閱讀理解之主旨大意題

高考命題取向

主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在快速中準(zhǔn)確把握主旨大意的

能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、

主題或段落大意等。要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法,

對文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，語言一般簡潔、凝練，其干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置往往比較有迷惑性，屬F高層次的閱

讀理解題。

近3年全國高考主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計(jì)

202020212022

新高考I卷011

全國卷I（乙卷）221

全國卷n（甲卷）213

全國卷ni332

技巧點(diǎn)撥

I.標(biāo)題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。文查標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。

它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能涵蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，不

能太大，也不能太?。痪裥詮?qiáng)，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。

2.主旨大意題，要搞清楚是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息頭把握文脈，

進(jìn)行綜合歸納。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)

主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主

題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

1.高考典題例析

段落大意

例1（2022?全國甲卷）

Sometimeintheearly1960s.asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscoveredits

harbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere-broadparks,superb

beaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.

AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfollowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsfbraliving.Ispentthewhole

morningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AftcrourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewent

ourseparateways—hefbralunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.

'THmisstheseoldboats,“hesaidasweparted.

“Howdoyoumean?,,Iasked.

“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarcfaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renot

funtopilot.Butthat'sprogress,!guess.**

EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords（口號），andtraditionsare

increasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,

Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.<4Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself?'she

said."Wecan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamodemcityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthatwe

aren'tgettinganybetteratresolving（解決）

Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.!consideredthiswhenImeta

thoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony?Manypeoplesaythatwclackcultureinthiscountry,“hetold

mc.44WhatpeoplefbrgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,the

Greekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwitha

driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It'saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”

Heisright,butIcan'thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Sydney'sstrikingarchitecture.

B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.

C.ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.

□.Sydney'stouristattractionsinthe1960s.

32.【解析】選Co段落大意題。通讀第一段可知,該段主題句是“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”據(jù)此可

知,該段主要陳述了悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵:港口。故C項(xiàng)正確。

例2(2022?新高考I卷)

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksof

somesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,

five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalf

theworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas'f'

and"v"，weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊)，makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwithtiicdevelopmentofagricultureirtheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"F'and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnot(bundinthelanguagesofmanyhuntsr-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeings

evolvedaround3()(),()()()yearsago.Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincethe

appearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofa

complexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,saidStevenMoran,amemberofthe

researchteam.

34.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Supportingevidencefbrtheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.

C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

【解析】選A°段落大意題。第五段提到，一個(gè)語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實(shí)，新石器時(shí)代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)

生了全球性的變化，在過去的幾千年里,“廣和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍

然找不到。由此可知，第五段是為上文提到的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步提供證據(jù)。故選A.

標(biāo)題概括

例3(2022?全國甲卷)

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGcntoopcnguins(企

鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripCiinni

wouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplov?fbrtravel.Throughouthercareer（職業(yè)）asa

professionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingand

hersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventually

gettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minute

cheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouth

Americanmainland.44!justdecidedIwantedtogo,“shesays.441hadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn't

ncr/ous,1justwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowards

Antarctica.uFromseeingthewildlifstowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjust

roseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillhearthe

operaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathit

hometoGinni.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.

B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.

0.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

【解析】選B。主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBazlinton去南極洲旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)倒

數(shù)第二段中GinniBazlinton對南極洲之旅的評價(jià):thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftan

impressiononmethatnootherplacehas可知,去南極洲旅行讓她非常難忘，故B項(xiàng)最能概括文章主旨。

例4（2022?全國甲卷）

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilar

shape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshave

provedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwitha

nutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfive

differentlyshaped“keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyarcabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對稱的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledankValloccntricframeofrcfcrcncc'Mn

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognition

alone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.Thisindicatesthat

Goffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similarto

two-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisual

clues（線索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers

B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers

□.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

A.Extrareasonsfbrbirdextinction.B.Possiblesolutionstohabitatloss.

C.Substantialchangesinhumanbehavior.D.Theprospectofbiodiversityloss.

