1、2015普利茲克建筑獎(jiǎng)-弗雷奧托(Frei Otto)相關(guān)作品有建筑界諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)之稱的普利茲克獎(jiǎng)于3月10日授予德國(guó)建筑師弗雷奧托（FreiOtto），遺憾的是，奧托于一天前去世。2015年普利茲克獎(jiǎng)原定于3月23日宣布，由于奧托的突然離世，普利茲克獎(jiǎng)評(píng)審委員會(huì)決定提前兩周對(duì)外正式公布。值得欣慰的是奧托本人在生前已經(jīng)被告知獲獎(jiǎng)消息，今年年初普利茲克獎(jiǎng)的執(zhí)行董事MarthaThorne即飛往德國(guó)斯圖加特告知他這一喜訊。當(dāng)時(shí)奧托雙目失明，但身體無(wú)恙，評(píng)委說(shuō)，奧托感到榮幸和驚訝。聽(tīng)到消息后奧托說(shuō)：“我做新型建筑設(shè)計(jì)的動(dòng)力是幫助那些窮人，尤其是那些受到自然災(zāi)害和變故影響的人們”“我從沒(méi)有為獲獎(jiǎng)做任何事情

2、，獲獎(jiǎng)不是我的人生目標(biāo)。我只是盡力去幫助窮人，但是我該說(shuō)什么呢我非常高興?！逼绽澘霜?jiǎng)是每年一次頒給建筑師個(gè)人的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，有建筑界的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)之稱。1979年由普利茲克家族的杰伊普利茲克和他的妻子辛蒂發(fā)起，凱悅基金會(huì)贊助。2012年中國(guó)美術(shù)學(xué)院建筑藝術(shù)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)王澍獲得了普利茲克獎(jiǎng)，成為獲得該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的第一個(gè)中國(guó)人。2013年日本建筑師伊東豐雄ToyoIto獲得，2014年日本建筑師坂茂ShigeruBan摘得該獎(jiǎng)。用雙手構(gòu)建烏托邦?yuàn)W托心中有一個(gè)烏托邦，從未停止相信“建筑可以建造一個(gè)更美好的世界”。奧托最初在1950年代因現(xiàn)代場(chǎng)館的頂棚設(shè)計(jì)成名。以技術(shù)進(jìn)步和可持續(xù)使用輕量級(jí)的，靈活的結(jié)構(gòu)，取得了非凡成就并

3、影響了無(wú)數(shù)同行。他最廣為稱道的作品是與君特貝尼斯（GnterBehnisch）共同設(shè)計(jì)的1972年慕尼黑奧運(yùn)場(chǎng)館。建筑中運(yùn)用了大量的頂棚結(jié)構(gòu)，將輕巧與力量完美結(jié)合，讓業(yè)界眼前一亮。盡管這次奧運(yùn)會(huì)因巴勒斯坦恐怖分子屠殺11名以色列運(yùn)動(dòng)員而蒙上陰影。奧托的另一作品也廣為贊譽(yù)。2000年，他與日本建筑師坂茂合作，為德國(guó)漢諾威世博會(huì)的日本館構(gòu)建了一個(gè)巨大的紙管網(wǎng)格薄殼結(jié)構(gòu)，成為建筑界又一上乘之作。坂茂后來(lái)獲得2014年普利茲克獎(jiǎng)。奧托可能不是一個(gè)家喻戶曉的名字，但是在業(yè)界受到廣泛的敬重。一些杰出的設(shè)計(jì)師幾年來(lái)不露聲色地推薦他獲得普利茲克獎(jiǎng)。普利茲克獎(jiǎng)評(píng)委之一、英國(guó)建筑師及前普利茲克獎(jiǎng)獲得者Richar

