1、人文地理,HUMANGEOGRAPHY,第一章緒論GettingStarted,第一節(jié)人文地理學的研究對象和任務(wù),一地理學與人文地理學,二人文地理學的研究對象,一地理學與人文地理學GeographyandHumanGeography,地理學的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展地理學分類自然地理學人文地理學經(jīng)濟地理學地理學與人文地理學的關(guān)系,一地理學與人文地理學GeographyandHumanGeography,EvolutionoftheDisciplineGeographysnamewasreputedlycoinedbytheGreekScientistEraosthenesover2200yearsagofr

2、omthewordsgeo,“theearth”andgraphein,“towrite.”Fromthebeginning,thatwritingfocusedbothonthephysicalstructureoftheearthandonthenatureandactivitiesofthepeoplewhoinhabitedthedifferentlandsoftheknownworld.,一地理學與人文地理學GeographyandHumanGeography,Moderngeographyhaditsoriginsinthesurgeofscholarlyinquirythat,b

3、eginninginthe17thcentury,gaverisetomanyofthetraditionalacademicdisciplinesweknowtoday.(therapiddevelopmentofgeology,botany,zoology,andothernaturalsciencesbytheendofthe18thcenturystrengthenedregionalgeographicinvestigationandincreasedscholarlyandpopularawarenessoftheintricateinterconnectionsofthingsi

4、nspaceandbetweenplaces.Duringthe19thcentury,nationalcensuses,tradestatistics,andethnographicstudiesgavefirmerfoundationtohumangeographicinvestigation.),一地理學與人文地理學GeographyandHumanGeography,Bytheendofthe19thcentury,geographyhadbecomeadistinctiveandrespecteddisciplineinuniversitiesthroughoutEuropeandi

5、notherregionsoftheworld.,GeographyandHumanGeography,Geography:Geographysspecializedsubfieldsarenotdivisivebutareinterrelated.Geographyinallitssubdivisionsischaracterizedbythreedominatinginterests.Thefirstisinthearealvariationofphysicalandhumanphenomenaonthesurfaceoftheearth;itexaminesrelationshipsbe

6、tweenhumansocietiesandthenaturalenvironmentsthattheyoccupyandmodify.,GeographyandHumanGeography,Thesecondisafocusonthespatialsystemsthatlinkphysicalphenomenaandhumanactivitiesandsocietiesinoneareaoftheearthwithotherareas.Together,theseinterestsleadtoathirdenduringtheme,thatofregionalanalysis,inwhich

7、thehuman-environmental-orecological-relationshipsandthesystemsofspatialinteractionarestudiedinsomegeographersiscalledregionalgeography.,HumanGeography:humangeographydealswiththeworldasitisandwiththeworldasitmightbemadetobe.Itsemphasisisonpeople:wheretheyare,whattheyarelike,howtheyinteractoverspace,a

8、ndwhatkindsoflandscapesofhumanusetheyerectuponthenaturallandscapestheyoccupy.,GeographyandHumanGeography,Itencompassesallthoseinterestsandtopicsofgeographythatarenotdirectlyconcernedwiththephysicalenvironmentor,likecartography,aretechnicalinorientation.Itscontentprovidesintegrationforallofthesocials

9、ciences,foritgivestothosesciencesthenecessaryspatialandsystemsviewpointthattheyotherwiselack.,GeographyandHumanGeography,Atthesametime,humangeography,drawsuponothersocialsciencesintheanalysesidentifiedwithitssubfields,suchasbehavioral,political,social,oreconomicgeography.,GeographyandHumanGeography,

10、二人文地理學的研究對象whatshumangeographyconcerned,Humangeographyisconcernedwiththewaysinwhichpeopleandsocietiesareregionallydifferentintheirdistinguishingcharacteristics.Additionally,itstudiesthewaysthatdifferentsocietiesperceive,use,andalterthelandscapestheyoccupy.Theseinterestswouldseemtoimplyanunmanageable

11、rangeandvarietyoftopics.,二人文地理學的研究對象whatshumangeographyconcerned,Theimplicationismisleading,however,Forthediversifiedsubjectmatterofhumangeographycanbeaccommodatedwithintwogeneralthemesconnectedbyonecontinuingandunifyingthreadofconcern.,Onethemeconsidersthetraitsofculturethatcharacterizedifferentsoc

