiesinsubtitletranslationwithspecificexamplesinZootopia.

PartIIntroductiontoSkoposTheoryWhenitcomestothetranslationschoolincontemporaryGermany,especiallythemostinfluentialtranslationschoolinGermanysince1970s,themostinfluentialonemustbethefunctionalschooloftranslation,thatis,thetranslationdestinationschoolwithdeepGermancharacteristics.Thisisaschooldevelopedinthelate1970s.Functionalistschoolholdsthattranslationisapurposefulactandlinguisticsalonecannotsolvealltranslationproblems.[1]Thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthetranslationstrategiesandmethodsusedintranslationpractice.Thetranslatorshouldgiveprioritytothefunctionofthetextandtheexpectedfunctionofthetranslation.SkopostheoryisatranslationtheorymodeldevelopedbyHansVermeer,aGermantranslationtheorist.Thistheorybasicallybelongstoanexternalstudyoftranslation.1.1TheoriginanddevelopmentofSkopostheoryTanZaixisaidthatthemostinfluentialtranslationschoolinGermany,especiallysincethe1970s,isthefunctionalschool,thatis,theobjectiveschool.Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,GermantranslatorReissandhisstudentVermeerproposedthecoreSkopostheoryoffunctionaltranslationtheory,ofwhichVermeercontributedthemosttoSkopostheory.Later,JustaHolzManttariandChristianeNordfurtherdevelopedSkopostheory.Onthebasisofequivalencetheory,Reissproposedtexttypetheory.Textismainlydividedintoinformationfunctiontext,expressionfunctiontext,operationfunctiontextandhearingmediumtext.However,Newmark,afamousBritishtranslator,dividesthetextintoinformationfunctiontext,expressionfunctiontext,infectionfunctiontext,aestheticfunctiontext,communicationfunctiontextandmeta-languagefunctiontextaccordingtothefunctionoflanguage.VermeerpublishedFrameworkforaGeneralin1978,whichlaidthefoundationofSkopostheory.Thenin1984,heandReissformallyformulatedSkopostheoryinGroundWorkforAGeneralTheoryofTranslation.Manttaridistinguishesbetweentranslationandtranslationbehaviorandemphasizestheparticipantsinthetranslationprocess(informationsender,translator,translationuserandinformationreceiver)andtheenvironment(time,placeandmedia).Nord,basedonthedeficiencyofteleology,putsforwardtheprincipleoffunctionplusloyalty,thatis,thepurposeofthetargettextshouldbeconsistentwiththeintentionoftheoriginalauthor.1.2ThemaincontentofSkopostheoryThecoreconceptofSkopostheoryisthatthemostimportantelementinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeoftheentiretranslationact.IntheframeworkofVermeer’sSkopostheory,oneofthemostimportantfactorsdeterminingthepurposeoftranslationistheaudience,therecipientofthetargettext,whohastheirownculturalbackgroundknowledge,expectationofthetargettextandcommunicativeneeds.Eachkindoftranslationpointstoacertainaudience,sotranslationisatextproducedforacertainpurposeandtargetaudienceinthetargetlanguagecontext.Skopostheoryhasthreeprinciples,thatis,purpose,coherenceandfaithfulness.Theprincipleofpurposeisthemostimportantprincipletowhichtheprincipleofcoherenceandfaithfulnessmustbeobedient.Theprincipleofpurposemeansthatthetranslationprocessisdeterminedbythepurposeandintentionoftranslation.Themostimportanttaskofthepurposeprincipleistobreakawayfromthetraditionalequivalenttranslationandrealizefreetranslationbasedonpurpose.Translationactivitiescanbefurtherdividedintothreecategories:thebasicpurposeofthetranslator,thecommunicativepurposeofthetranslationandthepurposetobeachievedbyusingaparticularmeansoftranslation.However,ingeneral,purposereferstothecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext.Theprincipleofcoherenceemphasizesthereadabilityandacceptabilityofthetargettext,whichmustmeetthestandardofintralingualcoherenceandhavepracticalsignificance.Inotherwords,thetranslationmusthelpthetargetreadersreadcoherently.Theprincipleoffaithfulnessmeansthattranslationshouldbenotblindlyfaithfultotheoriginaltext,butrequiresthattranslationshouldmaintaininterlingualconsistencyandsemanticequivalencewiththetargettext.Thetranslatorshouldnotonlyrespectthewritingintentionofthesourcelanguageauthor,butalsoberesponsibletothetargetlanguagereader.1.3TheapplicationofSkopostheoryinsubtitletranslationSkopostheorycanprovideappropriateguidanceforsubtitletranslation.AccordingtoSkopostheory,wecanfindthatsubtitletranslationaimstohelptheaudiencebetterunderstandtheplotofthemovie.Themaintaskofsubtitletranslatorsistochooseappropriatetranslationstrategiestoprovidereaderswithclearandaccuratetranslationinlimitedtimeandspace.Nomatterwhatkindamoviebelongsto,subtitletranslationmusthaveanimplicitpurpose.Thetranslator’sjobistoidentifyitanduseappropriatestrategiestoachievetheirgoals.UnderthetheoreticalframeworkofSkopostheory,oneofthemostimportantaspectsindeterminingtranslationistheaddressee.Therefore,whenapplyingSkopostheorytoguidethetranslationofmoviesubtitles,thecommunicationexpectation,culturalbackgroundandunderstandingabilityofthetargetaudienceshouldbeconsideredfirst.Moreimportantly,theprincipleofcoherenceemphasizesthattranslationneedstobeacceptedbythetargetreceiver.Subtitletranslationplaysavitalroleinlinkingtheoriginaltextandthetranslatedtext.Whenintroducingaudio-visualproductsabroad,thereisoftenaproblemthatthetargettextaudienceisnotfamiliarwiththeoriginaltextandculture.Therefore,subtitletranslationmustbepurposeful.Inordertomakeaudio-visualproductsartisticandcommercial,theproducerordirectorofamoviemustrelyonsubtitletranslationtoundertaketheinteractiveworkoftheaudienceofthetargetculture.Translatorswithrichtranslationexperienceshouldhavetheabilitytorationallyreasonabouttranslationgoalsfromtheirowntranslationbackground.Subtitlingtranslatorsshouldabsorbtranslationbrevityintheirmind.Skopostheoryadvocatesthattranslatorsshouldexchangeviewsandopinionswithclientsonspecificpurposes,andsticktotheirownviewslikeexperts,sothattranslatorscanplayamoreimportantroleinthebeginningoftranslation.Inotherwords,inthesubtitletranslationprocess,translationisnolongerasimplelanguageprocess,butanactionwithaclearpurpose.Thetranslatorisnolongermechanicallyconvertingthetextfromtheoriginallanguagetothetargetlanguage,butskillfullytranslatingit.Heshouldberesponsibleforcarryingoutpurposefultranslationtasksandensuringtheresultsoftranslationactions.Therefore,thefilmssubtitletranslatorcanflexiblychoosethemostsuitabletranslationmethodsunderspecificcircumstances.Nowitcanbeconcludedthateveniftherearetimeandspaceconstraints,weshouldalsoprovidetheaudiencewiththebestappreciationandunderstandingofthetargettextbyprovidingcorrespondingreadablesubtitlesasthepurposeofsubtitletranslation.Onthisbasis,wecanseethatSkopostheoryhasmademanycontributionstothedevelopmentoftranslationstudies,reflectingtheeffectivenessandapplicabilityofguidingnon-literarytranslation,especiallyfilmssubtitletranslation.