4、dRogers在一份聲明中說(shuō)：“奧托善于從自然現(xiàn)象中獲取靈感，如鳥的頭骨，肥皂泡，蜘蛛網(wǎng)?！?972年慕尼黑奧運(yùn)會(huì)場(chǎng)館即使在獄中也未停止建筑奧托1925年出生于德國(guó)開(kāi)姆尼斯，在柏林長(zhǎng)大。他從小愛(ài)好設(shè)計(jì)滑翔機(jī)，對(duì)飛行的熱愛(ài)深刻影響了他后來(lái)的建筑生涯。他致力于空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)研究，發(fā)明了不少新型材料。輕型結(jié)構(gòu)上拉伸薄膜成為他建筑的主要特點(diǎn)。1943年他開(kāi)始服兵役，作為德國(guó)空軍飛行員參加了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，但于1945年淪為戰(zhàn)俘被囚禁在法國(guó)，成為一名獄中建筑師。在此，他學(xué)會(huì)了用最少的材料建造各種類型的建筑。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，他恢復(fù)了他的研究，1948年他進(jìn)入柏林工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)建筑學(xué)。畢業(yè)后建立了自己的工作室。他繼

5、續(xù)深造，1954年獲得土木工程博士學(xué)位。四年后建立了個(gè)人研究所，研究輕型建筑發(fā)展。他還花時(shí)間在美國(guó)進(jìn)行研究，他參觀了標(biāo)志性的世紀(jì)中葉的設(shè)計(jì)師，如理查德努特拉（RichardNeutra），查爾斯與蕾伊默斯（CharlesandRayEames）和弗蘭克？勞埃德？賴特（FrankLloydWright）的工作室。德國(guó)漢諾威世博會(huì)的日本館2005年他獲得英國(guó)皇家金質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢?006年，他贏得了日本PraemiumImperiale建筑獎(jiǎng)。“他不僅僅是一位建筑師，還是研究者、發(fā)明者、工程師、建筑工人、教師、環(huán)保主義者、人文主義者以及值得紀(jì)念的建筑和空間的創(chuàng)造者?！痹u(píng)審團(tuán)在評(píng)語(yǔ)中說(shuō)，“奧托創(chuàng)作了一種靈敏

6、的建筑，影響了世界無(wú)數(shù)的建筑師?！逼绽澘霜?jiǎng)評(píng)委會(huì)主席彼得？帕倫博描述奧托為“現(xiàn)代建筑的巨人”?！八膿p失將波及在世界各地的地方建筑藝術(shù)實(shí)踐，即使他是一個(gè)普通的公民，”帕倫博說(shuō)。新聞稿Media ReleaseEMBARGOED until March 10 at 17:00 EDTContact: Edward LifsonDirector of CommunicationsPritzker Architecture P+1 312 919 1312Frei Otto receives the 2015 Pritzker Ar

7、chitecture PrizeVisionary architect, 89, dies in his native Germany on March 9, 2015Otto was an architect, visionary, utopian, ecologist, pioneer of lightweight materials, protector of natural resources and a generous collaborator with architects, engineers, and biologists, among others.Chicago, IL

8、(March 23, 2015) Frei Otto has received the 2015 Pritzker Architecture Prize, Tom Pritzker announced today. Mr. Pritzker is Chairman and President of The Hyatt Foundation, which sponsors the prize. Mr. Pritzker said: “Our jury was clear that, in their view, Frei Ottos career is a model for generatio

9、ns of architects and his influence will continue to be felt. The news of his passing is very sad, unprecedented in the history of the prize. We are grateful that the jury awarded him the prize while he was alive. Fortunately, after the jury decision, representatives of the prize traveled to Mr. Otto

10、s home and were able to meet with Mr. Otto to share the news with him. At this years Pritzker Prize award ceremony in Miami on May 15 we will celebrate his life and timeless work.”Mr. Otto becomes the 40th laureate of the Pritzker Prize and the second laureate from Germany.The Jury of the Pritzker A

11、rchitecture Prize selected Mr. Otto as the laureate earlier this year, and shortly thereafter the Executive Director of the prize traveled to Ottos home and studio in Warmbronn, Germany, near Stuttgart, to deliver the news in person. Learning that he had received the Pritzker Prize, Mr. Otto said: “