12、ialgroupsandcomprisetheindividualpiecesofthehumangeographicmosaic.eg.Thesearemattersoflearnedbehaviors,attitudes,andgroupbeliefsthatarefundamentalandidentifyingfeatureofspecificsocialgroupsandlargersocieties.,Asecondthemehastodowiththesystemsofproduction,livelihood,spatialorganization,andadministrat

13、ionandtheinstitutionsappropriatetothosesystemsthatasocietyerectsinresponsetoopportunity,technology,resources,conflict,ortheneedtoadaptandchange.,Interwovenwithandunifyingtheseprimarythemesisthecontinuingbackgroundconcernofgeographers:humansandenvironmentsininteraction.,Throughout,weshallkeepreturnin

14、gtoasmallnumberofbasicobservationsthatunderlieallofhumangeographicstudy(1)Peopleandthesocietiestheyformaredifferentiatedbyalimitedsetofidentifyingculturalcharacteristicsandorganizationalstructures.(2)Withoutregardtothoseculturalandorganizationaldifferences,humanspatialbehaviorhascommon,Andrecurringm

15、otivationsandpatterns.(3)Culturalvariationsandspatialactionsarerootedinthedistribution,numbers,andmovementsofpeople.,第二節(jié)人文地理學的發(fā)展EvolutionoftheDispline,一.人文地理學的產(chǎn)生二.近代西方人文地理學的發(fā)展三.現(xiàn)代人文地理學的發(fā)展四.中國人文地理學的發(fā)展,一.人文地理學的產(chǎn)生,1.國外:地理學發(fā)韌于古希臘學者:菏馬埃拉托色尼(Erathosthenes)2.我國人文地理學產(chǎn)生我國古代人文地理學主要貢獻有:,1.HistoricalDevelopingo

16、fGeography,GeographyscombinationofinterestswasapparentevenintheworkoftheearlyGreekgeographers,whofirstgavestructuretothediscipline.GeographysnamewasreputedlycoinedbytheGreekscientistEratosthenesover2200yearsagofromthewordsgeo,“theearth”andgraphein,“towrite”.Fromthebeginning,thatwritingfocusedbothont

17、he,physicalstructureoftheearthandonthenatureandactivitiesofthepeoplewhoinhabitedthedifferentlandsoftheknownworld.,我國古代人文地理學主要貢獻,1)產(chǎn)生了人地關(guān)系思想的萌芽:2)積累了大量一區(qū)域人文地理論述為特色的人文地理知識史書:府州縣志:游記:,二.近代西方人文地理學的發(fā)展,近代人文地理學產(chǎn)生的主要外在動力?1.德國的近代人文地理學:發(fā)源地拉采爾(FRatzel)赫特納(AffredHetther)施呂特爾(OSchluter)2.法國的近代人文地理學:白蘭士(VBlache)白

18、呂納(JBrunhes),3.英國的近代人文地理學:麥金德(HJMackinder):大陸腹地說羅士培(PMRoxby)4.美國的近代人文地理學:源于德國森普爾(ECSemple):拉采爾的學生亨丁頓(Ehrntingto)巴羅斯(HHBarrows)蘇爾(COSauer)哈特向(Rhartshorne),5.俄國的近代人文地理學:承襲德國地理學派:巴朗斯基、薩烏什金經(jīng)濟學派:費根、康斯坦丁諾夫,三.現(xiàn)代人文地理學的發(fā)展,兩大地理學中心:以美國為首的西方陣營以蘇聯(lián)為首的社會主義陣營1.戰(zhàn)后美國地理學界區(qū)域?qū)W派觀點占上風20世紀50年代:20世紀60年代20世紀70年代,2.蘇聯(lián)20世紀50年代:20世紀70年代以后:3.現(xiàn)代人文地理學主要特征:1)科學理論與方法論的建立2)新的研究方法3)新的研究內(nèi)容和研究方向,四.中國人文地理學的發(fā)展,1.新中國成立之前的人文