1、英語國家概況復(fù)習(xí)筆記chapter 1 land and people英國的國土和人民different names for britain and its parts英國的其他名稱及其組件1.geographical names : the british isles，great britain and england。地理名稱：不列顛群島，英國和英國。2.official name : the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland .正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。3.the british isles are ma

2、de up of two large is landsgreat britain(the larger one)and ireland，and hundred of small ones。不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島大不列顛(大)、愛爾蘭(愛爾蘭)和數(shù)以千計(jì)的島嶼組成。4.three political divisions on the island of great britain : england，scotland and wales。不列顛島有三個(gè)政區(qū)：英國、蘇格蘭和威爾士。位于英國南部的england is in the southern part of great britain。it i

3、s the largest，most populus section。是最大、人口密度最大的地區(qū)。scotland is in the north of great britain。it has three natural zones(the highland s in the north；the central lowlandsthe south uplands)capital : edinburgh。蘇格蘭位于英國北部。北部高地，中部低地，南部山陵。首都：愛丁堡。wales is in the west of great britain。capital : cardiff威爾士位于英國西部

4、。首都：卡迪夫北愛爾蘭is the fourth region of the uk。capital : belfast。北愛爾蘭是英國的第四個(gè)地區(qū)。首都：貝爾法斯特5.the common wealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of britain . member nations are joinedthe decision to become a member of the common wealth is left to each nation。it

5、 was founded in 19 31，and has 50 member countries until 1991。英聯(lián)邦是由一度是英國殖民地的獨(dú)立國家組成的自由聯(lián)合體。成員國之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，有一定的貿(mào)易協(xié)定。英聯(lián)邦沒有特別的權(quán)限。英聯(lián)邦是否參與由成員國自己決定。成立于1931年，到1991年有50個(gè)成員國。chapter 2 the origins of a nation(5000 bc-1066)英國的起源1.arrival and settlement of the celts at about 700 bc the celts began to arrive in britain

6、 and kept coming until the arrival of the romans。they may com e originally from eastern and central europe，now france，belgium and southern germany。凱爾特人大約在公元前700年來到不列顛島，一直到羅馬的入侵。可能來自東歐和中歐，即現(xiàn)在的法國，比利時(shí)和德國南部。they came in three main waves : the gaels about 600 bc；the brythons about 400 bcthe belgaeabout 1

7、50 bc。凱爾特人來到英國的三次高潮：是公元前600年左右的蓋爾人；第二個(gè)是不列顛人，大約公元前400年。第三個(gè)是公元前150年左右的貝爾格曼。the celtic tribes are the ancestors of the highland scots，the irish and the wesh，and their languages are the basis of both wesh and gaelic .凱爾特人是山地蘇格蘭人，是愛爾蘭人和威爾士人的祖先，他們的語言是威爾士語和蓋爾語的基礎(chǔ)。the celts religion was druidism。凱爾特人的宗教是德魯伊

8、教。the belgae were the most industrous and vigorous of the celtic tribes。貝爾蓋因是最勤奮、最精力的。the celts were practised farmers。凱爾特人是老練的農(nóng)民。2.basis of modern english race : the anglo-saxons現(xiàn)代英國人的基礎(chǔ)3360 anglo-sackson(446-871)in the mid-5th century jutes，saxonsthe jutes，who fished and farmed in jut land，came to

9、 britain first . then the saxons came。they came from northern germany，establish their kingdoms in essex，sussex and wes sex。in the second half of the 6th century，the angles who also came from northern germany and were to give their name to the english people，setled iid5世紀(jì)中期，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人來到不列顛島。三個(gè)日耳曼部

10、落。住在朱特蘭島(現(xiàn)稱丹麥南部)的朱特人首先抵達(dá)英國。在德國北部的薩克遜人、埃塞克斯人、薩塞克斯人和韋塞克斯城建立了王國。6世紀(jì)后半期，在德國北部，給英國人起自己名字的盎格魯人也定居在東英吉利亞、邁西亞和諾森伯萊。heptarchy : during the anglo-saxon s time，britain was divided into many kingdoms，among which there were seven principal kingdomsthey were given the name for heptarchy。在盎格魯-撒克遜時(shí)期，英國分為7個(gè)主要王菊：肯特、埃

11、塞斯、蘇塞克斯、韋賽斯、東盎格魯利亞、彌賽亞和諾森伯蘭。the anglo-saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another，each trying to get the upper hand，so that the kingdoms were often broken在盎格魯-撒克遜部落之間不斷交戰(zhàn)，試圖徐璐占優(yōu)勢，王國總是分裂the anglo-saxons brought their own teu tonic religon to britain .盎格魯-撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到英國。although the anglo-sax

12、ons were ferocious people，they laid the foundations of the english state。firstly，they divided the country into shires；secondly，they devsed the narrow-strip，three-field farming system which continued to the 18 th century；thirdly，they also establish the manorial system . finally，they created the wit a

13、n(council/meetin of wisemen)to advise the盎格魯-撒克遜人是兇猛的民族，但為英國國家的形成奠定了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國家劃分為軍隊(duì)；第二，他們設(shè)計(jì)的狹窄的三浦戰(zhàn)農(nóng)耕劑延長到了18世紀(jì)。他們還建立了歌謠。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會(huì)(縣人會(huì)議)，向現(xiàn)有樞密院的基礎(chǔ)國王提出建議。3.the viking and danish invasions the norwegian vikings and the danes attacked various parts of england from the end of the 8th century。the danes

14、gaine d control of the north and east of englandthe danelaw。挪威的海盜和丹麥人從8世紀(jì)末開始持續(xù)進(jìn)攻英格蘭各地。丹麥人控制著英國北部和丹麥東部的法國地區(qū)。after alfreds death，his successors re conqueried the danelaw。king ethel red the unready tried paying the invaders to stay away。but the danes didn t go away but invade again。阿爾弗雷德死后，他的繼任者重新征服了丹麥

15、地區(qū)?！皽?zhǔn)備渡邊杏者”埃塞琉德國王為避免侵略，向丹麥人派遣了貢品，但丹麥人再次進(jìn)軍。after ethelreds death，canute，danish leader was made english king in 1016。he proved to be a wise ruler。after his death in 1035，his sons harold and haricanute regned successvely。after haricanute s death the succession passed to the successor edward the confess

16、or .埃塞勒德死后，丹麥領(lǐng)袖卡努特于1016年成為英國國王。他是個(gè)明智的通知者。1035年他死后，他的兒子哈羅德和哈迪卡努特相繼統(tǒng)治了王國.哈迪卡努特死后，王位傳給了“懺悔者”愛德華。4.阿爾弗雷德國王和他的貢獻(xiàn)(849-899) 阿爾弗雷德s the king of wes sex and defected the danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879他擊敗了丹麥人，并在公元879年與他們簽訂了友好協(xié)議。he founded a strong flexet and is known as“the father of the british navy”他建立了強(qiáng)大的艦隊(duì)，因此以“英國海軍之父”著稱； making it more efficient他更有效地重組了撒克遜軍隊(duì)。he is said to have taught himself latin and translated a latin book into english自學(xué)了拉丁語，有一本拉丁語書英文he