PAGE21論文題目(英文) AStudyontheC-ETranslationofMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBook,fromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory(中文)目的論視角下的萬(wàn)豪實(shí)習(xí)生指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)漢英翻譯研究AcknowledgementsItisapleasuretothankthosewhohavehelpedmeintheproductionofthisthesis.Firstandforemost,IowedeepgratitudetomysupervisorProfessorYangJinsongwhoguardedmeintostudyofskopostheory.Ifeelsogratefulandfortunatetohavebeenoneofherstudents,especiallyfortheedificationonthedraftthesis.Secondly,Iwouldalsoliketoshowmythankstomydearclassmateswhohavehelpedmeandgivenmesuggestionsinmythesis.Lastbutnotleast,Iamgratefultomyfamilymemberswhohavegivenmesupportduringmyprocessofwritingthisthesis.AbstractSkopostheoryisanimportantbranchofthefunctionalschoolandacommontranslationstrategy.Atpresent,scholarsfocusmoreonthetheoreticalanalysisofskopostheory,butlessontheanalysisoftrainingmaterialsintransnationalhotels.Guidedbyskopostheory,thispaperanalyzestheChinesetranslationofMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookanddiscusseswhetherthetranslationconformstotheculturalhabitsofthetargetlanguage(Chinese)fromthethreerulesofskopostheory,theyareskoposrule,coherenceruleandloyaltyrule.Theconclusionisthatthethreerulesofskopostheoryarenotwellreflectedinthetranslationofthetraineeguidebook.Throughtheanalysisofthetranslationthatviolatesskopostheory,theimportantroleofskopostheoryinguidingtranslationpracticeisfurtherdemonstrated.Intranslationpractice,translatorsshouldfollowthethreerulesofskopostheoryinordertoachievethebesttranslationeffect.Keywords:skopostheory;traineeguidebook;C-Etranslation摘要目的論是功能學(xué)派的一個(gè)重要分支，也是常用的翻譯策略。目前學(xué)者對(duì)于目的論的研究多集中理論層面的分析，而用于跨國(guó)酒店內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)資料的分析較少。本文在翻譯目的論的指導(dǎo)下，對(duì)《萬(wàn)豪實(shí)習(xí)生項(xiàng)目——實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)》中文譯文進(jìn)行分析，從目的論的三個(gè)原則，即目的原則，連貫原則和忠誠(chéng)原則，探討譯文是否順應(yīng)目的語(yǔ)（中文）的文化習(xí)慣。結(jié)論是：實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)譯文有多處未能很好地體現(xiàn)目的論的三個(gè)原則。通過(guò)對(duì)違反目的論的譯文的分析，更加體現(xiàn)了翻譯目的論對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐的重要指導(dǎo)意義，在翻譯實(shí)踐中譯者應(yīng)遵循目的原則，連貫原則，忠誠(chéng)原則以求最佳翻譯效果。關(guān)鍵詞：目的論；實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)；漢譯英Contents1Introduction 11.1 Researchbackground 11.2 Researchaim 11.3Researchquestionsandhypothesis 11.4Researchmethods 21.5Layout 22Literaturereview 32.1Studiesofskopostheory 32.2Studiesofapplicationofskopostheory 42.3Summary 53TheoreticalFramework 73.1Basicideasoftheskopostheory 73.2Threerulesofskopostheory 73.2.1skoposrule 73.2.2coherencerule 83.2.3loyaltyrule 83.3Theapplicationofskopostheoryintranslationpractice 83.4Failuretoobserveskopostheory 93.4.1Violationofskoposrule 93.4.2Violationofcoherencerule 93.4.3Violationofloyaltyrule 93.5Summary 94.AnalysisandFindings 114.1Failuretoobserveskoposrule 114.2Failuretoobservecoherencerule 124.3Failuretoobserveloyaltyrule 134.4Summary 145.Conclusion 155.1Findings 155.2Limitations 155.3Prospects 16References 17Appendixes 20目錄1引言 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1.1 研究背景 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1.2 研究目的 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1.3研究問(wèn)題和研究假設(shè) 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1.4研究方法 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。1.5總結(jié) 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。2文獻(xiàn)綜述 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。