【解析】B。主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，研究的主要作者、科梅爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的助理研究員亞歷山大?李斯

指出：“棲息地的喪失和退化往往是由對資源的需求引起的?！薄拔覀冃枰玫乜紤]牛肉、石油和種子作物

等商品流動是如何導(dǎo)致生物多樣性喪失的，并努力減少人類對自然界的足跡?！惫首詈笠欢沃饕v的是棲息

地喪失的可能解決辦法。

D

（江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中調(diào)研考試）IstartedplayingthepianowhenIwasaround

fouryearsold-thatwas15yearsago!—andsincethen,thelongestIhaven'ttouchedpianokeyswasprobablytwo

months.Thiswasanenormousamountofdevotiontosomethingthat1wasn'tevenplanningtomakemoneyoffof

it—sotheremusthavebeensomethingworthholdingonto,right?

TheeasyguessisthatIwasalwayssopurelyinlovewithmusicandpianothatIcouldiftbearioletthemgo.

However,it'sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Istmgglcdalotwithpiano.Ifeltpressuretoimprove,innovate,and

bethebestinordertoprovesomethingtoothers.Theseedofmymusicalinterestwasgrownwithcompetitionand

doubt.

It'sdifficulttolearntolovesomethingthatyoudidn'tchooseinthefirstplace.Butsomehow,sometime,love

grew.Andbyhighschool,itwasstrongenoughthatIfoundthestrengthtoholdontighter,digfurther,andfind

somethingofmyowntogrow.Inaway,Ihadtostartover.

Andso,Itookapause.Iswitchedteachers,andgotincrediblyluckywithonewhoencouragedmeandhelped

metunnelintowhatIloved,notwhatIwastoldIshouldlearn.AnythingIhadwasgoodenoughtobeloved.

Thissummer,Istartedlearningtheguitar.Ideliberatelywantedtolearnonmyown-thiswasjustfbrme,to

formanewrelationshiptomusic.Eventhoughmyguitarskillsarcmileslowerthanmypianoskills,IfeelIcan

expressmyselfevenmorewhollythroughstringsthankeys.There'sjustsomethingaboutdoingitallfbrmyself

thathashelpedmehealthedamagestomyrelationshiptomusic.

TheloveandhateI'vehadfbrthepianowerebothplantedandgrown.Ifyoutoohavelearnedtohate

somethingyouonceloved—orsomethingyouneverchose—rememberthatwithdedication,itcanbeuprooted,and

lovecanmakeahomeinitsplace.Thereisalwaystime.Thereisalwaysroom.

4.Whatisthebesttitlefbrthetext?

A.PracticemakesperfectB.Lovecannotbeforced

C.LoveisathingthatgrowsD.Thereisnoendtolearning

【解析】C。主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“TheloveandhateI'vehadfbrthepianowerebothplantedandgrown.

Ifyoutoohavelearnedtohatesomethingyouonceloved-orsomethingyouneverchose—rememberthatwith

dedication,itcanbeuprooted,andlovecanmakeahomeinitsplace（我對鋼琴的愛恨情仇既是種植下的也是逐

漸增長的。如果你也學(xué)會了恨你曾經(jīng)愛過的東西一或者你從未選擇過的東西一記?。褐灰禜努力，它可

以被連根拔起，而愛則可以在它的原地建立一個(gè)家。）”可知，本文中，作者通過自己學(xué)習(xí)樂器的經(jīng)歷說明愛

是能夠種植培養(yǎng)的。

E

（湖北省2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中試題）"Regrets,I'vehadafew.Butthenagain,toofewto

mention,MFrankSinatrachantedinhis1969hit“MyWay”.Thesong'sideaisattractive:thatanyonecanjust

declarewhat'sdoneisdoneandmoveon.Sometakethedeclarationastepfurtherandclaimtheyhavenoregretsat

all.Whetheraboastoranactualattitude,4tnoregrets^^suggeststhatlifecanandshouldbelivedwithoutlooking

throughtherear-viewmirror.

