1、Conversion of Word Types第 五 講詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯一、DefinitionBy conversion it means that in translation a word of a certain type/class in the SL text is not necessarily to be turned into a word of the same type/class in the TL text. A word often has to be converted into a different word type/class so as to conf

2、orm to the usage of the TL due to differences in syntactic structures and idiomatic expressions of the two languages.1.His drawing of monkey is exceptionally good.他的猴畫特別好。他畫猴子尤其擅長(zhǎng)。 他畫猴子畫得特別好。2.Talking with his son，the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrongdoings和兒子談話時(shí)，老人是年輕人過去做錯(cuò)事的原諒者。

3、在和兒子談話時(shí)，老人寬恕了兒子過去做的錯(cuò)事。3.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火 箭 已 經(jīng) 發(fā) 現(xiàn) 為 宇 宙 探 索 的 應(yīng)用?；鸺呀?jīng) 用來探索 宇宙。二、Types of ConversionConversion into VerbsConversion into nounsConversion into adjectivesConversion into adverbs1. Conversion into Verbs 英語和漢語比較起來，漢語中動(dòng)詞用得比較多。往往在英語句子中只用一

4、個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。 He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job. 他對(duì)總統(tǒng)聲明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩。 He is going to the market for an ox, which would help him with the work in the fields so

5、that he could earn enough money for a wife.他打算趕集買頭牛幫他種地掙夠錢娶媳婦。Nouns into verbsPrepositions into verbsAdjectives into verbsAdverbs into verbs Nouns into verbs1. Nouns derived from a verb-application; solution; establishment2. Nouns implying an action-sight; thought; glance3. Nouns with a suffix-er(or

6、)-swimmer; chain-smokerA glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我恐怕不能教你游泳。我覺得我弟弟比我教得好。The thought that she

7、 would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.布郎太太一想到丈夫要踏上那漫長(zhǎng)而危險(xiǎn)的旅途而自己又不能同行，（心里）不禁感到難過。The presence of the Indians here at the time of Columbus arrival was sufficient proof of it.在哥倫布來到美洲的時(shí)候，此地已經(jīng)有了印第安人，僅憑這個(gè)事實(shí)，就足以證明這一點(diǎn)。The international food shortage h

8、ad a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.由于世界普遍缺乏糧食，這就直接影響到科威特和其他土地貧瘠的沙漠國(guó)家。An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.讀一點(diǎn)世界史，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)事是有幫助的。 What kind of sailor are you? 你暈不暈船？（be a bad sailor 暈船； be a good sailor 不暈船）For Westerners in China, the es

9、tablishment of an effective team of managers means attracting - and retaining both expatriate and local management talent. 對(duì)于在中國(guó)的西方人來說，建立一支有效的管理人員隊(duì)伍意味著要同時(shí)吸引并留住來自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and law

10、s.其他政府職能則由各個(gè)州來承擔(dān)，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。 He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.他認(rèn)為這次大會(huì)公正忠實(shí)地代表了人民To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing. 據(jù)我所知，有幾臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)失蹤了。He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him. 他善于聽取別人意見，所以他們喜歡同他談心。 The enemies hastened th

11、eir preparation for an attack.敵人加緊準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)攻。My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我認(rèn)為，一代人對(duì)下一代人常常抱怨，這一點(diǎn)是在所難免的。One of the leading newspapers called for the severest punishment of all who had been concerned in the conspiracy.一家主要報(bào)紙要求嚴(yán)

12、懲所有與該陰謀有關(guān)的人。We are looking forward to the early arrival of our guests.我們期待客人早日到來。Prepositions into verbsComing! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “來啦！”她蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺(tái)階，穿過涼臺(tái)，進(jìn)了門廊。South Africa has refused to heed the legitimate ap

13、peal of the United Nations for co-operation.南非無視聯(lián)合國(guó)要求合作的正當(dāng)呼吁。that we here highly resolve , that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.所以我們要在這里宣誓.；這個(gè)國(guó)家在上帝的保佑下，一定要獲得自由的新生；民有、民治、民享的政府決不

14、會(huì)從地球上消失。The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.這條大街向西而去，跨過一座大橋，延伸下坡后又上坡，經(jīng)過了幾家店鋪和肉市，又越過了幾幢平房，最后在一片開闊的綠草坪前突然到了盡頭。Training as a salesperson would guarantee

15、her some employment once her schooling was through.參加推銷員培訓(xùn)就會(huì)確保她在學(xué)業(yè)完成以后能找到工作做。With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.那男孩肩上扛著槍在裝士兵。Without a word, he went out.他一句話沒說，就出去了。I voted for Reagan because I think he could lead us out of this terrible economic slump.我投了里根的票，因?yàn)槲矣X得他有能力

16、帶領(lǐng)我們擺脫經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條（的局面）。Adjectives into verbs英語中表示知覺、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后用作表語時(shí)，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had t

17、o be cautious. 她能夠給我發(fā)信息，這件事就是個(gè)暗示。但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。They are ignorant of the duties they undertake in marrying. 他們完全不懂在婚姻方面應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。 Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 類似的批評(píng)在他后來寫的評(píng)論美國(guó)的文章中屢見不鮮。He must have been aware that his parents marriage was breaking up.他一定已經(jīng)知道父母的婚姻關(guān)

18、系正在破裂。Our computerized stock control system is now operative. 本公司的庫(kù)存管理計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)已運(yùn)行。His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted. 他母親很寵他，他不管想干什么她都愿意讓他干。 I am sure he will be here on time.我肯定他將按時(shí)到達(dá)。How many people were present at the meeting?有多少人出席會(huì)議？Adverbs into verbs part of predic