12、I am now so happy to receive this Pritzker Prize and I thank the jury and the Pritzker family very much. I have never done anything to gain this prize. My architectural drive was to design new types of buildings to help poor people especially following natural disasters and catastrophes. So what sha

13、ll be better for me than to win this prize? I will use whatever time is left to me to keep doing what I have been doing, which is to help humanity. You have here a happy man.”Mr. Otto practiced a holistic and collaborative approach to architecture, working with environmentalists, biologists, enginee

14、rs, philosophers, historians, naturalists, artists, and other architects. A distinguished teacher and author, Otto pioneered the use of modern lightweight tent-like structures for many uses. He was attracted to them partly for their economical and ecological values. He believed in making efficient,

15、responsible use of materials, and that architecture should make a minimal impact on the environment. Frei Otto was a utopian who never stopped believing that architecture can make a better world for all.In contrast to the heavy, columned, stone and masonry architecture preferred by the National Soci

16、alists in the Germany in which he grew up Ottos work was lightweight, open to nature and natural light, non-hierarchical, democratic, low-cost, energy-efficient, and sometimes designed to be temporary.He is best known for the roofing for the main sports facilities in the Munich Olympic Park for the

17、1972 Summer Olympics (with Behnisch + Partner and others), for the German pavilion at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition (Expo 67), the Japan Pavilion at Expo 2000 in Hannover, Germany (in 2000, with Shigeru Ban (2014 laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize), a series of tent struct

18、ures for German Federal Exhibitions in the 1950s, and for his work in the Middle East.The Chair of the jury of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, Lord Peter Palumbo, said today: “Time waits for no man. If anyone doubts this aphorism, the death yesterday of Frei Otto, a titan of modern architecture, a

19、few weeks short of his 90th birthday, and a few short weeks before his receipt of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in Miami in May, represents a sad and striking example of this truism. His loss will be felt wherever the art of architecture is practiced the world over, for he was a universal citizen;

20、 whilst his influence will continue to gather momentum by those who are aware of it, and equally, by those who are not.“Frei stands for Freedom, as free and as liberating as a bird in flight, swooping and soaring in elegant and joyful arcs, unrestrained by the dogma of the past, and as compelling in

21、 its economy of line and in the improbability of its engineering as it is possible to imagine, giving the marriage of form and function the invisibility of the air we breathe, and the beauty we see in Nature.”The distinguished jury that selected the 2015 Pritzker Laureate consists of its chairman, L

22、ord Palumbo, architectural patron, Chairman Emeritus of the Trustees, Serpentine Galleries, former Chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain, and former Chairman of the Tate Gallery Foundation; Alejandro Aravena, architect and Executive Director of Elemental in Santiago, Chile; Stephen Breyer, U

23、.S. Supreme Court Justice, Washington, D.C.; Yung Ho Chang, architect and educator, Beijing, The Peoples Republic of China; Kristin Feireiss, architecture curator, writer, and editor, Berlin, Germany; Glenn Murcutt, architect and 2002 Pritzker Laureate, Sydney, Australia; Richard Rogers, architect a

24、nd 2007 Pritzker Laureate, London, United Kingdom; Benedetta Tagliabue, architect and director of EMBT Miralles Tagliabue, Barcelona, Spain; and Ratan N. Tata, Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons, the holding company of the Tata Group, Mumbai, India. Martha Thorne, Associate Dean for External Relations,

25、IE School of Architecture & Design, Madrid, Spain, is the Executive Director of the Prize.The 2015 award ceremony will be held in Miami Beach at the New World Center, designed by 1989 Pritzker Prize Laureate Frank Gehry, on May 15, 2015. This marks the first time the ceremony will be in Miami, joini

26、ng the culturally and historically significant venues around the world. The ceremony will be streamed live on PritzkerP, the website of the Pritzker Architecture Prize.About the Pritzker Architecture PrizeThe Pritzker Architecture Prize was founded in 1979 by the late Jay A. Pritzker and his

27、 wife, Cindy. Its purpose is to honor annually a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and excellence, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture. The la

