1、This is English 4,Prepared by Liuyongquan,Grammar: Tenses (時態(tài)),在開放英語4中，共涉及以下4種時態(tài)： 1 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) 2 現(xiàn)在完成進行時 3 將來進行時 4 將來完成時,現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),現(xiàn)在完成時的用法。 1）過去某一時間發(fā)生的動作，其結果對現(xiàn)在產生影響。 Ive lost my key. 我的鑰匙丟了。（過去某時丟的，現(xiàn)在開不了門） He has gone to town. 他進城了。（現(xiàn)在不在這兒）,2）過去發(fā)生的動作，給現(xiàn)在的主語留下的經歷，例如： He has lived in Shanghai. 他在上海住過。（多年前住的

2、，現(xiàn)在有在上海住過的經歷。） I have seen the film. 我看過這部電影。（幾年前看的，現(xiàn)在有這個經歷。）,3）動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，這動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。需用延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。例如： I have worked here for five years. 我在這兒作五年了。（五年前開始，到現(xiàn)在五年了。） They have loved each other these years. 這些年他們一直相愛。（相愛的狀態(tài)這些年一直存在）,現(xiàn)在完成進行時,現(xiàn)在完成進行時在強調動作從過去某個時間一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還要繼續(xù)下去。 Have/ has been +ving He

3、has been ringing me up all morning. He has been staying at this hotel for the last three weeks.,將來進行時,強調在將來某一特定時間正在進行或要發(fā)生的動作。 構成：will(ll)/will not (wont)+be+現(xiàn)在分詞 Next month, we will be having spring festival. We will be taking the exam next week.,將來完成時,表示在將來某一時間完成某事。 構成：will/wont+have+v-ed By 2005,

4、the number of native English-speaker web user will have dropped to 29%. By the end of July, the building committee will have approved the plans.,分詞的用法,分詞有兩種： 1 現(xiàn)在分詞 構成：V-ing 2 過去分詞 構成：V-ed 語法作用：1 做定語 2 做狀語 區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動 過去分詞表被動,現(xiàn)在分詞,英語的動詞有時用作動名詞，有時用作現(xiàn)在分詞，因為形式一樣有時很難區(qū)別?？梢宰髦髡Z、賓語和介詞賓語的一定是動名詞?？梢栽诰渲凶鳡钫Z的一定是現(xiàn)在

5、分詞。兩者都可作定語和表語。請看幾個句子：,Swimming across the river is no easy job. 游過這條江不是易事。（動名詞作主語） It is no easy job swimming across the river. （同上，結構不同） He likes swimming in winter. 他喜歡冬天游泳。（動名詞作賓語） Entering the classroom, I found everybody already there. 進入教室，我發(fā)現(xiàn)都在。（現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語）,Seeing that it was snowing, he decid

6、ed to stay at home 看見在下雪他決定呆在家里。（現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語） Using this pen, you can write more beautiful. 用這支筆能寫得更加漂亮。（現(xiàn)在分詞作條件狀語） If you use this pen, you can write more beautiful.,The man leaning against the door is Alices boyfriend.(現(xiàn)在分詞做定語) The man who is leaning a against the door is Alices boyfriend. 有些現(xiàn)在分詞轉化為

7、形容詞 Disappointing, exciting, promising, surprising.,過去分詞,1.過去分詞做定語 A lot of food bought nowadays is convenience food. A lot of food which is bought nowadays is convenience food. 2.過去分詞做形容詞 Excited, surprised, tired, interested, pleased.,3過去分詞做定語 Seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near

8、the edge. When we see through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.,過去分詞& 現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞& 現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的區(qū)別： There are often advertisements leading (which lead)to other websites on the Internet.(主動 ) Just over 70% of people questioned(who were questioned) for the survey said the net had become esse

9、ntial. （被動）,虛擬語氣-對過去的假設,虛擬語氣（非真實條件句）表示與事實相反的愿望、假想等。 1虛擬語氣-對現(xiàn)在和將來的假設 構成： If +從句主語+動詞過去式，主句主語+would(d)+動詞原形 If I had the time, Id make something better.,2虛擬語氣-對過去的假設 If +從句主語+had+動詞過去式，主句主語+would(d)/wouldnt+have+動詞過去分詞。 If I had put my passport in my pocket, I wouldnt have lost.,Should用在虛擬語氣中對過去的事情表示遺

10、憾和責備。 構成：主語+should/shouldnt+have+過去分詞 You should have given her more money. You shouldnt have put it down in the office.,常見結構,Unless 的用法： Unless=ifnot Unless you change your mind, I wont be able to help you. When you boil water, it turns into steam.,Thethe比較結構,The+比較級，the+比較級，表示“越就越” The more, the b

11、etter. The smaller the families, the higher the standard of living. The+最高級+現(xiàn)在完成時+ever結構 Its the highest building I have ever seen.,Sothat引導結果狀語從句 So that 引導目的狀語從句 There were so many students in the class that the teacher couldnt talk to them all. People learn English so that they can use the Intern

12、et.,Can, must+被動語態(tài) Need+to do/need doing Used to do/get used to doing Eitheror Not onlybut also,表示建議的方式: 1 you should+v 2 Id recommend+n 3 you need to+V 4 the best thing to do is+ to+V 5 youd better+V,To allow, to let, to make的用法 To allow sb to do sth To let/make sb do sth to make sb do的結構在被動語態(tài)中要用帶to的動詞不定式 It can be made to taste different or to look different.,用to suggest, to recommend和to advise 提建議 1 三種結構均可用 主語+suggest(recommend/advise)+sb+that sb should do 結構 The tutor suggested the students that they (should) spend more time learning English.,2 s