Easiersaidthandone,though.In2020,authorDanielH.PinklaunchedtheWorldRegretSurvey,thelargest

eversurveyonthetopic.Withhisresearchteam,Pinkaskedmorethan15,000peoplein105countries,4tHowoften

doyoulookbackonyourlifeandwishyouhaddonethingsdifferently?”82%saidregretisatleastanoccasional

panoftheirlife;roughly21%saidtheyfeelregret“allthetime."Only1%saidtheyneverfeelregret

Ifyouareofthe“noregrets"type,youmightthinkthatallthisregretisarecipeforunhappiness.Butthatisn't

thecase.True,beingovenvhelmedbyregretisindeedbadforyouButgoingtotheotherextrememaybeeven

worse.Toridyourselfofregretsdoesn'tfreeyoufromshameorsorrow;itleadsyoutomakethesamemistakes

againandagain.Totrulygetoverourguiltrequiresthatweputregretinitsproperplace.

Asuncomfortableasitis,regretisanamazingcognitive（認(rèn)知）achievement.Iftodayyourrelationshipwith

yourpartnerhassoured,yourregretmightmentallytakeyoubacktolastyear.Youwouldrememberyourbeing

meanandsensitive,andthenimagineyourselfshowingmorepatience,beingkindinsteadofhurtfulatkey

moments.Thenyouwouldfast-fbnvardtotodayandseehowyourrelationshipcouldbeprogressinginsteadof

languishing.

Butregretdoesn'thavetobeleftunmanaged.Thetrickistoacknowledgeitanduseitfbrlearningand

improvement.Youcanbehonestwithyourselfaboutwhatwentwrongandusethatknowledgetoenjoybetter

relationshipsinthefuture.

5.Whatmightbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

1.Regrettobecomesmarter-ifyouletit.B.Longibradifterentpast?Regretit!

C.Regret?Notmyway!D.Stayaway!Regretwillhealitself.

【解析】A.主旨大意題。根據(jù)戢后一段一、regretdoesn'thavetobeleftunmanaged.Thetrickisto

acknowledgeitanduseitforlearningandimprovement.（但后悔不必被忽視。訣竅是承認(rèn)它，然后將其用「學(xué)

習(xí)和改進(jìn)中。）”可知，作者建議讀者利用好“后悔”這一舉動來促進(jìn)自我的進(jìn)步，故選項(xiàng)A“Regretiobecome

smarter—ifyouletit.（如果你愿意一后悔能讓你變得更聰明）”符合文章主旨大意。

F

（山東省濟(jì)南市2022-2023學(xué)年高中三年級摸底考試）EverysummerartistsperformatFringe（邊緣）

Festivalsaroundtheworld.FringeFestivalsareacelebrationofstrangeart.Theyhaveallkindsof

performers—fromdancers,musiciansandactorstoeverythinginbetween.Theshowsgiveartistsachancetocreate

unusualart.Forfestivalgoers,eachshowisatimetoexperiencesomethingdifferent.

ThefirstFringeFestivalwasheldinEdinburgh,Scotlandin1947.Thatwasalsotheyearofthefirst

EdinburghInternationalFestival.ArtistsfromaroundtheworldtraveledtoScotlandfbrtheEdinburghInternational

Festival.Theyperfbnnedatartscentersthroughoutthecity.Eightlocaltheatercompaniesdidnotreceivean

invitation,however.Inresponse,theyperformedatsmallerspacesaroundEdinburgh.Theseartistsperformed

wherevertheycould,includingchurchesandevenonthestreet.Theystartedtheirownculturaleven:andnamedit

theEdinburghFestivalFringe.

6.WhatdocsParagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.WhyEdinburghbecametheglobalartcenter.

B.HowthefirstFringeFestivalcameintobeing.

C.WhentheEdinburghInternationalFestivalwasheld.

D.WheretheEdinburghFestivalFringewascelebrated.

