1、加拿大木業(yè)協(xié)會設計師培訓班第一階段輕型木結構CanadaWoodLevel1-Wood-FrameConstruction,構件設計FramingComponentsHerbertOttoB.Arch.,MRAIC,鋸材SawnTimber膠合材Plywood,輕型木結構房屋使用不同的木產(chǎn)品AVarietyofWoodProductsareUsedtoFrameaHouse,木基結構材WoodBasedBuildingMaterials,規(guī)格材Dimensionedframinglumber輕型木結構使用標準的規(guī)格材（軟木）Standarddimensionsoftwoodlumberused

2、inwood-frameconstruction名義尺寸Nominaldimensions2x2,2x3,2x4,2x6,2x8,2x10,2x12實際尺寸Actualdimensions1”x1”(38mmx38mm)1”x2”(38mmx64mm)1”x3”(38mmx89mm)1”x5”(38mmx140mm)1”x7”(38mmx184mm)1”x9”(38mmx235mm)1”x11”(38mmx235mm)長度Lengths從2.4m到7.3m，每級增加600mmIncrementsof2feet(600mm)from8ft(2.4m)to24ft(7.3m),木基結構材WoodB

3、asedBuildingMaterials,板材Boards標準尺寸的軟木板材Standardsizesofsoftwoodlumberboards名義尺寸Nominaldimensions1x21x31x41x61x8實際尺寸Actualdimensions”x1”(19mmx38mm)”x2”(19mmx64mm)”x3”(19mmx89mm)”x5”(19mmx140mm)”x7”(19mmx184mm),框架用木材FramingLumber,用于輕型木結構的軟木樹種Speciesofsoftwoodlumberusedinwoodframeconstruction花旗松DouglasF

4、ir西部落葉松WesternLarch西部鐵杉WesternHemlock云杉Spruce松Pine冷衫Fir材性接近的樹種放在一起使用Specieswithsimilarcharacteristicsgivencommercialgroupdesignations云杉-松-冷杉SprucePineFirS-P-F花旗松-落葉松DouglasFir-LarchD.Fir-L鐵杉-冷杉Hemlock-FirHem-Fir指接材FingerJointedLumber較短的材料，如38x89和38x140指接在一起形成較長的材料Shortlengthsof38x89and38x140(2x4and2

5、x6)joinedtoformlongerpieces.用于墻骨柱Usedforstuds沒有翹曲Doesnotwarp材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials,規(guī)格材分等GradingLumber,加拿大的規(guī)格材有目測分等和機械分等(MSR)LumberinCanadavisuallygradedormachinestressrated(MSR)分等依據(jù)Selectstructural高強度Higheststrength良好的外觀Bestappearance一等Number1和上述分等依據(jù)相似，但允許出現(xiàn)更大的結疤Similartoselectstructuralbutla

6、rgerknots二等Number2和一等的強度分等相似，但外觀稍差Similarstrengthtonumber1butnotasgoodvisualappearance三等Number3大量用于施工，外觀沒有要求Widelyusedinconstructionwhereappearanceisnotafactor,規(guī)格材分等GradingLumber,墻骨柱等級StudGrade2x4和2x6的墻骨柱用于承受豎向荷載2x4and2x6ratedforverticalloading施工級材和標準級材用于結構構件Constructiongradeandstandardgradeusedfors

7、tructuralapplications實用級和經(jīng)濟級材用于非結構構件Utilitygradeandeconomygradefornon-structuralapplications,分等機構GradingAgency,生產(chǎn)廠代碼Milldesignation,樹種SpeciesGroup,含水率MoistureContent,指定的等級AssignedGrade,分等認證章GradingStamps,規(guī)格材每600mm有一個分等認證章Gradingstampsareplacedonlumberevery600mm(2ft.)只有經(jīng)認證的機構才能敲章Onlyissuedbyaccredite

8、dassociationsoragencies,根據(jù)樹種，木材被鋸成標準尺寸，并按照指定的產(chǎn)品強度和性能進行分等Lumberissortedbyspecies,sawnintostandardsizesandisgradedwhichresultsinapredictableproductwithknownstrengthandperformancecharacteristics,加拿大輕型木結構CanadianWoodFrameHousing,木基覆面板材WoodBasedSheathings,在輕型木結構中廣泛使用，也可以和輕型鋼結構一起使用Widelyusedinwood-frameco