PartIIIntroductiontoZootopiaAfteritsreleasein2016,Zootopiahaswonmanyawardswithexcellentqualityandtheconceptofopennessandtolerance,achievingadoubleharvestofboxofficereputation.2.1TheplotandcharacteristicsofZootopiaThestorytakesplaceinathrivingmodernanimalcityZootopia,whereeveryanimalhaditsownresidence,adesert-climateSaharaSquare,aperennialcoldglaciertown,etc.Itwaslikeameltingpotwhereanimalscoexistpeacefully.Ifthey,whetherelephantsormice,workedhard,theycouldmakesomeachievements.RabbitJudydreamedofbecomingapoliceofficerinZootopiafromanearlyage.Althougheveryonearoundherfeltthatarabbitcouldnotbecomeapoliceofficer,throughherownefforts,shemadeherwaytothepolicestationandbecamethefirstrabbitpoliceofficer.Inordertoproveherself,shewasdeterminedtosolveamysteriouscase.Onthewaytofindoutthetruth,JudyforcedNick,afoxwholivedbycheatingandkidnappinginZootopia,tohelpherself.However,shefoundthattherewasahugeplottooverthrowZootopiabehindthecase,andJudyandNickalsobecamegoodpartnersinthearduousinvestigationprocess.Afteraseriesofinvestigations,theyfoundthatthevicemayorsheephaddonethetrick,soJudyandNickusedclevermethodstogetthesheeptotellthetruth.Originally,thesheephadbeenunwillingtobeexcludedbythebiganimals.Theyuseddrugstodrivetheanimalsmad,causingdistrustfromothersmallanimals,thusachievingthegoalofcontrollingZootopia.Atlast,theplotwasexposed.Theanimalschangedfrommutualsuspiciontomutualtrust.TheylivedhappilyandharmoniouslytogetherinZootopia.Thismovieisfascinatinginplot,beautifulandsmoothinpicture,cleverandhumorousinlanguage,andaboveall,vividandlivelyinpersonalitiesofvarioussmallanimals.Fromthebeginningofthefilm,twocharacterswithstrikingpersonalitiesarecreatedandtheyareslightlycontradictorytoeachother.Thetwistsandturnsoftheplotandthecontradictionsbetterreflecttheversatilityofthecharacters’characteristicsandmakethefilmmoreplentifulandwonderful.Inaddition,althoughZootopia’sstoryissimpleandjustafairytale,itdoesnothinderitfromhavingarichplotandareasonforreflection.2.2ThemainfiguresinZootopiaJudyHoppswastheheroineoftheanimatedfilmZootopia.Shewascourageous,straight,cheerful,confidentanddetermined.Fromanearlyage,shedreamedofbecomingaheroofjustice,fullofhopeforthefuture.Sincechildhood,Judystrovetobeagoodpolicemanand,throughherownstruggle,becamethefirstrabbitpoliceofficeratthepolicestationtotraintirelesslyandstandoutafterheradmissiontothepoliceschool.However,Shestillcouldnotgetridofthearroganceandprejudicesofhercolleagues.Becauseoftheousterofhersuperiors,Judyfacedthefirstchallengeofhercareer:detectingamassdisappearancein48hours.JudyandNick,whodidnotresist,setouttogetherinsearchoftherealculpritandfinallystoppedtheactionsoftheculpritinthebackgroundandbecamethetrueherowhohadmaturedandcouldassumemoreresponsibility.Shetoldeveryoneaboutherownexperience:don’tunderestimateaweakrabbit,aslongasyouworkhardandinsist,there’snothingyoucan’tdo.NickwastheleadingactorinZootopia.Hewasafoxwhoaspirednottorepayanyonebecauseofsetbackswhenhewasyoungandmadealivingbycheatingwhenhegrewup.Injuredbyprejudiceasachild,heabandonedhisideal.However,hedidnotcauseanysubstantialharmtoothersasastreetpunk.However,hewasplantedonandframed,andhadtoembarkonadesperatejourney.HewasforcedtocooperatewithJudy,arabbitpoliceofficerwithincompatiblepersonalities,toinvestigatethecase.Thetwowereinvolvedinanunexpectedplotandbecamepartnersaftergoingthroughallkindsofhardships.Nickalsograduallychangedfromasmallbludgertoakind,just,humorousandcaringfox.2.3ThefeaturesofsubtitlesofZootopiaSubtitleisanauxiliarymeansforaudiencestounderstandtheplotofmoviesandTVplays,anditisdifferentfromothertextssuchasliteraryworksandscientificandtechnologicaldocuments.Zootopiamainlyusesanimalimagesasthemaincharactersofthestory.Throughstrangeandnovelstoriesandstrangeactions,itrevealsboldfantasieseverywhere.Thiskindofplotisreflectedinsubtitlelanguage,thatis,theuseofcolloquialandfunnylanguage.TheaudienceofZootopiaisnotlimitedtoteenagersandchildren,andmoreandmoreadultaudiences,eitherbecausetheyaccompanychildrenorinordertorelaxanddecompress,arealsostartingtowatchsuchmovies.Therefore,thesubtitlelanguagetheyexpectisalsobynomeansabstruseorobscure.2.3.1ConcisenessandcolloquialismFirstofall,thesubtitlelanguageofZootopiashouldbeconsistentwiththepicture.Itonlyappearsonthescreenforafewseconds,usuallyappearingatthebottomofthescreen,occupyingoneortwolines.Thesubtitlescan’tbereadbackandforthlikeabook.Theaudienceshouldreadthesubtitleswhileappreciatingthepicture,whichdeterminesthatthesubtitlescan’tbetoolong,sothesubtitlesmustbeconciseandclear.Then,becauseanimatedfilmsareacolloquialart,thelanguageofsubtitlesiscolloquialandplain.2.3.2HumorandnetworkcatchwordsThehumorousattributeoflanguageinZootopiaisnotonlytheneedtocombineeducationwithpleasure,butalsoameansforcreatorstocriticizeirrationalphenomenainlife.Thegeneralexpressionofhumoriscynicism,self-mockeryorridiculeofothers,butinfactitisarealtransmissionofsubjectivefeelingsandcarriesthereflectiononlifeandreality.Inaddition,animatedfilms,asapopularart,arebornwithcommercialattributes.Inordertohelpthefilmsellwell,popularwordsareusuallyusedinsubtitles,sothatmoviedialoguesreflectthetimes.

PartIIIAnalysisofTranslationStrategiesinZootopiaTheanalysiswillbecarriedoutfromthethreeprinciplesofSkopostheory.Translationisanintentionalandpurposefulcross-culturalcommunicationactivity.InthesubtitletranslationactivityfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,thetranslatormustfullyunderstandtheneedsoftheaudience,definethetranslationpurposeandmakeitthebasicprincipleguidingthetranslationbehavior,soastorealizetheconversionbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageandachievethepurposeofcross-culturalcommunicationintranslation,butatthesametime,thefaithfulnesstothesourcelanguagecannotbeignored.Skopostheoryrequiresnotonlythefocusontranslationpurposes,butalsohigherandhigherrequirementsforcoherence.Therefore,fromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,thetranslationofgrammarandsentencepatternsshouldfollowthelanguagestyleofthetargetlanguage.3.1StrategiesundertheprincipleofpurposeTheprincipleofpurposerequiresthattheprocessoftranslationshouldbebasedonthetargettextreachingitsintendedfunctioninthetargetculture.Thustheacceptabilityoflanguageitselfandtheacceptabilityofculturalinformationshouldbeconsidered.3.1.1DomesticationDomesticationmeansthattranslationbereader-oriented.Translatorsshouldkeepinmindthatthepurposeoftranslationistousethetargetlanguagetoexpressthethoughtsofthesourcelanguageasmuchaspossible,soastoclearlyconveytheoriginalcontent,conformtothelanguageusageoftheintendedlanguagereaders,andenhancethereadabilityandappreciationvalueofthetranslationitself.[2]Example1:“Oh,youdon’tknowwhentoquit,doyou?”Translation:“哦，你是不到黃河不死心，對吧？”