【解析】B。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段可知，八家當(dāng)?shù)貏≡汗緵]有收到邀請參加愛丁堡國際藝術(shù)節(jié)，所以

這些藝術(shù)家們開始了自己的文化活動，并將其命名為邊緣藝術(shù)節(jié)，所以第二段主要介紹了第一屆邊緣藝術(shù)

節(jié)是怎樣產(chǎn)生的。

G

（河北省衡水中學(xué)2022-2033學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期評估試題）Theremaybeareasonwhyastronautsarccrazy

abouttheviewfromspacebutnevermentionthefood.AstronautsaboardtheInternationalSpaceStationmust

drinkmealsoutofaplasticsqueeze-hagbecauseofzerogravity.Foodinspacecanonlyhereheatedinsteadof

beingcookedfresh.Besides,mealsfbreachcrewmembermustbestoredinadvanceandeateninorder.Allofthis

maysoundalittledifficulttoaccept.

Therefore,itwasonesmallstepfbrinterstellar（星際的）cuisinewhenU.S.astronautMeganMcArthur

recentlypostedphotosofherselfholdingapancakesgorgedwithbeef,tomatoesandafreshhatchchilli（紅番椒）

grownaboardtheinternationalSpaceStationitself.

“Beslspacepancakesyet,“shesharedonline.

Pesquet,aFrenchastronaut,postedonInstagram,“Itissuchajoytogrow（andeat）yourownfood,and

necessaryfbrfurtherexplorationofourSolarSystem."Itseemsthereisasuitcasc-sizcdspacegardenaboardthe

1SS（InternationalSpaceStation）thatholdsaboutsix“pillows“stuffedwithclayandfertilizer,andaLEDlight.

AstronautshavegrownseveralkindsofvegetablesincludingChinesecabbageandredRussiankale（羽衣甘藍(lán)）in

thismicro-plot,totestwhichplantsmightgrowbestduringalongspacevoyage.

WecalledMelvaAguirre,whoownsthePepperPotinHatch,N.M.,homeofhatchchilli.Shesaystheharvest

oftheirfamouslocalcropinouterspaceisthetalkofthetown.uNowthewholeuniverseknowshowgreatour

chilliare,“shesaid.WhenIaskedifshecouldrecommendahatchchillirecipe,Aguirretoldme,“Juststuffit.”

“Stuffit?”Iasked,andshelaughedandsaid,“Imean,inyourmouth”ArecipeevenIcanfollow.

7.Whatisthebesttitlefbrthepassage?

A.ChallengesAstronautsFaceinSpace.

B.TheBestFoodEverfbrSpaceVoyages.

C.FineDiningontheInternationalSpaceStation.

D.TheConstantStepsofHuman'sSpaceExploration.

【解析】Co主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意結(jié)合三個(gè)宇航員描述空間站的飲食“"Bestspacepancakesyet,"she

sharedonline.。'最好吃的太空煎餅，”她在網(wǎng)上分享道），第四段的“Ilissuchajoytogrow（andeat）yourown

food,andnecessaryforfurtherexplorationofourSolarSystem.（自己種植（并食用）食物是一種樂趣，這對進(jìn)一步

探索太陽系是必要的）“，以及最后一段的“Shesaystheharvestoftheirfamouslocalcropinouterspaceisthetalk

ofthetown.（她說，他們在外太空收獲的當(dāng)?shù)刂魑锸擎?zhèn)上的熱門話題）”可知，文章介紹了宇航員在空間

站的飲食現(xiàn)狀及研究新成果。C選項(xiàng)“國際空間站上的美食”符合文章大意，可以做標(biāo)題。

H

（重慶南開中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期質(zhì)量檢測）Withclimatechangeontracktodestroytheworld's

coralreefs,scientistsracetocreateanewsuper-coralthatcansurviveextremetemperatures.

AtypeofmicroscopicalgaecalledSymbiodiniaceaeliveswithinmostcoral'stissues.Thetwoorganismshave

beenlivingdependentlyfbrhundredsofmillionsofyearsinawaythatresemblestherelationshipbetweenhumans

andtrees.Thealgaeconsumecoral'swasteproducts,andcoralconsumesnutrientsthatthealgaephotosynthesize.