9、nstructionandincombinationwithsteelframing墻骨柱、擱柵和椽條之間的跨度Spansbetweenstuds,joistsandrafters可以提高墻體、樓蓋和屋頂?shù)挚拐駝?、靜荷以及地震作用的能力Contributestoracking,loadbearingandearthquakeresistanceofwall,floorandroofassemblies,用于樓蓋、墻體和屋面的膠合板PlywoodFloor,WallandRoofSheathing,覆面板材料由薄木片膠合成Panelmaterialmadeofthinwoodveneers良好的

10、雙向強度和剛度，抵抗沖擊破壞和受潮時的尺寸變形Excellenttwowaystrengthandstiffness,resistancetoimpactdamageanddimensionalstabilitywhenwet采用企口板以保證樓面的平整和連續(xù)性，并考慮是否需要使用填塊T&Gusedtoaensurecontinuousflatfloorandeliminateneedforblocking.保證平滑的表面，可以鋪地毯或者其他的地面做法Providessmoothsurfaceforcarpetingandresilientflooring.根據(jù)結構需要，為了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆

11、面板厚度Thickerfloorsheathingforincreasedstructuralsupportrequiredforceramictile,CourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil,定向刨花板OrientedStrandBoard(OSB)Sheathing,定向刨花板采用速生材鋸末、碎屑等細料膠合而成，其速生材可以用楊樹和白楊Panelmaterialmadefromadhesiveandstrands,flakesorwafersproducedfromsmalldiameterlogsoffastgrowingspeciessuchasPoplara

12、ndAspen.墻體、樓蓋和屋頂也可以使用相近厚度的膠合板Wall,floorandroofsheathingwithsimilarthicknessesaplywood.可以參考結構板材協(xié)會的網(wǎng)站獲得技術資料和正確的安裝步驟RefertoStructuralBoardAssociationforwebsitefortechnicalinformationandcorrectinstallationprocedures,CourtesyoftheStructuralBoardAssociation,其它覆面板產(chǎn)品OtherSheathingProducts,瀝青基防火板Asphaltimpre

13、gnatedfibreboard瀝青處理過的石膏板Asphalttreatedgypsumboard(gyplap)內(nèi)墻用石膏板Interiorgypsumboard剛性保溫覆面板Rigidinsulationsheathings聚苯乙烯擠塑板Extrudedpolystyrene發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯板Expandedpolystyrene多異氰脲酸酯板Polyisocyanurate水泥板Cementboard,工程木產(chǎn)品EngineeredWoodProducts,擱柵、梁和框架構件可以用規(guī)格材、木纖維或刨花合成材Joists,beamsandframingmadefromdimensionlum

14、ber,woodfibresorstrandsheldtogetherwithabinder.保護森林資源Conservesforestresources降低建筑浪費Reducesconstructionwaste實現(xiàn)更大的建筑凈跨Allowslongerclearspans類型Types木工字型擱柵WoodIjoists平行木片膠合木Parallelstrandbeamsandposts層疊木片膠合木Laminatedveneerlumber(LVL)腹板開洞擱柵Openwebjoists,工字型擱柵WoodIjoists,弦桿由規(guī)格材或層疊木片膠合木構成，腹板由定向刨花板或膠合板構成Dim

15、ensionlumberorLVLcordsandOSBorplywoodweb相同跨度時，比規(guī)格材輕Lighterweightforsamespanasdimensionedlumber實現(xiàn)的跨度比規(guī)格材更大Capableoflongerspansthandimensionedlumber風道和電線在擱柵中穿越的空間更大Deeperjoistscanallowforductworkaswellaselectricalandplumbing當用于屋頂椽條時，可以建造較大層高的天花板Whenusedasrafterscanallowforhighlevelsofinsulationaboveca

16、thedralceilings深度可以從241mm到508mmDepthsrangefrom241mm(9-1/2)to508mm(20)長度最大可達到18.3mLengthsupto18.3m(60ft),平行木片膠合木ParallelStrandLumber(PSL),花旗松的小木片膠合成梁，過梁和柱StripsofDouglasFirgluedtoformbeams,lintelsandposts材性穩(wěn)定，不會出現(xiàn)收縮、翹曲、扭轉、開裂和隆起Stablepredictableperformance,willnotshrink,warp,twist,splitorcrown平行木片膠合木的

17、厚度從45mm到178mmPSLbeamsaresoldinthicknessesrangingfrom45mm(1-3/4),to178mm(7).長度最大可以達到20mUpto20m(66feet)inlength,層疊木片膠合木LaminatedVeneerLumber(LVL),軟木薄片木紋方向交錯膠合而成的梁Pliesofsoftwoodveneerwiththegrainrunninginthelongdirection,gluedtogethertoformabeam.結構性能可靠Reliablestructuralcharacteristics也適用于建筑上暴露的構件Alsoa

