1、語法專題（一）,名 詞,MISS Wang,名詞要點精講,名詞是英語考試中的熱點和難點。從語法和詞匯兩個方面來考察其用法，在單項選擇、完形、改錯中都可感知高考中名詞的考查點。,專有名詞(Proper Nouns),普通名詞 (Common Nouns),個體名詞(Individual Nouns),集體名詞(Collective Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns),抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns),不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns),可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),一、名詞的分類,專有名詞Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事

2、物專有的名稱,Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫,普通名詞Common Nouns： 一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞,1. 個體名詞: 指作為個體而存在的人或東西,可以指具體的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. 集體名詞: 表示若干個個體組成的集合體,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; govern

3、ment; public,集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。,His family _ not large. (be),Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be),在一些情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,are,有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。,Eg: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。,Eg: Th

4、e police are looking for him.,3.物質(zhì)名詞: 指無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：,1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一種）,2)個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可

5、以表示特別的意義。,Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙灘） snows (積雪） waters(海域),4.抽象名詞:表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。,Failure is the mother of success. (失敗與成功在

6、此為抽象概念） As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失敗者，可數(shù)),二、名詞的數(shù),不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括 抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。例如： health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。,可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分?？蓴?shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種：,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：,1、元音變

7、化：man-men woman-women mouse-mice foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese,2、單復(fù)數(shù)同型：fish deer sheep,3、加en（ren）: ox-oxen child-children,4、中國計量單位單復(fù)數(shù)同型： yuan 、jin、mu.,5、某國人：中日不變、英法變、其他直接 來把s添。,復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：,1.詞末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式： lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law 3.兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：

8、women doctors; men cooks* 這種形式的第一個名詞必須是man或woman,只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：,trousers(褲子); glasses(眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle,有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 銅 ) tin ( 錫 ) paper ( 紙 ) iron (鐵 ) wood ( 木頭 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pl

9、easure( 愉快 ) relation(關(guān)系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 銅幣板 ) a tin ( 罐頭 ) a paper ( 報紙，證件，論文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 樹林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大國 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的東西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(親戚）,英語中有許多對詞，一個可數(shù)，一個不可數(shù)。,a poem(一首詩 ) a machine(一臺機(jī)器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一個笑聲

10、) a permit(許可證 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根頭發(fā) ),poetry(詩歌總稱 ) machinery(機(jī)器總稱 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑聲 ) permission(允許 ) clothing(衣裳總稱 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 頭發(fā)),幾個名詞的特殊用法,hair _. （他的頭發(fā)是白的。） _. （他有幾根白的頭發(fā)。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,

11、fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.,police The police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three _ them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人類），前面不加冠詞，

12、也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。,s所有格的構(gòu)成,2020/7/27,s所有格的構(gòu)成,名詞所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sa

13、ke,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(為了友誼）,（黔驢技窮）,（盡情地）,（不受損害）,（保持距離）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,四、名詞的修飾語,A、只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語,B、只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語,C、既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾不可數(shù) 名詞的修飾語,A、只修飾可數(shù)名詞的修飾語,few 幾乎沒有 a few 一些、幾個 many 許多 many a 許多 several 若干、幾個 a couple of 兩個、一雙 a number of 許多、若干 a greatlarge number of

14、 許多,B、只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語,little 很少、幾乎沒有 a little 有一點 much 許多 a bit of 有一點 a greatgood deal of 許多 a large amount of 許多,C、既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾不可數(shù) 名詞的修飾語,some 一些 any 一些、任何 a lot of很多 lots of很多 all 全部的 plenty of 充足的 enough 足夠的 most 大多數(shù)的 hardly any 幾乎沒有 the rest of 剩下的,1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf

15、B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993) 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. (上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,歷年高考試題,4. He gained his _ by printing _

16、of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海 1996) 6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round Lo

17、ndon. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers 8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered t

18、he king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海 1998),10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海 1998) A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers 11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be

19、 enough _ for my stationery. (上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海 2000) A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results,13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall t

20、rees to small flowers. (上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海 2001) A. range B. reach C. control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. materia

21、l D. realities,16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海 2002) 17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. (上海 2002) A. force B. energy C. power D. health 18. I saw Bob play the pia

22、no at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海 2002),19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海 2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance 20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. (上海 2002) A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this wh