19、ate That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起來了。The meeting will be over before we arrive if we dont hurry.如果不快點(diǎn)的話，不等我們到那兒，會(huì)議就結(jié)束了。2. Conversion into nouns Verbs into nouns Adjectives into nouns Adverbs into nouns Verbs into nouns -Verbs derived from a nounFormality has always characterized their

20、 relationship. 他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他們看來，他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的 化身。 In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.在希臘神話中，阿佛洛狄特女神是愛的 化身。This watch never varies more than a second in a month.這塊表一個(gè)月的 誤 差從不超過一秒。 My car has been behaving well since it was

21、 repaired.自修理后，我的車 狀態(tài)良好。I aimed to be a writer. 我的 目標(biāo)是當(dāng)一位作家。Dont forget to date your letter. 別忘了在信上填寫 日期。They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed. 他們已經(jīng)在盤算合資企業(yè)一旦建成后經(jīng)理部門的人事安排。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他登臺(tái)了，觀眾報(bào)以熱烈

22、的掌聲。Who heads the government, the Queen or the Prime Minister?誰是政府的首腦?是女王還是首相?We nearly forgot to tip the taxi-driver. 我們差點(diǎn)忘了給出租車司機(jī)小費(fèi).Adjectives into nouns-Adjectives with a definite article -Adjectives expressing characteristics Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich, loved and protected the p

23、oor. 羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship. 缺乏信任對(duì)人際關(guān)系的 危害很大。Stevenson was eloquent and elegant -but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。The new contract would be good for ten years. 新的合同 有效期為10年。 He felt responsible for her death. 他覺得她的 死他 有責(zé)任。Adverbs into nounsIt was official

24、ly announced that they agreed on a reply to the Soviet Union.官方宣布，他們就給蘇聯(lián)的復(fù)信一事取得了一致的意見。The image must be dimensionally correct. 圖形的尺寸必須正確。The paper said editorially that McMillan has stolen the western leadership during Dulles absence. 這家報(bào)紙的社論說，麥克米蘭公司在杜勒斯臥病期間竊走了西方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)。Supporters of the “nature” theory

25、 insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning, which is biologically determined支持“天性”論的人認(rèn)為，我們生來就具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)才能，這是由生物因素決定的3. Conversion into adjectivesNouns into adjectivesAdverbs into adjectivesNouns into adjectivesNouns derived from an adj. -likeliness; flexibilityNouns with an indefinit

26、e article used as a predicate -a failure; a successThe pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒。Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success. 勤奮和才智對(duì) 于獲得成功是頗為重要的。 As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will gi

27、ve him the necessary help. 他對(duì)這城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。She has beauty still, and, if it is not in its heyday, it is not yet in its autumn.她依然很美，即使不是芳華正茂，也還不到遲暮之年。I know her very well by sight and had long felt an interest in her because of her beauty.我認(rèn)得她，她很漂亮，我早就對(duì)她感興趣了。It is no use regretting your pas

28、t mistakes.你悔恨過去的錯(cuò)誤是無用的。Its such a nuisance that Ive got to work on Saturday.我星期六還得上班，真討厭。Adverbs into adjectivesThe computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and quick computations.這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的主要特點(diǎn)是計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確而迅速。I think differently.我想法和你不一樣。4. Conversion into adverbs-Nouns into adverbs-Adjectives into

29、adverbsNouns into adverbsWhen he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對(duì)他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)度將這人爭(zhēng)取過來。He had the honor to attend the Peoples Congress. 他光榮地出席了人民代表大會(huì)。Some say fear and caution are now a part of their daily life. 有人說他們總是

30、提心吊膽地過日子。Adjectives into adverbsCan you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能確切地把這句話譯出來嗎？This is a sheer lie.這純粹是謊言。What he said was an utter slander.他的話完全是誹謗中傷。He took a stun but sad farewell of his families and friends.他堅(jiān)定但悲哀地告別了家人和朋友。Supplement-Conversion of Nouns-Conversion of Adjecti

31、ves-Conversion of AdverbsConversion of Nouns- into verb -into adjective -into adverb - into adverbial clause or sentenceFurther delay would cause us greater losses.如果再耽擱，我們將會(huì)蒙受更大的損失A man of less courage would not dare to work inside enemy headquarters.如果是一個(gè)勇氣不足的人，也不敢在敵人心臟里工作。Conversion of Adjectives

32、:-into verb-into noun-into adverb-into sentenceShe was expensively spoiled from the moment of birth.她從出生就一直受到寵愛，是一位用金錢堆起來的“千金”。He is admittedly reliable.他十分可靠，這是大家公認(rèn)的。PRACTCE1. He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 1. 不能抗拒誘惑的人往往要犯錯(cuò)誤。2. It is the first time that the bigger motors have been u

33、sed in a UK application. 2. 這種大功率馬達(dá)在英國(guó)應(yīng)用尚屬首次.3. Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightning made us turn apprehensive glances toward the distance. 3. 偶爾下一點(diǎn)毛毛雨，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的閃電使得我們時(shí)不時(shí)憂慮地朝遠(yuǎn)處探望。 4. In the event of any conflict between this paragraph and the production acceptance

34、test, the latter shall prevail. 4. 如本節(jié)所述內(nèi)容與生產(chǎn)驗(yàn)收試驗(yàn)相沖突，則以試驗(yàn)為準(zhǔn)。5. He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science. 5. 他從來沒有上過醫(yī)學(xué)院，但他卻獲得了理學(xué)博士這樣難得的榮譽(yù)學(xué)位。6. There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van. 6. 此時(shí)只聽見沙沙的腳步聲和兩匹鬃毛蓬松的拉車小馬得得的馬蹄聲，除此之外，萬籟俱寂。7. He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of poli