18、vailableinarchitecturalgradeforusewhereexposed厚度從19mm到89mmThicknessesfroml9mm(3/4)to89mm(3-1/2).長度最大可以達到24.4mLengthsupto24.4m(80ft.),CourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil,腹板開洞平行弦桁架OpenWebParallelCordTrusses,上下弦桿采用規(guī)格材，腹板采用金屬桿或規(guī)格材Dimensionedlumbertopandbottomcordwithwebmadeofmetalstrapsofdimensionedlumber跨

19、度更大Canspanlargedistances自重輕Lightweight材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials管道和電線的排布穿越方便Canallowforeasyinstallationofductwork,plumbingandwiring現(xiàn)場不易調(diào)整長度Limitedabilitytoadjustlengthonsite,釘Nails,木結構Framing大多數(shù)輕型木結構用的釘都是低碳鋼制作的Mostnailsusedinwoodframeconstructionaremadefrommildsteel當用于室外或易腐蝕環(huán)境中時，要使用熱浸鍍鋅釘，不銹鋼釘或表面處

20、理過的釘Forexterioruseandwherecorrosionisaconcerngalvanized,stainlesssteelorcoatednailsareused頂?shù)某叽鐝?2mm到150mm，最常用的釘為83mmNailsizesrangeinsizeform12mm(1/2”)to150mm(6”)withthemostcommonframingnailsbeing83mm(3”),釘?shù)念愋蚇ailTypes普通釘Common帶頭的低碳鋼釘Mildsteelnailwithhead雙頭釘Doubleheaded用于臨時固定Usedfortemporaryfastening

21、光圓釘Finishing用于需要隱蔽的連接Usedwherenailistobeconcealed螺紋釘Spiral可以增加握釘力Providesextraholdingpower環(huán)紋釘Ringed握釘力最大，永久性固定Highestholdingpower,permanentfastening屋面釘Roofing大而平的釘頭防止撕裂Largeflatheadfortearresistance掛板釘CladdingandDecking圓頭可以保證搭接時必要的間隙Roundedheadprovidesgapsbetweenlappedsiding,CourtesyCanadianWoodCoun

22、cil,釘Nails,金屬連接件MetalFramingConnectors,用于木框架的連接Allpurposeframinganchor,抗拔連接件Tiedownframinganchor,用于抵抗地震荷載和風的上拔力Forresistingearthquakeandwinduplift,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金屬連接件MetalFramingConnectors,三向連接件Triplegripframinganchor,直角連接件Framingangle,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金屬連接件MetalFramingConne

23、ctors,擱柵和檁條掛鉤Joistandpurlinhangers,桁架齒板Trussplates,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金屬連接件MetalFramingConnectors,抗震錨固件Seismicanchors,輕型木結構建造方法FramingMethods,規(guī)格材的建造有三種基本的方法Constructionusinglumbercanbebrokenintothreebasicmethods一體通柱建造法Balloonframeconstruction多用于過去，現(xiàn)在很少使用Usedmoreinthepast,limitedusetoday梁柱建造

24、法Postandbeamconstruction利基市場建造方法Nichemarketconstructionmethod平臺式建造法Platformframeconstruction加拿大最常用的建造方法ThemostcommonmethodusedinCanada,一體通柱建造法BalloonFraming,一體通柱建造法Balloonframing外墻墻骨柱從基礎到屋頂椽條是連續(xù)的Theexteriorwallsmadefromcontinuousstudsthatrunfromthefoundationroofrafters.樓蓋擱柵支承在板條上Floorjoistsaresuppor

25、tedonribbonboards較長的墻骨柱不容易施工Longstudlengthsmoredifficulttohandle收縮小于平臺式建造法Lessshrinkagethanplatformframeconstruction墻體內(nèi)的保溫層可以從基礎到屋頂連續(xù)布置Allowsfulldepthwallinsulationfromthefoundationtotheroof.墻體空腔內(nèi)要設置防火擋塊Fireblockingmayberequiredinwallcavity,梁柱式或重型木結構PostandBeamorHeavyTimberFraming,主要的結構構件采用大尺寸的規(guī)格材做梁

26、和柱Majorstructuralmembersarelargedimensionlumberpostsandbeams可以使用膠合木或平行木片膠合木Mayusegluelaminatedorparallelstrandcomponents通常結構在室內(nèi)是暴露的Structuretypicallyexposedinside非承重墻體由墻骨柱和預制面板構成Wallinfillpanelsconsistofstudframedwallsorprefabricatedpanels,平臺式建造法PlatformFraming,平臺式建造法Platformframing一種簡便的建造方式，可以使用小斷面

27、的規(guī)格材Asimpleconstructionmethodthatallowstheuseofstandardsmalldimensionlumber每一層樓蓋都能提供一個施工平臺用以布置和搭建內(nèi)外墻體Eachfloorprovidesaworkingplatformforthelayoutandframingoftheinteriorandexteriorwalls理論上說靈活的施工方法可以建造各種形狀和風格的建筑Flexibilityallowsvirtuallyanyshapeorstyleofbuildingtobeconstructed修改方便Canbeeasilymodified.