2.1目的論的理論研究 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。2.2目的論的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。2.3總結(jié) 錯(cuò)誤!未定義書(shū)簽。3理論框架 73.1目的論的基本觀點(diǎn) 73.2目的論的三個(gè)原則 73.2.1目的原則 73.2.2連貫原則 83.2.3忠實(shí)原則 83.3目的論在翻譯實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用 83.4目的論的違背 93.4.1未遵守目的原則 93.4.2未遵守連貫原則 93.4.3未遵守忠實(shí)原則 93.5總結(jié) 94.萬(wàn)豪實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)中漢英翻譯的分析 114.1手冊(cè)中違反目的原則的分析 114.2手冊(cè)中違反連貫原則的分析 124.3手冊(cè)中違反忠實(shí)原則的分析 134.4總結(jié) 145.總結(jié) 155.1研究結(jié)果 155.2局限性 155.3建議 16參考文獻(xiàn) 17附錄 201Introduction1.1ResearchbackgroundSkopostheoryisanimportantpartoffunctionalisttranslationtheory,whichwasputforwardbyaGermantranslatorHansVermeerandperfectedbyKristinaNord.Thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthemeansoftranslation,whichisthecoreconceptofskopostheory.Thetranslatorshouldfirstweighthefunctionalfeaturesofthetranslationratherthantheequivalenceprincipleduringtheprocessoftranslation.InChina,agrowingnumberofscholarshadbeenshowingtheirinterestsinskopostheory,butonlyafewpersonsstudiedtheapplicationofitintheChinese-Englishtranslationoftraineeguidebook.1.2ResearchaimAstheeconomicglobalizationdeepens,manycompanieshaveexpandedtheirbusinessfromdomestictoforeigncountriesandbecometransnationalenterprises.BusinessbetweenEnglish-speakingcountriesandnon-English-speakingcountriesisfrequent.Althoughtherearedifferencesinlanguageandculture,thestandardsofenterprisemanagementstillneedtobeunifiedandstandardized,sothetrainingprocessofemployeesindifferentcountriesshouldalsomeetthesamestandards.Basedonthis,thispaperwillbedevotedtoanalyzingtheChinesetranslationoftheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookwhichviolatesthethreeprinciplesofskopostheoryandmodifythemtomakeitmoreacceptabletothetargetreaders,andsummarizeshowthetransnationalgroupcanachievethesamegoalofinformationtransmissionthroughcertaintranslationmethodswithoutchangingtheirtrainingstandards.1.3ResearchquestionsandhypothesisUndertheframeworkofskopostheory,thispaperwillscreenandstudytheChinese-EnglishtranslationoftheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookfromtheperspectiveofthetargetreaders,andfindoutthepatternsofthistypeoftranslationtoachieveagoodtranslationeffect.Thethesisproposesaddressingthefollowingquestions:1.HowdoesthetranslationintheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookfailtofollowskopostheory?2.WhataretheadvantagesofapplyingthethreeprinciplesofskopostheoryintheChinese-EnglishtranslationoftheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBook?Theresearchhypothesisofthispaperis:intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatordoesnotconsiderthefunctionofthetext,butsimplyusessometranslationtechniques,suchasliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,domesticationandforeignization,whichleadstothecontradictionbetweenthetargettextandskopostheory.Byapplyingthethreerulesofskopostheorytomodifythetranslationsinthetraineeguidebook,thetargettextcanmoreaccuratelyconveytheinformationofthesourcetext.Inotherwords,skopostheorycanbeusedintranslationofEnglishguidebooktoadapttothetargetlanguagesoastoeffectivelyconveytheexpectedinformationandrealizecross-languagebarrier-freecommunication,andit’stranslationtechniquesthatwillbewidelyusedintheC-ETranslationofMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBook.1.4ResearchmethodsWithskopostheory,traineeguidebookandC-Etranslationaskeywords,thispaperwillintroducethebasicviewpointsofGermanFunctionalismandskopostheoryinageneralway.