JudytriestostopthefoxGideonfromrobbingthesheep.AfterGideonwarnsJudy,Judydoesn’tstopherbehavior,butfightsbackagainstGideon.GideonisfuriousandsaystoJudy“youdon’tknowwhentoquit”intheoriginaltext.Iftranslatedliterally,it’s“你不知道什么時候該放棄”.Althoughitisconsistentwiththeoriginalmeaning,andtheChinesecanunderstandit,itseemsthatitlackssomecharmanddoesn’tconformtotheChineselinguisticusage.Therefore,inordertoachievethepurposeofeasieracceptancebytheChineseaudience,domesticationisadoptedhere.Thetranslationof“你是不到黃河不死心”ismorenaturalandvivid,andconformstothecontext.ItalsoreflectsGideon’sangeratJudy’sobstinaterefusaltolistentoadvice.Example2:“1’dlosemyheadifitweren’tattachedtomyneck.”Translation:“怎么回事，我真是糊涂到家了?！盩hisisNick’sself-mockery.Whenhecheatsthepopsicle,hepretendstoforgettobringhiswallet.Theoriginalmeaningofthissentenceisthat“如果我的頭和我的脖子沒連在一起，我可能會把頭都弄丟?！?whichindicatesthatthespeakerisrathermuddledanddoesthingscarelessly.Thetranslation“怎么回事，我真是糊涂到家了。”alsousesdomestication.ItnotonlyconformstothecontextoftheoriginaltextandthelinguisticusageofChinese,butalsothe“怎么回事”addedbythetranslatorcanbetterreflectNick’sself-deprecatinganddeeplyhelplessnessmentalstateatthistime.Thepurposeistomaketheaudienceunderstandthesituationbetter.Example3:“Speakofthedevil.Rightontime.”Translation:“說曹操，曹操就到?！盇lthoughtherearesomewordscorrespondingto“devil”inChineseculture,themeaningof“devil”inthisidiomcannotbetranslatedaccordingtotheusualcorrespondingwordsaboutevilforces.However,thereisacommonsayinginChinathathasbeenusedfrequentlyfromancienttimestothepresentbyboththeoldandtheyoung,thatis,“說曹操，曹操就到。”Soinordertoeliminatethebarrierstounderstandingcausedbyculturaldifferences,thetranslationhererefersto“devil”as“曹操”,whichnotonlyclearlyconveysthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsobringsasenseofaffinitytotheChineseaudience.3.1.2ConversionConversionreferstothechangeofpartsofspeech,sentencepatternsandvoicesintheoriginalsentenceinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheexpression,methodsandusageofthetargetlanguage.Itsaimistoenablethetargetrecipienttounderstandthetranslatedsentencesasiftheyunderstoodtheirownlanguage.Example4:“1don’thavetobealonelyhunteranymore.”Translation:“我不用再孤單地追捕狩獵了?！盩hepurposeofthetranslationistomakethetargetlanguagereadersunderstandanotherlanguagewithoutbarrier.Theliteraltranslationofthissentencemeans“我不必再做一個孤單的獵人了?！?butitdoesn’tconformtotheChineselanguageusage.Andthisislikelytobeconfusing.Therefore,thetranslatorusestheconversiontotranslate“hunter”,whichisanounintheoriginaltextandconvertedintoaverb“追捕狩獵”.Conversioncanreducethediscomfortbroughtbythelinguisticdifferenceandisclosertothecharacteristicsofthetargetlanguage.Soitcanhelpthetargetaudienceunderstandthemeaningofthesentenceeffortlessly.Example5:“1amproudtoannouncethatmymammalinclusioninitiative,hasproduceditsfirstpoliceacademygraduate.”Translation:“我很榮幸地宣布，哺乳動物選拔行動的第一批警校學員已經(jīng)畢業(yè)了?！盩hissentenceisthemayor’sgraduationcongratulatorymessagetothepoliceacademystudents,literallytranslatedas“我很榮幸地宣布，哺乳動物選拔行動已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了它的第一批警校畢業(yè)生。”,with“哺乳動物選拔行動”asthesubject.However,thesubtitletranslationtakes“警校學員”asthesubject.ThisisbecauseinEnglishimpersonalnounscanbeusedassubjects,whileinChinesenounsreferringtopeopleareoftenusedtouseassubjects,andthetranslatorundertakesthisconversionofsentenceelementstoachievethepurposeofconformingtotheusageofChinese.Example6:“GideonGreywasajerkwhohappenstobeafox.”Translation:“他是個混蛋，剛好也是只狐貍?！盩hereisanattributiveclauseintheoriginaltext,butinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheChinesegrammaticalstructure,thetranslatoradoptsthemethodofconversion,whichturnsthecompoundsentenceintocompoundsentenceintermsofsentencepattern.“是個壞蛋”and“是只狐貍”arejuxtaposed.Inthisway,therecipientof