1、英語(yǔ)專四語(yǔ)法句子成分(必須的成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。可能有的成分：賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、修飾語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ))主語(yǔ)(1)主語(yǔ)(Subject)一般在句子開(kāi)頭，是句子的 “陳述對(duì)象”，通常由名詞、代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、相當(dāng)于名詞的詞組或從句、引用充當(dāng)。如：The students all love their English teacher.這些學(xué)生都喜愛(ài)他們的英語(yǔ)老師。They go to school by bus.他們乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看太多電視對(duì)你的眼睛是有害的。What we need is a good rest.

2、我們需要的是好好休息一下?！癐 love you”is often heard on Valentines Day.情人節(jié)時(shí)，經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到有人說(shuō)“我愛(ài)你”。(2)形式主語(yǔ)與真實(shí)主語(yǔ)(Formal Subject and Real Subject)主語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或分句時(shí)，常會(huì)放在句尾，用it代替它原來(lái)的位置，這個(gè)it稱為形式主語(yǔ)，放在句尾的原主語(yǔ)為真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。如：It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很難。(不定式短語(yǔ)為真實(shí)主語(yǔ)，it為形式主語(yǔ)。)Its a pity that you cant come.你不能來(lái)真是件遺憾的事。(句子為真實(shí)主語(yǔ)，it為形式

3、主語(yǔ)。)謂語(yǔ)全部倒裝和部分倒裝: 如果謂語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ)前面, 就是倒裝語(yǔ)序. 倒裝語(yǔ)序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝. 在全部倒裝的句子中, 整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)都放在主語(yǔ)的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語(yǔ)中的一部分(如助動(dòng)詞, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 或系動(dòng)詞be等)放在主語(yǔ)前面, 其余部分仍在主語(yǔ)后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldnt answer the question. Nor co

4、uld anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等開(kāi)始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所說(shuō)情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所說(shuō)情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(否定句), 助動(dòng)詞或be置于主語(yǔ)前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing

5、to help and so are the others.He didnt drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一個(gè)句子只是重復(fù)前面一句話的意思, 盡管是用so開(kāi)頭, 語(yǔ)序也不要顛倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為 never, little, not only, not until, hardly,

6、 scarcely等否定詞或有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí), 一般引起部分倒裝.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副詞提前, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 go, come等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞而主語(yǔ)又較長(zhǎng)時(shí), 通常用全部倒裝:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst

7、open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主語(yǔ)是代詞, 仍用正常語(yǔ)序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 謂語(yǔ)為be的句子, 也要倒裝:Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主語(yǔ)是代詞, 仍用正常語(yǔ)序:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3

8、.表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞提前:介詞短語(yǔ): On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容詞: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副詞: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acr

9、es of sandy wasteland.分詞: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.6) 句首狀語(yǔ)若由 only + 副詞, only + 介詞詞組, on

10、ly + 狀語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成, 引起局部倒裝:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only開(kāi)頭的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒裝:Not only did he complain about the food, he also refu

11、sed to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.賓語(yǔ)(1)賓語(yǔ)(Object)是行為動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象，一般可分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、代詞、名詞化的形容詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)或句子。如：I bought a ticket for Milan.我買(mǎi)了一張去米蘭的車(chē)票。They decided to close to the border.他們決定封閉邊境。We hoped that all would com

12、e well.我們相信一切都會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。(2)直接賓語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)(Direct Object and Indirect Object)英語(yǔ)中的授予動(dòng)詞(Dative Verb，有“給予”、“告知”、“拒絕”等類似意義的動(dòng)詞)要求接雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)指所給予或告知的“事物”;間接賓語(yǔ)指接受或被告知事物的“人”。間接賓語(yǔ)可置于直接賓語(yǔ)之后，但前面須加介詞to或for。Please show me your passport.請(qǐng)把護(hù)照給我看一下。(me為間接賓語(yǔ)，your passport為直接賓語(yǔ)。)The arrangement saved lots of time for us

13、.這個(gè)安排省了我們很多時(shí)間。(lots of time為直接賓語(yǔ)，us為間接賓語(yǔ)。)(3)形式賓語(yǔ)與真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)(Formal Object and Real Object)作賓語(yǔ)用的短語(yǔ)或從句之后接有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須將用作賓語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)或從句放在補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后，用it代替它原來(lái)的位置;這個(gè)it稱為形式賓語(yǔ)，放在補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后的賓語(yǔ)為真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)。如：I think it wrong to waste time.我認(rèn)為浪費(fèi)時(shí)間是不對(duì)的。(不定式短語(yǔ)是真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)，it是形式賓語(yǔ)，wrong是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Complement)是起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用的成分，用于彌補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)意義之不足。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)可分為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Subject

14、 Complement)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(Object Complement)，一般由名詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、不定式、分詞充當(dāng)。如：They considered that a downright lie.他們認(rèn)為那是徹頭徹尾的謊言。(賓語(yǔ)that的補(bǔ)語(yǔ))I found everything in good condition.我看到一切都井然有序。(賓語(yǔ)everything的補(bǔ)語(yǔ))后跟名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有call,name,think,make,choose等，后跟形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有keep,find,get,think,make等。動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)

15、詞(如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listen to,look at等)、使役動(dòng)詞(如let,have,make等)，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)(Attribute)起修飾限定名詞或代詞的作用，單詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般置于所修飾的名詞之前;短語(yǔ)和從句用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般置于所修飾的名詞之后?？煞譃榍爸枚ㄕZ(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)?？捎米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。His father is a doctor.他父親是一名醫(yī)生。The girl under the tree is Kate.在樹(shù)底下的那個(gè)女孩是凱特。Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)(Adverbial)是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、程度和伴隨狀語(yǔ)等。如：I often get up at 5：30 in the morning.我常常在早上5：30起床。You should put the book where it was.你應(yīng)該把這本書(shū)放回原來(lái)的地方。It rained heavily,causing severe flooding.大雨滂沱，造成洪水泛濫。同位語(yǔ)當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置，其中一個(gè)句子成分用