1、GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries,英語國家概況,英語國家概況,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,Chapter5Education,MediaandHoliday,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英語國家概況,HolidaysandFestivals,Education,Media,I,II,III,CONTENT,Education,I,EducationalPolicy,EducationalSystem,EducationalP

2、olicy,Before1870,educationwasvoluntaryandschoolsweresetupbythechurch.20thcenturylateron,governmenttakeresponsibilityforeducation.,EducationalPolicy,Compulsoryeducation:agesof5and16Freeeducation.(since1944)Comprehensiveschoolsintroducedinthe1960sNationalCurriculumintroducedin1988Subjects:mathematics,

3、English,science,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,aforeignlanguage.,EducationalPolicy,Fourstages:Primary:5-11secondary:11-16furthereducation-16Twomoreyearsinpreparationforhighereducationhighereducation-18,EducationalSystem,primaryandSecondaryEducationHigherEducationFamousUniversities,

4、PrimaryandSecondaryEducation,Twoparallelschoolsystem:Statesystem94%(Freetoallchildrenbetween516yearsold)IndependentsystemPublicschools6%IndependenttuitionfeesIndependentcurriculum,Pre-schoolingBeforeprimaryschoolingsomechildrenhaveanopportunitytoattendthefewkindergartens,whicharecalled“NurserySchool

5、s”.,PrimaryandSecondaryEducation,statesystem11-yearcompulsoryeducation5-11:primaryschools11-16:secondaryschools(comprehensiveschools:literatureandscience,cookingandcarpentry),StateSystem,PrimaryandSecondaryEducation,StateSchoolsTheyarefundedbylocalandcentralgovernments(Freetoallchildrenbetweentheage

6、sof516)IndependentschoolsIndependentschools:feesarerequired2500independentschoolsinBritain,includingEtonandWinchesterAprivilegefortherichBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBetterchancetoenterfamousuniversities,TwoSystems,EtonCollege,Harrow哈羅公學(xué)：丘吉爾、拜倫的母校，約旦國王侯賽因、印度前總理尼赫魯也曾在這里就學(xué)。Eton,伊頓公學(xué)，也是英國昔

7、日殖民地上層社會(huì)家庭孩子入學(xué)的首選學(xué)校，從印度王子到阿拉伯王子，大家都以入學(xué)伊頓為驕傲。伊頓公學(xué)被稱為“精英的搖籃”，先后出過20位英國首相。在各國名流眼中，能把小孩送到伊頓公學(xué)就代表了地位和身份，因此連英國切爾西足球俱樂部老板阿布拉莫維奇，也在拼命為孩子申請(qǐng)入學(xué)伊頓公學(xué)。,IndependentSystem,primaryandSecondaryEducation,6percentofallBritishchildrenHighfees:7000perterm,AprivilegefortherichBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBett

8、erchancetoenterfamousuniversities,IndependentSystem,primaryandSecondaryEducation,Co-educatedSchoolsStateprimaryschoolsadmitbothboysandgirls(agedfrom5to11).Theseschoolsarecalledco-educationalormixedschools.AcademicYearBeginsinSeptember,andisdividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easter,andinth

9、esummer.,SecondaryEducation,Thechildrenbeginsecondaryeducationattheageof11.TypesofsecondaryschoolsExaminations,TypesofSecondarySchools,IndependentandpublicSchoolsIndependentschoolsarealsoconfusinglycalledpublicschools.Independentschoolsarefundedthroughtheprivatesector,tuitionfeesandminimalgovernment

10、assistance.,Examinations,GCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation普通中等教育證書A-levels:GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedLevel普通教育高級(jí)證書GNVQ:GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications國家通用職業(yè)資格證書,FurtherEducation,At16:Nationalexamination，GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation),toleaveortocontinue“si

11、xthform”(2years):3or4subjectsA-levels(GeneralCertificateofEducationAdvanced)foruniversitiesadmittances(academic)GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification)forvocationaltraining,BritishEducationalSystem,PrimarySchool5-11,SecondarySchool11-16(GCSE),SixthFormSchool16-18(A-levels),UniversityorCollegeof

12、HigherEducation,VocationalTraining,Beginworking,BeginWorking,BeginWorking,BeginWorking,PrimaryandSecondaryEducation,D.HigherEducationBritishhighereducationhasalonghistory.Therearefivetypesinhighereducation:1)olduniversitieswereEstablishedin12thand13th:OxfordandCambridge，theycanbecalledOxbridge.Itisa

13、termusedtorefertothetwomostfamoushighereducationinstitutionsinBritain.,2)fourScottishuniversitiesTheyhadbeenfoundedinScotlandbeforeitwasunitedwithEnglandtobecomepartoftheUnitedKingdom.TheywereSt.Andrews(1411),Glasgow(1450),Aberdeen(1495)andEdinburgh(1583)3)themiddle-ageduniversities:werefoundedin183

14、0-1930.DurhamUniversity,itwasthefirstoneafterOxbridge.4)thenewuniversities:universitiesoruniversitycollegessprangupaftertheSecondWorldWarinnot-long-large,butnot-too-smallindustrialtowns.Allthestudentshavetopayfeesandlivingcosts,buttheycanreceiveapersonalgrantapartfromtheveryrich,fromthelocalauthorit

15、yoftheplacewhereheylive.,5)theOpenedUniversities:TheOpenUniversitieswasestablishedin1969andithastwoprinciplemeansofcommunicatingwithitsstudents:BBCradioandTelevisionprogramsanditsownnationalnetworkoftutorsandcounselors(顧問).Mostofthosewhofailtogainentrytoauniversitygoontosomeotherformhighereducation.