Coralalsoprovidesshelterfbralgae.Butwhenexposedtotoomuchheatorlight,thealgaereleaseharmful

chemicals,sothecoralcaststhemout.Leftwithouttheirmainenergysource,thecoralwillstarvetodeath.Thisis

alsobadnewsfbrthealgae.Butnaturalevolutionhasprovidedabiologicalfeedbackloopthatcanhelpthetwo

reunite.

Oneofthecompoundsthatalgaereleasewhenwaterbecomeshot,calledDMs,bubblesuptothesurfaceof

thewaterandformsathinlayer,whichshieldsthecorallikeanatural,on-demandlayerofsunscreen.Withthis

protection,thewatercoolsdownandalgaecanreturntothecoralandreestablishtheirpartnershipunlessthewater

istoohot,inwhichcasethecoralconsumesthecomponentsthatmakeupDMsbeforeitcanform.

Climatechangeisbecomingtoointensefbrcoralandalgaetonaturallyadaptfastenough.Therefore,scientists

aretestingoutdifferentwaystoacceleratethatadaptationthroughvariousmethodsofassistedevolution.Some

teamsarecurrentlyconductingsmallfieldtrialsofselectivebreeding,wheretheyidentifythemostheat-tolerant

membersofasampleofcorals.Thentheybreedthemtogethertocreateoffspringthatcanbeused:ohelprestore

coralreefs.Othersarefocusingtheireffortsonspeedingupthealgae'sadaptation,attemptingtoincreaseitsheat

toleranceinlabs.

Ultimately,scientistsmayimplementacocktailofsolutionstosavecoralreefs."Tocreateasuper-coral,we

could,forexample,selectivelybreedheat-tolerantcoralsandcombinethatwithenhancedalgae,“saysvanOppen.

1.8.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Theroleplayedbythealgaewithinthecoral.

B.Thewaytocreateasuper-coraltosavereefs.

C.Selectivebreedingconductedamongcorals.

D.Scientists'effortstoincreasealgae'sheattolerance.

［解析】B。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Withclimatechangeontracktodestroytheworld'scoralreefs,scientists

racetocreateanewsuper-coralthatcansurviveextremetemperatures.（隨著氣候變化對,全球珊瑚礁的破壞，科

學(xué)家們競相創(chuàng)造一種能夠在極端溫度下生存的新型超級珊瑚）”結(jié)合文章介紹了藻類和珊瑚的關(guān)系以及超級

珊瑚的培育過程?？芍@篇文章主:要講的是創(chuàng)造超級珊瑚來拯救珊瑚礁的方法。

I

（福建省漳州市2023屆高二畢業(yè)班第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測）Couldasuddensharpincreaseinthesizeand

varietyofancientlifehavebeenlinkedtodramaticchangesdeepinsidetheEarth?About550millionyearsago,in

theCambrian（寒武紀(jì)）periodofprehistorysomanynewanimalsappearedthattheeventisreferredtoasthe

“Cambrianexplosion'*.Scientistshavelongwonderedwhattriggeredthechange,afterbillionsofyearsinwhich

lifewasmostlyextremelysmall.NowitseemsthattheformationofEarth'sinnercore—asolidironballatthe

centreofEarth—wascrucial.

Theinnercoreliesabout3,000milesbelowEarth'ssurfaceandis1,500milesacross.Itissurroundedbya

liqvid-metaloutercoreandisslowlygrowingastheliquidmetalcools.Heatfromtheinnercorepowersswirling

（旋轉(zhuǎn)）movementsintheliquidlayer,whichcreateastrongmagneticfield（磁場）aroundEarth—abarrierthat

protectsliftbyblockingharmfulparticlesfromouterspace.

Themagnetism-drivinginnercoreseemstobearecentarrival,however.In2019ateamledbyProfessorJohn

TardunoattheUniversityofRochester,NewYork,Us,analysedchemicalsinancientrocksfromQuebecCanada,

whichtraparecordofthemagneticfieldattheinoinenttheyformed.Theteamfoundthat565millionyearsago,

Earth'smagnetismhadlessthan10%ofitsstrengthtoday.Thissuggeststhattheswirlingofliquidmetal,which

hadalwaysproducedaprotectivemagneticforce,wasgrowingweak.

