1、英語的時態(tài),一、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法,1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。 時間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. He cycles to work every day. 2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.,3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride

2、 goes before a fall.驕者必敗。 注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如： Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作，表示言

3、行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動作的客觀狀況。,知識擴(kuò)展：一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 1）下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進(jìn)行

4、，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在時間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that

5、the windows are closed before you leave the room.,二、一般過去時的用法 1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? I saw Tom in the street yesterday. I bought this TV set in Beijing last year. 2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。 When I was a child

6、, I often played football in the street. He always went to work by bus. He used to act like that.,3）用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示語氣委婉禮貌。 （1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wanted to ask you about that. Did you want to speak to me now? I wondered if you could help me. （2）情態(tài)動詞 co

7、uld, would，例如： Could you lend me your bike? 4）用在條件句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵅环奶摂M語氣。 If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.,注意比較下列句型： It is time for sb. to do sth “到時間了；該了”，例如： It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。 It is time sb. did sth. “時間已遲了；早該了”，例如： It

8、is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“寧愿某人做某事”，例如： Id rather you came tomorrow. 一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住

9、在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去),三、一般將來時 1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。 will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。 Which paragraph shall I read first？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。 What are you going to do

10、tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month. c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.,4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow,

11、 next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。,be going to / will的用法之比較： 用于條件句時，be going to表將來，will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to和be going to 的用法之比較： be

12、 to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 則表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排),四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 1. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 2. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. (說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作

13、的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. 3. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. 4. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.,知識擴(kuò)展：不用進(jìn)行時的動詞 1) 事實狀態(tài)的動詞。如：have, belon

14、g, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理狀態(tài)的動詞。如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your he

15、lp. He loves her very much. 3) 瞬間動詞。如：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系動詞。如：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired.,五、過去進(jìn)行時 1）概念：表示過去某時正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作。 2）過去進(jìn)行時的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生

16、。 3) 常用的時間狀語有：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 例句： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.,典型例題 1) Mary _ a d

17、ress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，瑪麗在做衣服時提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時。 2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was fallingB. was reading; fell C. was reading; was fallingD. read; fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為當(dāng)之時。描述一件事

18、發(fā)生的背景時，用過去進(jìn)行；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意為 在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。,1. Look! How wonderful my car is! Oh, Jack. What are you thinking about? Dont you like it? Im sorry I _ any remark about it in time. I certainly think its smart. A. wasnt making B. dont make C. wont makeD.

19、didnt make 2. To find the street where I lived in my childhood is no easy task because the city _ so rapidly all these years. A. is changingB. has changed C. will have changedD. will change 3. He _ quite well, but he hasnt had time to swim since this summer. A. will swim B. have swumC. swam D. swims

20、 4. Jimmy said that he would come to pick me up, but he _by now. A. hasnt turned up B. doesnt turn up C. wont turn up D. hadnt turned up,5. Im terribly sorry for being late, but I _ the wrong bus. A. catch B. had caughtC. caughtD. catching 7. The truth, sir, is that the old man _ across the road whe

21、n my car hit him. A. was to walk B. had been walking C. walked D. was walking 8. I really dont think Rose will be upset, but I will go and see her in case she _. A. is B. does C. will beD. has been 9. The computers made by our company sell best, but several years ago no one could have imagined the r

22、ole in the markets that they _. A. were playingB. were to play C. had played D. played,10. Kate is in hospital. Oh, really? I _. _ visit her. A. didnt know; Ill go andB. dont know; Ill go and C. dont know; Im going toD. didnt know; Im going to 11. Where _ the guidebook? I cant see it anywhere. I _ i

23、t right here, but now its gone. A. did you put; have putB. had you put; have put C. have you put; putD. were you putting; put 14. Do you live in this city? No, we _ it for holidays. A. just visit B. just visited C. are just visiting D. have visited 15. How is the old man now? Sorry, he _ though they