ThispaperwilltaketheC-EtranslationofMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookasthestartingpointandtheskopostheoryasthetheoreticalbasis,itwillusethethreeprinciplesofskopostheorytoanalyzeandimprovethetranslationinthetraineeguidebooksoastoputforwardthetheoreticalguidanceofskopostheory.1.5LayoutThispapercomprisesfiveparts.Thecontentsarelistedasfollows:thefirstpartintroducesthebackground,thesignificanceandtheorganizationofthisthesis.ThesecondpartgivesabriefliteraturereviewthatsmmarizesresearchresultsofskopostheoryachievedbyotherscholarsinChinaandabroadandthestudiesoftheapplicationsofthetheory.Thethirdpartfocusesontheintroductionoftheskopostheoryanditsthreerules:skoposrule,coherenceruleandloyaltyrule,presentingtheapplicationofskopostheoryintranslationpracticeandsituationsoffailingtoobservethetheory.ThefourthpartliststhesentencesthatviolatethethreerulesofskoposthheoryintheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBookandconvertsthemintobetterChineseexpressions.Thefifthpartconcludesaboutthegeneralideas,thelimitsandfurthersuggestionsofthisstudy.2Literaturereview2.1StudiesofskopostheoryThefunctionalschoolwasborninGermanyinthe1970s,representedbyKatharinaReissandherstudentsHansVermeer,JustaHolzMantarri,andChristianeNord.In1971,Reissintroducedtextfunctionintotranslationcriticismandputforwardtheideaoffunctionaltranslationtheory.Then,afunctionalcriticismmodelbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageisproposed.Mantarri(2001)proposedthetranslationbehaviortheorybasedonthecommunicationtheoryandbehaviortheorywiththepurposeofprovidingamodelandguidanceforprofessionaltranslationsituations.Theconceptof"functionplusloyalty"wasfirstproposedbyNord(1991),inhispiontofview,thetranslatorshouldberesponsibleforboththesourcetextandthetranslationenvironment,aswellasthesenderofthesourcetextandthereaderofthetargetlanguage.Inotherwords,nooriginal,notranslation.ThewordskoposcomesfromGreekandstandsfor“purpose”,“goal”,“aim”or“intention”.Thistheoryhasbeenwidelyappliedtomanytranslationtexts.Vermeer’sskopos

theoryisbasedonthepremisethathuman

interaction(anditssubcategory:translation)isdetermined

byitspurpose(skopos),andthereforeitisafunctionofits

purpose.Theskoposofatranslationisdeterminedbythe

functionwhichthetargettextisinternedtofulfil.Thatis,insteadofthesourcetextandthe

sourcetextrecipients,itistheaimoftranslationandtargettextrecipientsthatdeterminethetranslationstrategies.Therefore,comparedwiththepurposeoftranslation,itisregardedthatthefaithfulnesstothesourcetextisnotthatimportant.Sinceteleologywasputforward,manyscholarshavestudieditonthe

level

of

theory.HuZuoyou(2008)believesthatfunctionaltranslationtheorybreaksawayfromtherestrictionofequivalence-basedtheories,thelimitationoflinguisticviewofwordsandsentences,andthebinaryoppositionmodebetweentraditionalliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Asabranchofthefunctionaltranslationschool,skopostheoryisawidelyusedtranslationtheory,whichemphasizestheimportanceofthetranslatorandputsthetranslationpurposeofthetextinthefirstplace.YangYujie(2008)pointedoutthatskopostheoryimprovesthesubjectstatusoftranslatorswhoplaysancrucialroleinthewholeprocessoftranslation.ZhangJinlan(2004)thinksthattranslationmethodsmustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeorfunctionofthetranslation.Fanxiangtao's(2002)pointofviewisthattranslationbehaviorisaffectedbyvariouslevelsofpurposeandmanyexternalfactors,sotranslatorsneedtoconsiderthepurposeoftheirtranslationactivitiesinordertoachievetheidealeffect.Bothofthemprovidetheoreticalsupportforthefeasibilityofskopostheory.ChenJing(2016)indicatesthatonlywhentranslatorscorrectlyunderstandthemeaningofthesourcelanguageanditsculturalcontentandfollowthelawofloyaltyandcoherenceinskopostheory,cantheyeffectivelyrealizethepurposeoftranslationandachievethepurposeofspreadingculture.2.2StudiesofapplicationofskopostheoryAsforthestudiesofapplicationofskopostheory,theresearchtopicsarewideandthecontentsarediverse.Withregardtosubwaystationsnames,LYULiangqiuandLYUShang(2019)believethatsubwaystationsnamescontaintheuniqueculturalconnotationineverycity.Therefore,translatorsshouldpayattentiontotheculturalcommunicationwhentranslating.Moreover,thetranslationofsubwaystationsnamesisabletoaffecttheunderstandingofforeignersandtheinternationalimageofthecity.ThetwoacademicstakeBeijingasanexample,retranslatingsubwaystationsnamesandfindthatthecoherenceofthetargetlanguageisimportantforforeignerstocomprehend,andmostsubwaystationsnamesaretranslatedinpinyinandcapitalized,thesetwocharacteristicsfollowthecoherenceruleandloyaltyruleofskopostheory.Intermsofsubtitletranslation,XuXiaopeng(2018)deemsthegoalofsubtitletranslationistoenabletheaudiencetobetterappreciateforeignfilms,understandforeigncontentsandexperiencetheircultureswhichisbasicallyconsistentwiththeviewpointsofskopostheory.Therefore,theprinciplesofskopostheorycanbeusedtoselectappropriatesubtitletranslationmethods.ZhuYanfen(2017)appliesskopostheorytoanalyzethetranslationpracticeofpoliticalnews,andthinksthatspecificmethodsshouldbeusedtotranslatethiskindofnews,becausethenewsistimely,concise,objectiveandreal,accurate,andpoliticallycorrect.Thetargettextmustbeunderstandabletotargetreadersfromdifferenteducationallevels,soskopostheoryhastheoreticalandpracticalsignificancesforthetranslationofpoliticalnewstexts.In2016,YouXiaominindicatesthatifChinesemythologycanbetranslatedintoplainlanguageforforeignerstoread,thentheprofoundChineseculturewillbeknownbymorepeople.Therefore,communicativepurposeisthekeytothetranslationofthiskindoftext,andthemostimportantofthethreerulesofskopostheoryistheskoposrule,soitisappropriatetouseskopostheorytoguidethetranslationofChinesemythology.InWangWeifeng’s(2015)opinion,Chinese-Englishtourismtranslationisaprocessofconstantlyreconcilingthesourcelanguagecultureandtargetlanguagecultureorientedbytargettourists,whichishighlypractical.Skopostheoryisacategoryoffunctionallinguistics,whichemphasizestherealizationoftranslationpurposesandcoincideswithpracticaltranslation.Therefore,theapplicationofskopostheoryisapplicabletothetranslationofChinese-Englishtourismtexts.Inregardtoproductpromotionandsalesofthecompany,In2014,SunXueyingandFengQinghuaproposedthatenterpriseheraldedtranslationshouldmakeexistingcustomersandpotentialcustomers,therecipientsofthetranslatedtext,promptlyandaccuratelygettheinformationandunderstandtheenterpriseanditsproducts,soastoachievethefunctionoftextinformationandvocativefunction,arousethepotentialcustomers’buyingdesireandbringconsiderableeconomicbenefitstothecompany.Skopostheorycanbeappliednotonlytotexttranslationbutalsotointerpretation.XieYimingandWangBinghua(2011)believethatonthebasisofrealizingtheskoposrule,thecoherencebetweenthetargettextandtheaudienceandbetweenthetargettextandtheoriginaltextcanbeselectivelymaintainedorbroken.AlthoughChinese-Englishinterpretationindiplomaticpressconferenceshavestrictrequirementsintermsofcontent,wording,style,etc.,translatorsoftenfollowtheprincipleofloyaltyandviolatetheprincipleofcoherenceonthepremiseofensuringthattheaudiencesclearlyunderstandtheinformationofthespeakerwhenthereisaconflictbetweenthesetwoprinciples.Thisconfirmsthethreeprinciplesofskopostheory.Italsoclarifiesthecommonmisunderstandingthatliteraltranslationisoftenadoptedindiplomaticinterpretation.Onthelevelofadvertising