16、,U.KSlargestuniversityforpart-timehighereducationItwasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursein1970.NorequirementforanyformaleducationalqualificationsItisopentoeverybody.CoursesaretaughtthroughTV,radio,videosandanetworkofstudycenters,OpenUniversity,OpenUniversityByTV,radio,correspondence,video,networkNo

17、educationqualificationUniversitydegreevarietyofpeople,HigherEducation(Cont.),HigherEducation,HistoryandtypesofuniversityFamousuniversities,HistoryofUniversity,12thand13thcenturies:OxfordandCambridge14thand15thcenturies:fourScottishuniversitiesofSt.Andrews,Glasgow,EdinburghandAberdeen19thand20thcentu

18、ries:otheruniversitiesAftertheSecondWorldWar:newuniversities,Theonlyindependentuniversity:BuckinghamUniversityBPPUniversityBritishuniversitieshaverelativeacademicandmanagementfreedom.,HigherEducation,Recruitmentbasedon:GradesofA-levelsSchoolreferencesInterviewMostlyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrantsExc

19、eptTheUniversityofBuckingham,Degrees,BachelorsDegree學(xué)士學(xué)位,MastersDegree碩士學(xué)位,DoctorsDegree博士學(xué)位,HigherEducation,Longhistory:UniversityofOxford:in1167UniversityofCambridge:1231,TheUniversityofBuckinghamistheonlyprivately-financeduniversityinUK.studentscanfinish3yearscoursesintwoyears.itscurriculumchange

20、saccordingtomarketdemands.,HigherEducation(Cont.),Q.WhatsthedifferencebetweentimerangerequiredfordegreesinBritishhighereducationsystemandthatofChinesehighereducationsystem?,HigherEducation(Cont.),3years,4years,1or2years,2or3years,3to5years,3to5years,FamousUniversities,Top10BritainUniversityin2012Uni

21、versityofCambridge劍橋大學(xué)UniversityofOxford牛津大學(xué)LondonSchoolofEconomics倫敦政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院ImperialCollege(London)帝國學(xué)院（倫敦）UniversityCollegeLondon倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院DurhamUniversity杜倫大學(xué)UniversityofSt.Andrews圣安德魯斯大學(xué)UniversityofBristol布里斯托大學(xué)UniversityofWarwick華威大學(xué)LancasterUniversity蘭卡斯特大學(xué)UniversityOfExeter?？巳卮髮W(xué),Media,Newspapers,T

22、elevisionandBroadcast,Media,MediafunctionsinUK:ShapethepublicopinionDeterminepeoplesmoralandpoliticalorientationConsolidateorunderminetheruleofthegovernment,Media:Newspapers,TheObserver,firstappearedin1791,istheworldsoldestnationalnewspaper.TheTimes,firstpublishedin1785,isBritainsoldestdailynewspape

23、r.,IIThePress,Radio,TelevisionandNews1.ThepressTheBritishpresshasalonghistory.TheearliestknownprintednewspaperinBritainwaspublishedin1513.A.Papers:NewspapersplayanimportantroleinBritishlife,morenewspapersaresoldinBritaininanyothercountry.a.DailyPaper:thenationaldailiesa)TheTimes(circulationmorethan3

24、90323，發(fā)行量39萬多份)b)TheGuardian(circulationmorethan418026)c)DailyTelegraph(circulationmorethan1000000),itisveryclosetobeinganorganofConservativeParty(保守黨)b.Sundaypaperc.EveningPvincialPaper,B.Periodicals(期刊)WeeklyPeriodicalsa.RadioTimesb.TVTimesc.TVQuickd.WhatsonTV(電視預(yù)報(bào))e.ReadersDigestf.Womens

25、Weeklyg.WomenOwn(婦女報(bào))h.MyWeeklyi.Me,C.Journals(雜志)a.TheEconomistb.TheNewStatementc.Spectator(觀察家),Media:Newspapers,Newspapers,LongestablishedindustryTheObserver(firstappearedin1791)stillpublishedeverySundaytheworldsoldestnationalnewspaperTheTimes(firstpublishedin1785)theBritainsoldestdailynewspaper,

26、Newspapers(Cont.),“BigThree”TheTimesviewofgovernmentTheGuardianleftwing,LaborPartyTheDailyTelegraph:freeenterprisesThe“tabloids”:ScandalandgossipTheNewsoftheWorldbest-seller:crime,sports,sexstories,Twocategories:10dailynationalnewspaper,2.RadioandTelevision1).TheMainPublicBroadcastingBodies:inmodern

27、Britain,thereare3publicbodies:a.TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC英國廣播公司)b.IndependentTelevisionCommission(ITC獨(dú)立電視委員會(huì))c.theRadioAuthority(廣播權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu))3.NewsAgenciesThereareseveralnewsagenciesinBritain,themainonesare:a.ReutersNewsAgency(路透社)b.ThePressAssociationLTD(出版聯(lián)合公司)c.ExtelFinancial（金融交換通訊社）,Tele

28、visionandBroadcast,TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)1922IndependentTelevision(ITV)1955SkyTV1989BritishSatelliteBroadcasting,TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation,TheBBCstarteddailyradiobroadcastsin1922andmadeitsfirstTVbroadcastin1936.Itswell-knownbrandprogramsaredocumentaries,costumedramas,andthe“B

29、BCShakespeare”series.,HolidaysandFestivals,Holidaysandfestivals:thereligious,historical,socialandculturaldiversityofthenation.Opportunityforfamiliesandfriendstogettogether,toexchangegoodwishes,toenjoyeachotherscompany,HolidaysintheUK,NewYearsDay,ValentinesDay,AprilFoolsDay,MayDay,Easter,TroopingtheColor,NottingHillCarnival,Halloween,BonfireNight,Christmas,1,3,2,6,5,4,9,8,7,10,11,12,HolidaysandFe