28、,平臺式建造法PlatformFraming,屋頂桁架Rooftrusses,38x89or38x140mm墻骨柱38x89or38x140mm(2x4or2x6)studwalls,樓蓋覆面板Floorsheathing,樓蓋擱柵Floorjoists,基礎Foundation,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,可以指定一或兩個構件來解釋和抵抗下述任何一種結構概念和受力Foreachofthefollowingstructuralconceptsandforces,identifyoneor2woodframebuildingcomponentst

29、hatareusedtoresistthese受壓Compression受拉Tension水平支撐Lateralbracing受剪Shear樓蓋/墻體Diaphragms懸挑Cantilevers,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受壓Compression墻骨柱Studs柱Posts地梁板Sillplates過梁Lintels梁Beams支撐Blocking擱柵Joists,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受拉Tension擱柵Joists梁Beams桁架Trusses木板條Straps錨固件Ancho

30、rs,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,水平支撐LateralBracing橫撐Struts覆面板（膠合板、定向刨花板和石膏板）Sheetgoods(plywood,OSB,gypsumboard)金屬拉條Metalstraps,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受剪Shear膠合板Plywood釘Nails連接板Gussetplates節(jié)點Joists梁Beams,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,樓蓋或墻體Diaphragms膠合板和定向刨花板Plywooda

31、ndOSB石膏板Gypsumboard椽條和擱柵Raftersandjoists剪刀撐Crossbracing,結構概念和構件StructuralConceptsandComponents,懸挑Cantilevers擱柵Joists梁Beams椽條Rafters桁架Trusses,規(guī)格材含水率FramingLumberMoistureContent,木材含水率Moisturecontentinwood濕材含水率為30%到300%Greenlumbermoisturecontent30%to300%木材干燥時收縮Aswooddriesshrinkageoccurs順紋方向出現(xiàn)最大的收縮Large

32、stshrinkageparalleltograin規(guī)格材含水率為19%或更低Framinglumberconsidereddrywhen19%orless干燥材Driedlumberis尺寸更穩(wěn)定Moredimensionallystable更輕Lighter運輸更經(jīng)濟Moreeconomicaltoship,Typically8%shrinkage,Typically4%shrinkage,Typically0.1%shrinkage,規(guī)格材的干燥FramingLumberDrying,氣干AirDrying防止雨水的侵蝕Protectedfromrain需要數(shù)月時間Processtake

33、smonths不需要使用能源Noenergyrequired窯干KilnDrying熱量和相對濕度可以控制，空氣可以循環(huán)流通Heatandrelativehumidityarecontrolled,airiscirculatedthroughlumber高溫可以殺死昆蟲和其它大部分有機物質，和干燥材一樣Temperatureskillinsectsandmostotherorganismsaswellasdrylumber需要幾天時間Processtakesdays需要使用能源，會間接影響規(guī)格材成本Energyrequiredtoheatkilnspotentiallyaffectingcos

34、toflumber窯干的規(guī)格材需要敲章S-DRY或S-GDNKilndriedlumberstampedS-DRYorS-GDN,PhotoNickMorley,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,規(guī)格材FramingLumber,堆放和防潮StorageandProtectionFromMoisture當干燥到19%的含水率后必須保持干燥Oncedriedto19%mustbekeptdry需要遮蓋Undercover用防水材料包裹Wrappedinwaterresistantwrapping(housewrap),現(xiàn)場含水率測試FieldMoistureMeasurem

35、ent,測試規(guī)格材含水率Measuringmoisturecontentofframinglumber插入式含水率測量儀是最常用的PintypeDCresistancemoisturemetermostcommonlyused必須插入木材8mm才能精確測量Mustpenetratewood8mm(5/16”)foraccuratereading不同的樹種需要進行調(diào)整Mustbeadjustedforeachspecies,現(xiàn)場含水率測試FieldMoistureMeasurement,所有的木材在完工前含水率必須控制在19%或以下Allframingmust19%moisturecontentorlessbeforeclosingin檢測含水率的關鍵Keyareastocheckformoisture外墻ExteriorWalls木材大面積集中的地方Areasoflar