28、ureates receive a $100,000 grant and a bronze medallion.簡(jiǎn)歷Frei Otto was born in Siegmar, Germany, on May 31, 1925, and grew up in Berlin. “Frei” in German means “free”; his mother thought of the name after attending a lecture on freedom. Ottos father and grandfather were both sculptors, and as a you

29、ng student, he worked as an apprentice in stonemasonry during school holidays. For a hobby he flew and designed glider planes this activity piqued his interest in how thin membranes stretched over light frames could respond to aerodynamic and structural forces.When he had his university-entrance dip

30、loma in 1943, he signed up at once to study architecture, but he was not allowed to. Instead, he was drafted into the labor force. In September 1943, Otto was called for military service and he trained as a pilot. The pilot training was stopped at the end of 1944 and Otto became a foot soldier. In A

31、pril 1945, he was captured near Nurnberg and became a prisoner of war. He stayed for two years in a prisoner of war camp near Chartres in France. There he worked as a camp architect; and he learned to build many types of structures with as little material as possible.After the war, in 1948, Frei Ott

32、o returned to study architecture at the Technical University of Berlin. His architecture would always be a reaction to the heavy, columned buildings constructed for a supposed eternity under the Third Reich in Germany. Ottos work, in contrast, was lightweight, open to nature, democratic, low-cost, a

33、nd sometimes even temporary.In 1950, with scholarship funds, he embarked on a study trip through the United States, where he visited the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, Erich Mendelsohn, Eero Saarinen, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,Richard Neutra, Charles and Ray Eames, among others. During this time he also

34、 studied sociology and urban development at the University of Virginia.In 1952, Frei Otto became a freelance architect and founded his own architectural office in Berlin. He earned a doctorate of civil engineering at the Technical University of Berlin in 1954. His dissertationDas Hangende Dach, Gest

35、alt und Struktur(“The Suspended Roof, Form and Structure”) was published in German, Polish, Spanish and Russian. Also in 1954 he began work with “the tentmaker” Peter Stromeyer at L. Stromeyer & Co. In 1955, he designed and built (with Peter Stromeyer) three lightweight minimal temporary structures

36、made of cotton fabric for the Bundesgartenschau (Federal Garden Exhibition) in Kassel, Germany. These were his first works to gain national recognition, in part for how they harmonized with nature.Frei Otto pioneered the use of modern, lightweight, tent-like structures for many uses. He was attracte

37、d to them partly for their economical and ecological values. As early as the 1950s, he built complex models to test and perfect tensile shapes. Throughout his career, Otto always built physical models to determine the optimum shape of a form and to test its behavior. Engineers in his studio were ear

38、ly adopters of computers for structural analysis of Frei Ottos projects, but the basic input data for these calculations came from the physical form-finding models.In 1958, Otto founded the first of several institutions he would establish that were dedicated to lightweight structures the Institute f

39、or Development of Lightweight Construction, a small private institute and opened a new studio in the Zehlendorf district of Berlin. Over the next five years he taught periodically in the United States, taking on visiting professorships at Washington University, St. Louis; Yale University; University

40、 of California at Berkeley; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Harvard University.The establishment of the Biology and Building research group at the Technical University of Berlin in 1961 marked the beginning of his cooperative work between architects, engineers, and biologists. They ap

41、plied their knowledge of tents, grid shells, and other lightweight structures to better understand the designs of biological structures and forms.In 1962, Otto published the first volume of his major opusTensile Structures: Design, Structure and Calculation of Buildings of Cables, Nets and Membranes

42、(the second volume was published in 1966.)In 1964, he became director of the newly founded Institute for Lightweight Structures (Institut fr Leichte Flchentragwerke or IL) at the University of Stuttgart. IL was commissioned by the German government to conduct research in connection with the planning

43、 of the German pavilion for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, Canada, better known as Expo 67. The leaders of Germany chose Ottos architecture to demonstrate the nations post-World War II industrial and engineering expertise and innovative technologies. The resulting Germa

