1、黃 芪 Radix AstragaliEnglish Name Milkvetch Root,Origins Plant Morphology Collection and Preparation Production and Commerce Description Microscopical Characters Chemical Constituents Physical and Chemical Identification Pharmacology Action Indication,Main contents,Huangqi(黃芪) is also called huangqi(黃

2、耆) and was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as a superior herb. According to Li Shizhen, the Chinese name huangqi(黃耆) consists of huang(黃) and qi(耆), huang meaning yellow, and qi meaning “l(fā)eader”. It is one of the most important tonic herbs, and that is why it was given this name. It is the

3、dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. , family Leguminosae.,Origins,A perennial herb, 4080cm high. Main root stout, relatively long and straight. Stem erect, branched at the upper part. Leaves odd-pinnately compound

4、, alternate, with 1218 pairs of pinnae; stipules lanceolate.,Plant Morphology,Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge. ) Hsiao:,odd-pinnately compound：奇數(shù)羽狀復(fù)葉 pinnae：小葉，由拉丁語轉(zhuǎn)變而來，復(fù)數(shù) stipule：托葉 lanceolate ：披針形的,Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla yellow

5、 or yellowish, 1.82cm long; standard oblong-ovate; wings and keel clawed; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary long stalked. Legume (pod)，membranaceous, inflated to be semi-ovate, 1.11.5cm in diameter, glabrous. Flowering season Jun. Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.Sept. .,racemes：總狀花序 calyx： 花萼 campanulate：鐘狀

6、的 corolla：花冠 standard：旗瓣 wing：翼瓣 keel：龍骨瓣 diadelphous：二體雄蕊 stalked：柄,Cylindrical, some branched, upper part relatively thick, 3090cm long, 13.5cm in diameter. Externally pale brownish-yellow or pale brown, with irregular, longitudinal wrinkles and more transverse lenticel-like protrusions, cork easi

7、ly exfoliated, exposing yellowish-white cortex, sometimes showing reticulated fibre bundles.,Description,cylindrical：圓柱形 cork：木栓層 exfoliate：脫落 cortex：皮部 reticulate：網(wǎng)狀的,Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture highly fibrous and starchy, bark yellowish- white, wood pale yellow with radia

8、te striations and fissures, the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped, blackish-brown or hollowed. Odour, weak; taste, slightly sweet and slightly bean-like on chewing.,Description,tenacious：粘性的 striation：紋理 fissure: 裂隙,slight,Cork consisting of many rows of cells. Phelloderm, 35 r

9、ows of collenchymatous cells. Outer part of phloem rays often curved and fissured; fibres in bundles, walls thickened and lignified or slightly lignified, arranged alternately with sieve tube groups; stone cells sometimes visible near phelloderm. Cambium in a ring. Xylem vessels scattered singly or

10、23 aggregated in groups; wood fibres existing among vessels; stone cells singly or 24 in groups, sometimes visible in rays. Parenchymatous cells containing starch granules.,Transver section,Phelloderm：栓內(nèi)層 collenchymatous: 厚角組織 lignified：木質(zhì)化,Yellowish-white. Fibres in bundles or scattered, 830m in di

11、ameter, thick-walled, with longitudinal fissures on the surface, the primary walls often separated from the secondary walls, both ends often broken to be tassel-like, or slightly truncated. Bordered pitted vessels colorless or orange, bordered pits arranged closely. Stone cells occasionally visible,

12、 rounded, oblong or irregular, slightly thick-walled.,Powder,primary walls：初生壁 tassel : 穗 bordered pitted vessels ：具緣紋孔導(dǎo)管,(1) Flavonoids: formononetin，芒柄花黃素 3-hydroxyformonontin (calycosin), 毛蕊異黃酮,Chemical Constituents,R1H R5=OME,R1H R5=OME R4OH,2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone： 3二羥基7，4二甲氧基異黃烷

13、3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane; 3羥基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷,Chemical Constituents,(2) Saponins:,astragoloside 黃芪皂苷,soyasaponin 大豆皂苷,Chemical Constituents,(3) Sugars: astragalan, D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose; 多糖類：黃芪多糖，D葡萄糖，D果糖，蔗糖； (4) Others -Sitosterol, choline, betaine, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, lin

14、oleinic acid, etc. 谷甾醇，膽堿，甜菜堿，棕櫚酸，亞油酸，亞麻酸等。,Chemical Constituents,3g powders,Apply the filtrate to a prepared neutral aluminium oxide column,methanol, 20ml, boil,1h,elute with 100 ml of 40% methanol,Evaporate the eluate on a water bath to dryness,Dissolve the residue in 30ml of water and extract wit

15、h 2 quantities of 20ml n-butanol saturated with water,Dissovle the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution.,Combine the n-butanol solutions and wash solution and evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness on a water bath.,Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography (TLC）(Appendix 6

16、.3) using silica gel G as the coating substance and chloroform methanol water (65:30:10, lower layer) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate, dry it in air, spray with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol, and heat at 105 for 5 minutes. A brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test sol

17、ution corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution. Examine under ultra-violet light ( 365 nm ), orange-yellow fluorescent spots are shown in both chromatograms.,Physical and chemical Identification,【理化鑒別】,取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加熱回流1小時，濾過，濾液加于已

18、處理好的中性氧化鋁柱上（100120目，5克，柱內(nèi)徑1015毫米）。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脫，收集洗脫液。水浴蒸干，殘渣加30毫升水溶解，用水飽和的正丁醇提取兩次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗滌，正丁醇液蒸干，殘渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作為供試品溶液。另取黃芪甲苷對照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升含1毫克的溶液，作為對照品溶液。參照薄層色譜法（附錄6.3）試驗，吸取上述兩種溶液各2微升，分別點于同一硅膠G薄層板上，以氯仿甲醇水（65：30：10，用下層溶液）為展開劑，展開，取出，晾干，噴以10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105加熱5分鐘顯色。供試品色譜中，在與對照品色譜相應(yīng)的位置上，顯相同的棕色斑點

19、。置紫外燈（365nm）下檢視，供試品色譜與對照品色譜在相同的位置上均顯橙黃色熒光斑點。,Pharmacology,(1) Tonifying effects: Continuous administration of the decoction to mice for three weeks increase their body weight and prolongs swimming time. The herb is considered a qi tonic. (2) Diuretic effect: In animal studies, oral ingestion or inje

20、ction of the extract induces diuresis.,滋補作用：黃芪為補氣藥。小鼠連續(xù)給予其煎出液三周，能增加體重和延長在水中存活時間。,利尿作用：動物試驗研究表明，口服或注射給予黃芪提取液均能引起尿量增多。,(3) Effect on nephritis: It has been proven effective against experimentally-induced nephritis, especially in treating proteuria. Patients with proteuria that are given the herb recov

21、er faster than those in the control group. 對腎炎的作用：黃芪被證明對實驗性腎炎有效，尤其對蛋白尿效果較好。由腎炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黃芪后恢復(fù)比對照組快得多。 (4) Cardiotonic effect: The herb increases contraction of normal hearts, its cardiotonic effect being even more dramatic in hearts exhausted by fatigue and poison. 強心作用：增強正常心臟的收縮功能。對于勞累或中毒所致心臟衰竭起效迅速，強心作用明顯。,(5) Vasodilation effect: It dilates blood vessels, improves blood circulation of the skin, and enhances nutrition. 舒張血管：擴張血管，改善皮膚血循環(huán)，并增加營養(yǎng)。 (6) Antibacterial effect: In vitro the herb has antibacterial action upon Shigella dysenteriae,