24、 did all they could to save him. A. was deadB. had died C. has been dead D. died,16.The lake will be further polluted unless some measures _. A. will be taken B. are takenC. were taken D. had been taken 17. Im afraid it will be two months _. A. when I come back B. when Ill come back C. before I come

25、 backD. before Ill come back 18.The workers _ busily when the boss came to look for something he _ in the office. A. had worked, had left B. were working ; had left C. working ; had leftD. had worked; left 21.The notice _ “No smoking”. A. is told B. readsC. tells D. is read,六、現(xiàn)在完成時,1現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成：助動詞have

26、 (has) + 動詞的過去分詞 注：has 用于第三人稱單數(shù)，have 用于其他所有人稱。,2現(xiàn)在完成時的用法： （1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間副詞just，already, before, yet, never, ever等狀語連用。例如： I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have d

27、one that already. Ive just lost my science book. 有時沒有時間狀語；多是一般疑問句。,（2）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)?？梢院捅硎緩倪^去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)）的一段時間的狀語連用。 如：for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。 I havent seen her these days. She has learnt English for 3 years. They have lived here since 1990

28、. What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years? 注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時不能與for, since等表示一段時間的短語連用。,（3）現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用在時間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時完成的動作，例如： Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park.,（4） have been (to

29、)和have gone (to)的區(qū)別： have / has been (to) 表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地，說話時此人很可能不在那里，已經(jīng)回來。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。 have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已經(jīng)去了”某地，說話時此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在這里。 試比較： He has been to Beijing. 他曾去過北京。 （人已回來，可能在這兒） He has gone to Beijing. 他已經(jīng)去了北京。 （人已走，不在這兒）。,一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時之比較 1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在

30、的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。 2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。 一般過去時的時間狀語有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語。 共同的時間狀語有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately等。 現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to no

31、w, in past years, always, 等不確定的時間狀語。,請大家認(rèn)真分析比較下列各例句： I saw this film yesterday. （強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film. （強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） She has returned from Paris. （她已從巴黎回來了。） She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來了。） He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He joined the League three ye

32、ars ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) 注意：句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。例如： （錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.,延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞 1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別： 延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成

33、了那項工作。 (表結(jié)果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時起就認(rèn)識他了。(表經(jīng)歷) 2) 用于till / until 從句的差異： 延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示“做直到” ；瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示“到，才”。 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點才回來。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點。,典型例題：,1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D.

34、meet,答案B ；首先本題后句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。,2. - Im sorry to keep you waiting. - Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be,答案A ； 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。,七、過去完成時的用法 1、概念：表示過去的過去。,-|-|-|- 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had + 過去分詞,2、過去完成時

35、的用法： （1）過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或者某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態(tài)；句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。 By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. （2）過去完成時的動詞還可以表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或者持續(xù)下去。 Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.,（3）在told, said, kn

36、ew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. （4）在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. （5）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. （6）過去完

37、成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.,用一般過去時代替完成時 1) 兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強調(diào)先后，或用t

38、hen，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2) 兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.,時間,現(xiàn)在,過去,那時所預(yù)見的情況,八、一般過

39、去將來時,一、基本概念： 過去將來時表示從過去的某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是一個相對的時態(tài)，即立足于過去某時，從過去的某一時間看即將發(fā)生的事情就要用這一時態(tài)。 1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him 2) My brother told me he wouldnt believe Jack any more. 3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness?,二、基本形式： wouldshould動詞原形 （其中 would 用于各種人稱， should 常用于第一人稱）。 例如

40、： They were sure they would win the final victory 他們堅信會贏得最后勝利。 He didnt expect that we should（would）all be there 他沒想到我們都在那里。 上述兩個例句中的賓語從句謂語 would win 和 should（would）be 分別與其主句謂語 were sure 和 didnt expect 相對應(yīng)。,三、過去將來時的一些其它表達(dá)形式： 1wasweregoing to動詞原形 He said he was going to try 他說他準(zhǔn)備試試。 2waswereto動詞原形 They said the railway was to be opened to traffi