44、n pavilion at Expo 67, created in collaboration with Rolf Gutbrod and Fritz Leonhardt, gave Frei Otto his international breakthrough as an architect and a design engineer. Its an early example of a large scale, passive solar building.The following year, in 1968, Otto was named an Honorary Fellow of

45、the American Institute of Architects, and IL was commissioned by Olympia Baugesellschaft in Munich to develop construction measurement models for the projected roof of the main sports stadium in the Munich Olympic Park. The project, realized in May 1972, by Gnter Behnisch, Frei Otto, and Fritz Leonh

46、ardt, for that years Olympics, comprised a large membrane to cover the stands of the Olympic stadium, a tensile structure arena, a fabric roof over the Olympic swimming pool, and hyperbolic membrane canopies to connect the buildings and protect visitors from rain and sun. In 1969, Otto established t

47、he Atelier (Frei Otto) Warmbronn architectural studio near Stuttgart. There Otto and his teams researched construction methods that could be highly effective with very little material. It happened that the forms of Ottos buildings often found similar solutions to those in nature and thus resembled n

48、atural forms such as bird skulls and spider webs.Otto wrote extensively throughout his career. His book Biology and Building was published in 1972 with a second volume the next year. Later research led Otto to write about the structural and building properties of bamboo, crustaceans, and soap bubble

49、s. In 1994, he published Ancient Architects on structural inventions from the earliest days of building.From 1964 to 1991, Otto was a full professor at the University of Stuttgart, and in 1991, he was named emeritus professor.Over the years, Ottos research teams would include philosophers, historian

50、s, naturalists and environmentalists. He is a world-renowned innovator in architecture and engineering who pioneered modern fabric roofs over tensile structures and also worked with other materials and building systems such as grid shells, bamboo, and wooden lattices. He made important advances in t

51、he use of air as a structural material and to pneumatic theory, and the development of convertible roofs. Otto made the results of the research available to other architects. He always favored collaboration in architecture.To cite just two examples: from 1975 to 1980 Otto worked with Rolf Gutbrod an

52、d Ted Happold to build a tent-like gymnasium for the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and Otto co-designed the Japanese pavilion at the 2000 Hanover Expo with architect Shigeru Ban (who received the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2014).Frei Otto was recognized with his first major

53、monographic exhibition in 1971 at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York. (A redesign of the exhibition later traveled in 1975 and 1977 to venues in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia). The exhibition “Natural Constructions,” which featured his work, was organized by the Institute for I

54、nternational Relations in Stuttgart in 1982 and shown in Goethe Institutes in approximately 80 countries.In 1984, he became a founding member of the Special Research Project 230 “Natural constructions lightweight construction in architecture and nature” of the German Research Foundation, which inclu

55、ded the participation of four major universities in Germany. As the largest interdisciplinary German research project, it involved architects, engineers, biologists, behavioral scientists, paleontologists, morphologists, physicists, chaos theorists, physicians, historians, and philosophers. This pro

56、ject was completed in 1995.Among numerous accolades, Frei Otto was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize and Medal in Architecture by the University of Virginia in 1974; the Medaille de la recherch et de la technique by the Academie dArchitecture, Paris, in 1982; the Grand Prize and gold medal by the A

57、ssociation of German Architects, also in 1982. He received the 1980 Aga Khan Award for Architecture (together with Rolf Gutbrod) for the conference centre in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and the 1998 Aga Khan Award for Architecture (together with Omrania and Happold) for the Diplomatic Club in Riyadh, Saudi

58、 Arabia. He was named Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, London, in 1982 and Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Structural Engineers, London, in 1986. In 1996, he received the Grand Prize of the German Association of Architects and Engineers, Berlin. In 2005, he was awa

59、rded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA).評(píng)語(yǔ)Frei Otto, born almost 90 years ago in Germany, has spent his long career researching, experimenting, and developing a most sensitive architecture that has influenced countless others throughout the world. The lessons of his pioneering work in the field of lightweight structures that are adaptable, changeable and carefully u