translation.ZhangWenjuan(2004)believesthatskopostheoryprovidedatheoreticalbasisfortranslatorstoflexiblytranslateadvertisements,madethetranslationeffectbetterthantheoriginal,andguidedtheselectionofadvertisingtranslationmethodsandstrategies.Itcanbeseenfromtheabovethatitisnecessarytoapplythistheoryinpractice.2.3Summary Theresearchesofskopostheoryhavebeenwidelycarriedoutintherecentyears.Manyscholarshavemadeextensiveandprofoundstudiesonthissubject.Inpracticalapplicationofskopostheory,thestudiesmentionedabovearebasedonthedevelopmentofenterprises'externalpublicity,buttherearefewstudiesontheinternalinformationexchangeandmanagementstandardsoftransnationalenterprises.Therefore,basedonthethreerulesofskopostheory–theskoposrule,coherenceruleandloyaltyrule--thispaperwilldiscussthestrategiesofChinese-EnglishtranslationoftheMarriotternshipTraineeGuideBook,andexpandthestudyonthepracticalapplicationofskopostheory,hopingtocontributetothedevelopmentofappliedtranslationresearch.3TheoreticalFramework3.1BasicideasoftheskopostheorySkopostheoryisafunction-orientedtranslationtheoryproposedbyHansVermeerinGermanyinthe1970s.He(1978)pointsoutthatanytranslationactisaccompaniedbyitspurpose.Healsoproposedthreerulesthattranslationmustabideby:theruleofskopos,theruleofcoherenceandtheruleofloyalty.Theruleofskoposholdsthattheselectionoftranslationmethodsmustcomplywiththeintendedpurposeofthetranslation.Theruleofcoherencepointsoutthatthetranslationshouldbereadableandacceptable.Theruleofloyaltywasalsoemphasized,thatis,thereshouldbeinter-lingualcoherencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetranslatedtext.However,thefirstprincipletobefollowedinalltranslationactivitiesistheruleofskopos,towhichtheruleofcoherenceandtheruleofloyaltymustbesubordinated.Inotherwords,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthetranslationbehavior.Vermeer(1989)believesthatanyformoftranslationbehavior,eventhetranslationitself,canberegardedasakindofbehavior,andanybehaviorhasathemeandpurpose.Theultimatepurposeoftranslationisthetranslatedarticle,andtheformoftranslationisnottocopytheoriginalmode.Healsomentionedtwoconsecutivecriteriainhisskopostheory:Thefirstisintratextualcoherence,thatis,thetargettextmustbeunderstoodandacceptedbythetargetreadersandhasmeaninginthecommunicativeenvironmentofthetargetlanguage;Theotherisintertextualcoherence,thatis,theversionshouldbefaithfultotheoriginalarticle,andthedegreeoffaithfulnessdependsonthecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation.Also,threeprinciplesarepresentedinskopostheory,theyareskoposrule,coherenceruleandloyaltyrulewhichwillbeanalyzedinthefollowingpart.3.2Threerulesofskopostheory3.2.1skoposruleSkoposrule,alsoknownas“purposeprinciple”,isthemostimportantruleofthethree,includingthepurposeofthetranslator,communicativepurposeoftargettextandpurposeofcertainstrategiesused.Itpaysmoreattentiontothetargetreaderandthefunctionoftranslatedtext.Itholdsthattheintentionoftranslationbehaviordeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslation.Accordingtothisrule,thetranslatorshouldfigureoutthepurposeofthetranslatedtextandthenadoptappropriatetacticsaccordingly.Itishelpfultosolvesuchproblemsasliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,formalequivalenceanddynamicequivalenceandfaithfultranslationandflexibletranslation.3.2.2coherencerulePrincipleofcoherencemeansthatthetargettextshouldbereadableandacceptabletoachieveintratextualcoherence(Zhang&Wang,2005,p.41).Inotherwords,thecoherenceruleshouldconnecttotargetreaders’backgroundknowledgeandactualsituations,andprovidescertainannotationsforthemtocomprehend.Thecoherenceruleisagoodcomplementtotheskoposrule.3.2.3loyaltyruleLoyaltyrule,alsocalledfidelityrule,emphasizesthatthetargettextshouldbefaithfultothesourcetext,butthedegreeofthefaithfulnessdependsonthepurposeofthetargettextandthetranslator’sunderstandingofthesourcetext.Itisknownthat“fromtheverybeginning,thattranslationalactionisnotonlyalinguisticbutalsoaculturaltransfer”(Reiss&Vermeer,2014,p.3).Therefore,thetranslatordonothavetocompletelyfaithfultotheoriginaltext.3.3TheapplicationofskopostheoryintranslationpracticeSkopostheoryprovidestheoreticalsupportfortranslatorstocreatenewtargettextstoacertainextent.Itsolvedtheproblemsthatothertranslationtheorieshavefailedtosolve,broadenedthefieldoftranslationstudies,endowedtranslationwithmoremeaningsandopenedupanewexplorationpathinwesterntranslationworldwherelinguisticschoolisthemainstream.Accordingtothepurposeofthetranslationandthecriterionofthetargetculture,someelementsintheoriginaltextcanberetained,andsomecanbeadjustedorevendeletedorrewrittenaccordingtothecontextofthetargetlanguage.Whattokeep,whattochange,howmuchtokeep,howmuchtochange,alldependonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’scomprehensionofthesourcetext.Asmanyscholarshavepointedout,thismethodhasbeensuccessfullyappliedinpractice.Skopostheorycanbeappliedinthetranslationofnon-literarytexts,suchasadvertisementsforthepurposeofinfectionandtourismpublicitymaterials.Thepurposeofadvertisingistopromotesalesandincreaseprofits,andthepurposeoftourismpublicitymaterialsistoarouseinterestsofforeigntouristsinvisiting.Asthelanguageandpatternofsuchtextsarerestrictedbyspecificculture,thetranslatorshouldadapttothelinguisticnormsofthetargetlanguageaccordingtothepurposeofthetranslation,andmodifytheoriginaltextbymeansofdeletionandmodificationintheprocessoftranslation,soastoinfluencetargetreaders.Inthispaper,wewillapplytheskopostheorytotheanalysisofC-Etranslationofatraineeguidebook.3.4Failuretoobserveskopostheory3.4.1ViolationofskoposruleTheskoposrulerequiresthetranslatortodeterminethecommunicativepurposeofthetranslationbeforetranslating.Ifthetranslatordoesnottakethisaspectintoconsideration,itwillbedifficultforhim/hertograspthekeypointsofthesourcetextwhentranslating,anditiseasyforhim/hertotranslatetheoriginaltextmechanically,andthetargetextwillbehardforthereaderstounderstand.3.4.2ViolationofcoherenceruleWhenthetranslatorviolatestheprincipleofcoherenceintranslation,thatis,failstoconsidertheculturalbackgroundandlanguagehabitsofthetargetreaders,thetargettextispronetosentenceobstruction,confusionintheorderofverbs,adjectivesandnouns,andambiguity.Thesewillmakereadersdoubtthetranslationlevelofthetranslatorandtheauthenticityofthetranslatedtext.3.4.3ViolationofloyaltyruleIfthetranslatorcomplieswiththeprincipleofpurposeandcoherence,butviolatestheprincipleoffidelity,thetranslatedworkswillhaveahugedeviationfromtheoriginal.Insteadoftranslating,thetranslatorcreatesanewworkinanotherlanguagebasedontheoriginal.Inthiscase,thereisnoso-calledtranslationbehavior,whichcannotachievethepurposeofculturalcommunicationorinformationtransmission,becausethetranslationisnolongeranaccessoryoftheoriginaltext.3.5SummaryTheskopostheoryiswidelyusedintranslationpracticeanditsthreerulesareimportantintheprocessoftranslation.Thefundamentalrulethatdeterminesthetranslationprocessisthepurposeofthewholetranslationbehavior.Anytextisonlyaproviderofinformation,thetranslatorselectsinformationthatinterestshim/heraccordingtoskopostheory,andthenconvertsitintotargetlanguagethroughlanguageprocessing.Inthisprocess,thetranslatorshouldfirstlyfollowthecoherencerule.Sincethetranslationbehaviorprovidesinformationtotargetreadersthroughinformationprocessing,thetargettextshouldbefaithfultothesourcetext,andthetranslatorshouldfollowtheprincipleofloyalty.Thestatusofthreerulesisunequalsincecoherenceruleandloyaltyrulearesubordinatetoskoposrule,andcoherenceruleistheleastimportantamongthethreeprinciples.4.AnalysisandFindings4.1FailuretoobserveskoposruleInthelightofskopostheory,textswithdifferentpurposesdeterminethetranslationtechniquesusedinthetargettext.Onlywhenthetranslatorcarriesoutthetranslationwithacertainpurposecanthetargetreadersunderstandtheinformationconveyedbythesourcetext.Sincethisguidebookisdesignedtobereadbyemployeesforpre-jobtraining,thepurposeofthewholetranslationprocessshouldbetogetemployeestounderstandthecompany'sgooddevelopmentprospectsandtheiropportunitiesforpromotionwhilereading.Example(1)Alwaysaskforhonestfeedbackfromyourcolleaguesandsupervisor.You’reinaninternshiptolearn;askingotherstoofferadviceonyourdevelopmentpointswillhelpyoutoimprove.——————總是向你的同事和主管征詢(xún)最誠(chéng)實(shí)的反饋。你在實(shí)習(xí)期內(nèi)的主要任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)；從他人那里得到的對(duì)你發(fā)展的建議可以幫助你進(jìn)步。Thissentenceappearsinthesection"TipsForSuccess".Thepurposeistogivesomeworkingadvicetointernswhoarejustenteringthesociety.Whentranslatingthelastsentence,thetranslatorfollowsthestructureoftheoriginalone,whichgreatlyweakensthetranslationeffect,andreaderswilllosefocuswhenreading,sothesentenceshouldnotbetranslatedintoChinesewordbyword.Theeffectwillbebettertoconcentrateontranslatingsuchkeywordsas“advice”,“developmentpoints”and“improve”.Therefore,underthedirectionofskoposrule,thefollowingwillbebetter:“總是向你的同事和主管征詢(xún)最誠(chéng)實(shí)的反饋。你在實(shí)習(xí)期內(nèi)的主要任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)；在工作中積極聽(tīng)取別人對(duì)你的評(píng)價(jià)和建議，能夠幫助你取得進(jìn)步并獲得更好的發(fā)展”.Example(2)Itoffersresourcesandopportunitiesforourassociatestolivebestlives.——————它提供了許多資源和方式，幫助我們的員工去懂得該如何生活的更好?！癐t”referstotheprogram“TakeCare&Go.Be.Happy”proposedbyMarriotttotakegoodcareofemployees,makethemworkandlivehappilyandsatisfactorilyinMarriottInternational.However,thismessageisnotconveyedthroughthetargettext.Thepurposeofthesourcetextcanbebetterexpressedasfollows:“關(guān)愛(ài)”為我們員工提供了許多學(xué)習(xí)資源和機(jī)會(huì)，讓我們活出最好的自己。Example(3)Marriott‘sreputationandcontinuedsuccessasaglobalhospitalityleaderaregroundedinourcommitmenttoserviceandbusinessintegrityandinourapplicationofconsistentlyhighstandardstoeverythingwedo.——————萬(wàn)豪作為全球酒店業(yè)領(lǐng)軍企業(yè)的聲譽(yù)和持續(xù)成功，其基礎(chǔ)在于我們對(duì)服務(wù)和商業(yè)誠(chéng)信的信守，在于我們?cè)谒龅拿考虑橹袑?shí)施一貫的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Asthefirstparagraphofthesection“BusinessConduct”,thepurposeofthissentenceistogivetargetreadersaroughideaofthesecrettothesuccess,butthetargettextdoesnotaccuratelyconveytheinformationofthesourcetext,itcanbetranslatedasbelow:萬(wàn)豪在全球酒店業(yè)領(lǐng)軍企業(yè)中取得的聲譽(yù)和持續(xù)的成功要?dú)w功于我們一貫以來(lái)的真誠(chéng)服務(wù)和誠(chéng)信經(jīng)營(yíng)和對(duì)每一件事情的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。4.2FailuretoobservecoherenceruleThecoherenceprinciplerequiresthetranslatortofollowthelinguisticnormsofthetargetlanguagewhentranslating.Whilefullyconveyingtheinformationofthesourcetext,thereaders'languagehabits,educationalbackgroundandacceptabilityofthetargettexts