Now,fiirthcrworkhasshownthattheficlcfsstrengthstartedtorecoverjustbeforetheCambrian

explosion—almostcertainlydrivenbythenewlyformedinnercoreprovidingafreshpowersource.Itseemshighly

likelythatthetwoeventsaresomehowlinked.

UIdon'tthinkthatthereturnofEarth'smagneticfieldandthesubsequentexplosionoflifeonEarthcanbe

unconnected^^saysTarduno.Workingouttheexactnatureoftheconnection,however,willneedalotmore

scientificresearch.

9.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Theinnercore'sfeatures.B.Theinnercore'sstructure.

C.Theinnercore'smotion.D.Theinnercore'sdevelopment.

【解析】A。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句話"Theinnercoreliesabout3,000milesbelowEarth'ssurface

andis1,500milesacross.Itissurroundedbyaliquid-metaloutercoreandisslowlygrowingastheliquidmetal

cools.Heatfromtheinnercorepowersswirling（旋轉(zhuǎn)）movementsintheliquidlayer,whichcreateastrong

magneticfield（磁場）aroundEarth—abarrierthatprotectslifebyblockingharmfulparticlesfromouterspace.（|為

核位于地球表面以下約3000英里處，直徑1500英里。它被液態(tài)金屬外芯包圍，并隨著液態(tài)金屬冷卻而緩

慢生長。來自內(nèi)核的熱量推動了液態(tài)層的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動，從而在地球周圍形成了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的磁場一一個(gè)通過阻止

來自外太空的有害粒子進(jìn)入來保護(hù)生命的屏障。）"可知，第二段主要介紹了地球內(nèi)核的特征。

J

（安徽省卜校聯(lián)盟2023屈高三開學(xué)考試）Achangetoorganicdairyfanningaroundthenaturereservescould

significantlyreducedamagedonetctheareasbynitrogen（氮）producedbysolidwastefromcows,accordingtoa

research.

ConcentratedanimalfarmingnearNatura2000areaswasbannedin2002.However,800farmsstillremainin

theouteredgeoftheseprotectedareas,someofwhicharcparticularlydamagingtotheenvironment.

Researcherslookedat34organicfarmstoseehoworganicfanningpracticescomparedwiththoselarge-scale

factoryfarms.Theyfoundthatcowsatorganicfarmsproduced22%lessnitrogenintheirwaste,whiletheamount

ofemissionsperhectare（公頃）was53%lower.

“Thereasonwhyorganicfiirmingislesspollutingisthatfaimsgenerallyhavefewercowsanddon'tuse

fertilizer,''saidresearchers.Organiccowsarealsoputouttograsslandmoreoftenandaren'tgivenccncentrates（精

飼料）tothesamedegree,whichalsolimitsemissions.

Whileorganicdairyfarmswouldmakeagoodprotectivebarrieragainstnitrogenaroundthenaturereserves,

thisdoesn'tholdtruefbrorganicchickenandpigfarms,theresearchshowed.

“Despitethegooditwoulddo,notmanydairyfarmersarelikelytomakethechange,“researcherGerard

Migchelssaid."Theorganicsectoriscurrentlyrelativelysmall.Growthisonlypossibleifthereisenoughmarket

demand.Thatwouldmakeitpossibletocometoarealisticpricefbrorganicmilk,“hesaid.

In2019,some40,000cowsintheNetherlandswerefarmedorganically,accountingfbrjust1%oftheDutch

herdof3.8million.

Accordingtoagovernmentreport,46%ofnitrogencompound（復(fù)合物）pollutionaroundnatureresenesis

dov/ntoagriculture,towhichdairyfarmingcontributes60%.Thenewlawonnitrogenemissionsaimstoreduce

pollutionby40%by2025a